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Leaders are generally viewed in a positive frame as having the ability to influence and motivate others (Tierney, 2005). They are frequently required to make choices in order to lead their organizations. Those choices are often influenced by the opinions of followers and public opinion in general (McIntosh, Cacciola, Clermont & Keniry, 2001). Understanding the opinion formation process, how leaders formulate opinions and how they make choices in leading their organizations is still at issue (Burns, 1978; Gardner, 1990). One of the goals of higher education is to create student leaders who are contributing members of society and who are able to generate informed opinions. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of student-student interactions on change of opinion among student leaders (SLs) and non-student leaders (NSLs). This study compared differences between student leaders and non-student leaders, and sought to examine which types of discussions with students different from oneself, best predict change in opinion. Data from the 2004 College Student Experience Questionnaire (CSEQ) (Pace, 1984) were used in the study. The CSEQ asks respondents about their involvement with leadership experiences and the degree to which they have influenced others' opinions and been influenced by others' opinions. Participants also report how often they have become acquainted with or had discussions with other students who are different from themselves based on several characteristics. These characteristics referred to individuals who had different interests, philosophies of life or personal values, political opinions, religious beliefs, race or ethnic backgrounds, family backgrounds or were from different countries. Data were analyzed via logistic regression and t-tests. Findings revealed that discussions with other students who are different from oneself in regards to political values and country of origin lead to higher levels of opinion change. Opinion change, then, is influenced by specific types of discussions, and these discussions have an even greater influence on SLs than NSLs. In addition, highly involved SLs engage in discussions with others different from oneself significantly more often than less involved SLs for each of the seven types of discussions. / Ph. D.

School administrators are charged with guiding, overseeing, and ensuring the successful education of all students. They use myriad techniques to this end, though not all students share in the success. For example, Black male students are more likely to underperform than are other groups of students, which places their academic and economic survival at risk (Kirsch, Braun, Yamamoto, and Sum, 2007). The focus of this study was on Black male student performance in Algebra 1. Algebra 1 plays a pivotal role in academic success and is a leading indicator of a students likelihood of success in advanced mathematics courses (Wang and Goldschmidt, 2003). Failure to learn and understand the content in Algebra 1 results in limitations on further mathematical opportunities in the short-term, which, in turn, reduces prospects for continued education beyond secondary school. The purpose of this study was to examine and identify specific school leadership practices that influence and improve the Algebra 1 performance of Black male students. Interviews with principals, lead math teachers, and school counselors provided qualitative data related to school-level leadership practices. Additionally, I conducted document reviews of school newsletters, parent letters, robocall messages, lesson plans, and websites. Analyses of the interviews and documents revealed six themes: (a) effective instructional leadership, (b) culture of collaboration, (c) facilitation and scheduling, (d) parental involvement, (e) intervention and remediation, and (f) resources. This study has implications and applications for the practices of school leaders, mathematics teaching and learning, and programs to support Black male students. / Ed. D.

No / As several studies indicate, the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom is one of the largest employers for Black and minority ethnic (BME) people. Despite many positive action (PA) initiatives to support disadvantaged groups, only a handful of people have managed to progress to senior management. This article considers published literature in relation to BME leadership in NHS and the specific types of PA activities that have been set up to address some issues around inequality. In addition to PA activities, the article also considers the U.K. equality framework. Positive action is allowed under the U.K. legislation for organizations to recruit people from underrepresented communities on merit. It allows organizations to create different initiatives for people to gain appropriate qualifications, skills, and experience to compete for promotions or for better job opportunities.

