This thesis is focused on laser measuring system. It describes comprehensively single components of laser system, its aplication within calibration, subsequent evaluation of results and performance of renovation of the microscope.

Bereits Galilei untersuchte, ob verschiedene frei fallende Körper im Schwerefeld der Erde gleich stark beschleunigt werden, die sogenannte Universalität des freien Falls. Die Genauigkeit der experimentellen Überprüfungen konnte seitdem beständig gesteigert werden. Einen neuen Ansatz, die Messgenauigkeit noch weiter zu verbessern, bilden quantenmechanische Messmethoden, die auf Materiewelleninterferometrie beruhen. Die dabei genutzten Apparaturen verwenden Laserstrahlung zur Kühlung, Manipulation und Detektion der Atome. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung des Lasersystems für ein neues Experiment, das erstmals Zwei-Spezies-Atominterferometrie (mit Rb & K) in Mikrogravitation demonstrieren soll. Ein Lasersystem, das sowohl die funktionalen Anforderungen als auch die aus dem Einsatz auf dem Katapult des Fallturms resultierenden Anforderung (Volumen < 44 l, Masse < 35 kg und voll funktionsfähig sofort nach einem Katapultstart mit Beschleunigungen von 30 g) erfüllt, wurde funktional konzipiert und mechanisch designt. Zur Demonstration wurde der Rubidium-Teil des Lasersystems funktional sowie mechanisch qualifiziert. Inzwischen wird er routinemäßig für Experimente am Fallturm eingesetzt. Für das Lasersystem wurden kompakte und robuste schmalbandigen Lasermodule entwickelt. Diese liefern bei einer Grundfläche der optischen Bank von nur 10 mm x 50 mm Ausgangsleistungen von bis zu 3,7 W. Am Arbeitspunkt (1 W Ausgangsleistung) besitzen die Strahlquellen Linienbreiten im Bereich von 100 kHz (Lorentz) bzw. 1 MHz (-3 dB, 10 µs). Zum Nachweis der spektralen Stabilität der Lasermodule wurde ein Messverfahrens zur Charakterisierung des Frequenzrauschens freilaufender Laser entwickelt. Dieses basiert auf einer Schwebungsmessung mit anschließender Analyse der Quadraturkomponenten des Signals im Zeitbereich. Durch den Einsatz geeigneter Filter erlaubt es die Unterdrückung der für Diodenlaser typischen Frequenzdrifts. / Galileo, already, investigated whether different free falling bodies in the gravitational field of the Earth are accelerated at the same rate, the so-called universality of the free fall. The accuracy of the experimental tests has been steadily increased ever since. A new approach to further increase the measurement accuracy is provided by quantum mechanical measurements based on matter wave interferometry. The apparatuses used for this purpose employ laser radiation for cooling, manipulation, and detection of the atoms. The aim of this thesis’ work was the development of the laser system for a new experiment intended to demonstrate two-species atom interferometry (utilizing Rb & K) in microgravity for the first time. A laser system, which fulfills the functional requirements as well as the requirements resulting from the deployment on the catapult of the drop tower (volume < 44 l, mass < 35 kg, and fully functional immediately after a catapult launch with accelerations of 30 g), has been functionally conceived and mechanically designed. For demonstration, the rubidium part of the laser system was functionally and mechanically qualified. By now, it is routinely used for experiments at the drop tower. For the laser system, compact and robust spectrally narrow laser modules have been developed. These provide an output power up to 3.7 W at a footprint of the optical bench of only 10 mm × 50 mm. At the operating point (1 W output power), the radiation sources exhibit linewidths in the range of 100 kHz (Lorentzian) and 1 MHz (−3 dB, 10 μs). To validate the spectral stability of the laser modules a measuring method for the characterization of the frequency noise of free-running lasers has been developed. This method is based on a beat note measurement with subsequent analysis of the quadrature components of the signal in the time domain. By utilizing appropriate filters, it allows for the suppression of the frequency drifts that are typical for diode lasers.