Yes / Nurse team leaders are responsible for contributing to managing the quality of service delivery and facility output of their nurses to ensure there is a high quality of care delivered by the health system. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of public health nursing Team Leaders (TLs) and public health nursing Team Supervisors (TSs) on nurses' development in Fiji. A qualitative study was used to gather information using in-depth phone interviews among TLs and TSs comprising Chief Midwifery Nursing Officer (CMNO), Director of Nursing (DON), Sub-divisional Nursing Managers (SDNMs), acting SDNMs and Nursing Manager (NM) at Central health division in Fiji. The data was collected through semi-structured open-ended questionnaires and were audio recorded. The data was analyzed using manual thematic analysis process. The study comprised of 26 participants, which included 10 TSs and 16 TLs. Four themes were identified for the results amongst TSs and TLs: ethical development; professional development; psychological development; and recommendations. However, nine sub- themes were identified for TSs and eight sub-themes were identified for the result amongst TLs. This study highlighted that TLs and TSs elaborated on the need for the ethical, professional, psychological development, nursing development and also on the importance of policies and guidelines. Professional ethics should be integrated into the Continuous Profession Development (CPD) points that are used to renew yearly nursing licenses as well as exposing the need for having competencies on professional ethics in nurses' logbooks. Further research is needed to determine the in-depth barriers.

Yes / Gender research can be a highly political process with significant impact, positively or negatively, on the researcher(s) and research participants. As a result there are key issues for consideration when preparing to undertake gender research in Human Resource Development (HRD). Gender research in HRD requires a mature level of researcher reflexivity in terms of personal understandings of gender; individual researcher values, philosophical positions and standpoints on gender; motivations for research; awareness of how gender research may construct researchers in their own professional settings and how research participants may respond to gender research. We contend that a process of researcher reflexivity, in critically reflecting upon and reviewing individual assumptions and standpoints, is essential before beginning gender research. Gender is a significant dimension of personal life, social relations and culture: an arena where we face difficult practical issues about justice, identity and even survival; where there is much prejudice, myth and falsehood, and where social sciences gender research is producing a relatively new form of knowledge (Connell, 2009). This chapter outlines key issues for gender researchers illustrated through research into gendered media constructions of women leaders. We introduce the importance of women leaders and gender aware learning and HRD and outline understandings of gender; diverse advances in gender research; consistency, harm, pleasure and power; participant-research relationships and the researcher’s position in gender research, by drawing upon our previous studies. We then present the key issues in practice, through our operationalization of a Multi-Stakeholder Framework for analysing gendered media constructions of women leaders. We utilize a mixed method design (Saunders, 2012) of statistical analysis of secondary data on women in senior positions in a UK region (geographies of gender); analysis of three Supplements of the Top 500 Influential Leaders via discourse analysis; a semi-structured interview with a media producer; group and individual interviews with selected aspiring and current women leaders and stages of on-going researcher reflexivity and accountability. We conclude with reflections on the constraints and possibilities of the multi-stakeholder framework approach.