The ultrashort chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser technology opens the path to high intensities of 10^21 W/cm² and above in the laser focus. Such intensities allow laser-matter interaction in the relativistic intensity regime. Direct diode-pumped ultrashort solid-state lasers combine high-energy, high-power and efficient amplification together, which are the main advantages compared to flashlamp-pumped high-energy laser systems based on titanium-doped sapphire. Development within recent years in the field of laser diodes makes them more and more attractive in terms of total costs, compactness and lifetime. This work is dedicated to the Petawatt, ENergy-Efficient Laser for Optical Plasma Experiments (PENELOPE) project, a fully and directly diode-pumped laser system under development at the Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf (HZDR), aiming at 150 fs long pulses with energies of up to 150 J at repetition rates of up to 1 Hz. The focus of this thesis lies on the spectral and width manipulation of the front-end amplifiers, trivalent ytterbium-doped calcium fluoride (Yb3+:CaF2) as gain material as well as the pump source for the final two main amplifiers of the PENELOPE laser system. Here, all crucial design parameters were investigated and a further successful scaling of the laser system to its target values was shown. Gain narrowing is the dominant process for spectral bandwidth reduction during the amplification at the high-gain front-end amplifiers. Active or passive spectral gain control filter can be used to counteract this effect. A pulse duration of 121 fs was achieved by using a passive spectral attenuation inside a regenerative amplifier, which corresponds to an improvement by a factor of almost 2 compared to the start of this work. A proof-of-concept experiment showed the capability of the pre-shaping approach. A spectral bandwidth of 20nm was transferred through the first multipass amplifier at a total gain of 300. Finally, the predicted output spectrum calculated by a numerical model of the final amplifier stages was in a good agreement with the experimental results. The spectroscopic properties of Yb3+:CaF2 matches the constraints for ultrashort laser pulse amplification and direct diode pumping. Pumping close to the zero phonon line at 976nm is preferable compared to 940nm as the pump intensity saturation is significantly lower. A broad gain cross section of up to 50nm is achievable for typical inversion levels. Furthermore, moderate cryogenic temperatures (above 200K) can be used to improve the amplification performance of Yb3+:CaF2. The optical quality of the doped crystals currently available on the market is sufficient to build amplifiers in the hundred joule range. The designed pump source for the last two amplifiers is based on two side pumping in a double pass configuration. However, this concept requires the necessity of brightness conservation for the installed laser diodes. Therefore, a fully relay imaging setup (4f optical system) along the optical path from the stacks to the gain material including the global beam homogenization was developed in a novel approach. Beside these major parts the amplifier architecture and relay imaging telescopes as well as temporal intensity contrast (TIC) was investigated. An all reflective concept for the relay imaging amplifiers and telescopes was selected, which results in several advantages especially an achromatic behavior and low B-Integral. The TIC of the front-end was improved, as the pre- and postpulses due to the plane-parallel active-mirror was eliminated by wedging the gain medium.

The ultrashort chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser technology opens the path to high intensities of 10^21 W/cm² and above in the laser focus. Such intensities allow laser-matter interaction in the relativistic intensity regime. Direct diode-pumped ultrashort solid-state lasers combine high-energy, high-power and efficient amplification together, which are the main advantages compared to flashlamp-pumped high-energy laser systems based on titanium-doped sapphire. Development within recent years in the field of laser diodes makes them more and more attractive in terms of total costs, compactness and lifetime. This work is dedicated to the Petawatt, ENergy-Efficient Laser for Optical Plasma Experiments (PENELOPE) project, a fully and directly diode-pumped laser system under development at the Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf (HZDR), aiming at 150 fs long pulses with energies of up to 150 J at repetition rates of up to 1 Hz. The focus of this thesis lies on the spectral and width manipulation of the front-end amplifiers, trivalent ytterbium-doped calcium fluoride (Yb3+:CaF2) as gain material as well as the pump source for the final two main amplifiers of the PENELOPE laser system. Here, all crucial design parameters were investigated and a further successful scaling of the laser system to its target values was shown. Gain narrowing is the dominant process for spectral bandwidth reduction during the amplification at the high-gain front-end amplifiers. Active or passive spectral gain control filter can be used to counteract this effect. A pulse duration of 121 fs was achieved by using a passive spectral attenuation inside a regenerative amplifier, which corresponds to an improvement by a factor of almost 2 compared to the start of this work. A proof-of-concept experiment showed the capability of the pre-shaping approach. A spectral bandwidth of 20nm was transferred through the first multipass amplifier at a total gain of 300. Finally, the predicted output spectrum calculated by a numerical model of the final amplifier stages was in a good agreement with the experimental results. The spectroscopic properties of Yb3+:CaF2 matches the constraints for ultrashort laser pulse amplification and direct diode pumping. Pumping close to the zero phonon line at 976nm is preferable compared to 940nm as the pump intensity saturation is significantly lower. A broad gain cross section of up to 50nm is achievable for typical inversion levels. Furthermore, moderate cryogenic temperatures (above 200K) can be used to improve the amplification performance of Yb3+:CaF2. The optical quality of the doped crystals currently available on the market is sufficient to build amplifiers in the hundred joule range. The designed pump source for the last two amplifiers is based on two side pumping in a double pass configuration. However, this concept requires the necessity of brightness conservation for the installed laser diodes. Therefore, a fully relay imaging setup (4f optical system) along the optical path from the stacks to the gain material including the global beam homogenization was developed in a novel approach. Beside these major parts the amplifier architecture and relay imaging telescopes as well as temporal intensity contrast (TIC) was investigated. An all reflective concept for the relay imaging amplifiers and telescopes was selected, which results in several advantages especially an achromatic behavior and low B-Integral. The TIC of the front-end was improved, as the pre- and postpulses due to the plane-parallel active-mirror was eliminated by wedging the gain medium.

The ultrashort chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser technology opens the path to high intensities of 10^21 W/cm² and above in the laser focus. Such intensities allow laser-matter interaction in the relativistic intensity regime. Direct diode-pumped ultrashort solid-state lasers combine high-energy, high-power and efficient amplification together, which are the main advantages compared to flashlamp-pumped high-energy laser systems based on titanium-doped sapphire. Development within recent years in the field of laser diodes makes them more and more attractive in terms of total costs, compactness and lifetime. This work is dedicated to the Petawatt, ENergy-Efficient Laser for Optical Plasma Experiments (PENELOPE) project, a fully and directly diode-pumped laser system under development at the Helmholtz–Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf (HZDR), aiming at 150 fs long pulses with energies of up to 150 J at repetition rates of up to 1 Hz. The focus of this thesis lies on the spectral and width manipulation of the front-end amplifiers, trivalent ytterbium-doped calcium fluoride (Yb3+:CaF2) as gain material as well as the pump source for the final two main amplifiers of the PENELOPE laser system. Here, all crucial design parameters were investigated and a further successful scaling of the laser system to its target values was shown. Gain narrowing is the dominant process for spectral bandwidth reduction during the amplification at the high-gain front-end amplifiers. Active or passive spectral gain control filter can be used to counteract this effect. A pulse duration of 121 fs was achieved by using a passive spectral attenuation inside a regenerative amplifier, which corresponds to an improvement by a factor of almost 2 compared to the start of this work. A proof-of-concept experiment showed the capability of the pre-shaping approach. A spectral bandwidth of 20nm was transferred through the first multipass amplifier at a total gain of 300. Finally, the predicted output spectrum calculated by a numerical model of the final amplifier stages was in a good agreement with the experimental results. The spectroscopic properties of Yb3+:CaF2 matches the constraints for ultrashort laser pulse amplification and direct diode pumping. Pumping close to the zero phonon line at 976nm is preferable compared to 940nm as the pump intensity saturation is significantly lower. A broad gain cross section of up to 50nm is achievable for typical inversion levels. Furthermore, moderate cryogenic temperatures (above 200K) can be used to improve the amplification performance of Yb3+:CaF2. The optical quality of the doped crystals currently available on the market is sufficient to build amplifiers in the hundred joule range. The designed pump source for the last two amplifiers is based on two side pumping in a double pass configuration. However, this concept requires the necessity of brightness conservation for the installed laser diodes. Therefore, a fully relay imaging setup (4f optical system) along the optical path from the stacks to the gain material including the global beam homogenization was developed in a novel approach. Beside these major parts the amplifier architecture and relay imaging telescopes as well as temporal intensity contrast (TIC) was investigated. An all reflective concept for the relay imaging amplifiers and telescopes was selected, which results in several advantages especially an achromatic behavior and low B-Integral. The TIC of the front-end was improved, as the pre- and postpulses due to the plane-parallel active-mirror was eliminated by wedging the gain medium.

Atominterferometrie (AI) auf Basis von Lichtpulsen ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug der Präzisionsmesstechnik in Bereichen der inertialen Sensorik oder Fundamentalphysik geworden. Vor allem in Kombination mit ultrakalten, atomaren Quellen, sowie der Verwendung im schwerelosen Raum, werden hohe Sensitivitäten erwartet, die Verletzungen des schwachen Äquivalenzprinzips nachweisen können. QUANTUS-2 ist ein mobiles Atominterferometer, das am ZARM Fallturm in Bremen operiert. Durch seine Atomchip-basierte atomare Rubidiumquelle mit hoher Flussdichte dient es als Vorreiterexperiment für zukünftige Weltraummissionen, bei denen Schlüsseltechnologien wie die Erzeugung von Bose-Einstein Kondensaten (BECs), Delta-Kick Kollimation oder Anwendung verschiedener AI-Geometrien auf sekundenlangen Zeitskalen untersucht werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Kalium-Diodenlasersystem aufgebaut, um die Funktionalität auf Zwei-Spezies Nutzung zu erweitern. Basierend auf dem Design des Rubidium-Diodenlasersystem mit mikrointegrierten Laserdiodenmodulen und kompakter Elektronik, konnte es erfolgreich qualifiziert werden. In einem Machbarkeitsbeweis wurde eine magneto-optische Falle mit Kalium generiert, die die Fähigkeit des Lasersystems zum Fangen von Atomen demonstriert. Mit Rubidium wurden offene Ramsey-Interferometer und Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZIs) am Boden und in über 155 Abwürfen untersucht. Die Kombination von unterschiedlich stark Delta-Kick kollimierten BECs und AI in Schwerelosigkeit eröffnete eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der magnetischen Linsendauer zur optimalen Kollimierung. Asymmetrische MZIs mit Interferometerzeiten von 2T > 1s konnten erfolgreich demonstriert werden. Mit gravimetrischen Untersuchungen am Boden auf Basis von MZIs und einer zusätzlichen Methode der Atomlevitation wurde die lokale Gravitationsbeschleunigung g ermittelt. Die untersuchten Schlüsseltechnologien sind fundamentale Notwendigkeiten, um den Weg für zukünftige Weltraummissionen aufzubereiten. / Light-pulse atom interferometry (AI) is an important tool for high precision measurements in the fields of inertial sensing or fundamental physics. Especially in combination with ultra-cold atomic sources and operation in microgravity, high sensitivities are expected that are necessary for the search for violations of the weak equivalence principle. QUANTUS-2 is a mobile atom interferometer operating at the ZARM drop tower in Bremen. With its high-flux, atom chip-based atomic rubidium source, it serves as a pathfinder for future space missions, examining key technologies like the generation of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), implementation of delta-kick collimation or application of various AI geometries. In this thesis, a potassium diode laser system has been built to complete the preordained functionality of dual-species operation. Based on the design of the rubidium laser system with micro-integrated laser diode modules and compact electronics, it successfully passed the qualification tests. In a proof of principle measurement, a potassium magneto-optical trap could be generated to prove the system’s capability of trapping atoms. With rubidium, open Ramsey type interferometers and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) were examined on ground and in over 155 drops in microgravity. The combination of variably delta-kicked collimated BECs and AI in microgravity revealed a new technique to determine the magnetic lens duration for optimal collimation. Asymmetric MZIs with interferometry times of 2T > 1s have successfully been demonstrated. Gravimetric examinations on ground with MZIs and by an additional levitation technique have been performed to determine the local gravitational acceleration g. The examined key technologies are fundamental necessities that have to be considered to pave the way for future space missions.

The motivation of this thesis is to propose a robust control technique for a laser beam system with target estimation. The laser beam is meant to track and fall on a particular portion of the target until the operation is accomplished. There are many applications of such a system. For example, laser range finder uses laser beam to determine the distance of the target from the source. Recently, unmanned aerial drones have been developed that run on laser power. Drone batteries can be recharged with power sup-ply from laser source on the ground. Laser is also used in high energy laser weapon for defence applications. However, laser beams travelling long distances deviate from the desired location on the target due to continually changing atmospheric parameters (jitter effect) such as pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed. This deviation error is controlled precisely using a lightweight fast steering mirror (FSM) for fine correction. Furthermore, for a moving target, minimizing the deviation of the beam is not sufficient. Hence, in coarse correction, the target has to be tracked by determining its position and assigning the corresponding azimuth and elevation angles to the laser sources. Once these firing angles are settled within an accuracy of +3 mrad, the effort for minimizing the beam deviation (fine correction) takes place to improve the accu-racy to +10 rad. The beam deviation due to jitter effect is measured by a narrow field of view (NFOV) camera at a high frame rate (1000 frames per second), which takes one frame to com-pute this error information. As a result, controller receives error information witha delay from NFOV. This data cannot be modelled for prediction and hence, a few promising data driven techniques have been implemented for one step ahead prediction of the beam deviation. The predictions are performed over a set of sliding window data online after rejecting the outliers through least square approximated straight line. In time domain, methods like auto-regressive least square, polynomial extrapolation (zeroth, first and second order), Chebyshev polynomial extrapolation, spline curve extrapolation are implemented. Further, a convex combination of zeroth order hold and spline extrapolation is implemented. In frequency domain, Fourier series-Fourier transform and L-point Discrete Fourier Transform stretching are implemented where the frequency component of the signal are analysed properly and propagated for one step ahead prediction. After one step ahead prediction, three nominal controllers (PID, DI and DLQR) are designed such that the output of FSM tracks the predicted beam deviation and the performances of these controllers are compared. Since the FSM is excited by high frequency signals, its performance degrades, which leads to parameter degradation in the mathematical model. Hence, three adaptive controllers have been implemented, namely, model reference adaptive control (MRAC), model reference adaptive sliding mode control (MRASMC) and model following neuro-adaptive control (MFNAC). The parameters of the FSM model are degraded up to 20% and the model is augmented with cross coupling terms because the same mirror is used for horizontal and vertical beam deviation. With this condition, the tracking performance and control rate energy consumption of the implemented adaptive controllers are analysed to choose the best among them. For a moving target, in coarse correction, two tracking radars are placed to measure the position of the target. However, this information is assumed to be noisy, for which an extended Kalman filter is implemented. Once the position of the target is known, the desired firing angles of the laser sources are determined. Given the laser source steering mathematical model, a controller is designed such that it tracks the desired firing angle. Once the residual error of the coarse correction settles inside 3 mrad, fine correction takes part to reduce the residual error to 10 rad. The residual error magnitude of the proposed mechanization was analysed for a moving target by perturbing the FSM model by 20% and zeroth order hold predictor with different combinations of angle tolerance and frame tolerance.