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Titel: Tillbaka till framtiden. Det karismatiska ledarskapets återkomst. Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Ulrika Lundmark & Violeta Jonsson Handledare: Lars Ekstrand Datum: 2011 – 05 Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att visa det karismatiska ledarskapets former samt diskutera förutsättningarna för dess återkomst. Vi kommer också att diskutera dess för- och nackdelar. Mer specifikt söks svar på frågorna: Vilken är definitionen av framtidens karismatiska ledare? Hur ser ledarskapsidealet ut och varför? Finns det någon framtid för den karismatiske ledaren? Metod: Med hjälp av historiska exempel sökte vi efter det karismatiska ledarskapets särdrag. Undersökningen har genomförts genom läsning av olika skrifter om historisk och modern ledarskap. Uppsatsen grundar sig på en kvalitativ studie eftersom basen i undersökningen består av redan skrivet material men det finns inslag av kvantitativ studie där våra egna erfarenheter av olika ledarskaps typer har huvudrollen. Denna undersökning grundar sig på en analysmodell, analys av det historiska och dagens karismatiska ledarskap. Utifrån dessa perspektiv har vi försökt få oss en uppfattning om vilken typ av ledarskap, framtidens samhälle kan acceptera. Resultat & slutsats: Vår slutsats är att, beroende på var i samhället vi befinner oss, kommer vi att träffa olika slags ledare men att det karismatiska ledarskapet (en del av den) kommer att flätas ihop med en demokratisk organisation och möjligheten att en ny ledarskapstil tar form är stort. Rsultatet av studien redovisas i sista kapitlet som är slutsatsen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Av alla ledarskapstilar har vi begränsat denna studie till det karismatiska ledarskapet som vi tyckte var en fascinerande ämne. Det karismatiska ledarskapet är värt att studeras och dokumenteras mer detaljerat. Vi tror att en studie som går ut på att hitta de nyanser som eventuell kan förena den demokratiska ledarskapstilen med den karismatiska skulle vara intressant. Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen har bidragit till en ökning av vår egen förståelse om hur det karismatiska ledarskapet fungerar och öppnar porten för en mängd uppsatsmöjligheter för kommande studenter. Nyckelord: Ledarskap, ledarskapsstilar, historiska ledare, karisma, karismatiska ledare / Title: Back to the future. The return of the charismatic leadership. Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Ulrika Lundmark & Violeta Jonsson Supervisor: Lars Ekstrand Date: 2011 – 05 Aim: The purpose of this study is to show by means of historical examples how the charismatic leadership has acted on the world scene and discuss its possible return. More specifically we want answers to those questions: How we want to define the charismatic leaders in the future? What is the ideal leadership and why? Is there a future for the charismatic leader? Method: Using historical examples, we look for the charismatic leadership characteristics. The survey was conducted through the reading of various writings on historical and contemporary leadership. The essay is based on a qualitative study because the base of the study consists of already written material but there is an element of quantitative study in which our own experience of different leadership types has the lead role. This study is based on an analysis model, analysis of the historical and present-day charismatic leadership. From these perspectives, we have tried to get an idea of what kind of leadership, the future society can accept. Result & Conclusions: Our conclusion is that depending on where in society we are, we will meet with various types of leaders but to the charismatic leadership (part of) will be intertwined with a democratic organization and the possibility that a new leadership style takes shape is big.The results of the study will be presented in our last chapter, conclusions. Suggestions for future research: Of all the leadership styles, we have restricted this study to the charismatic leadership that we thought was a fascinating topic. The charismatic leadership is worth being studied and documented in more detail. We believe that a study about to find the nuances that make possible to reconcile the democratic leadership style with the charismatic leadership would be interesting. Contribution of the thesis: The essay has contributed to an increase in our understanding of how the charismatic leadership works and opens the door for a variety of essay options for future students. Key words: Leadership, leadership styles, historical leaders, charisma, charismatic leaders

Title: How to find a great international leader – The case of Swedish Managers working in Singapore Level: Second Cycle: 15 Credit: Master Thesis in Business Administration Author: Charlotte Tham Supervisor: Maria Malama  Examiner: Akmal Hyder Date: June 2011 Aim: I’m interested in finding a way to make successful international recruitments. To do so I have worked with three research questions: What distinguish an international leader from a domestic leader? How do you recruit a successful international leader? Which personal qualities make an international leader successful?  Method: I have used a personal test (Hogan Personality Inventory) to find which personal qualities the manager has. Approx. 10 subordinates to each of the managers have answered a survey, in order to find how successful they find the managers to be. The five managers have also been interviewed twice. The first time to hear their opinion of the international leadership. The second time to follow up the result from the personal test and the survey.    Result & Conclusions: The four main results of the study are: Handling cultural differences makes the international leader special. Following a structured procedure is essential when recruiting a successful international leader. Qualities to look for are high interpersonal skills, strong sense of self, high flexibility, and strong interest in learning new things. Leaders with strong task-orientation and love for details de-motivate their subordinates.   Suggestions for future research: The study could be done on a larger sample, to get a better statistical material. It could also be done on other nationalities, or on women to see how these factors affect the result.  Contribution of the thesis: The study shows that criteria like, high interpersonal skills and flexibility have to be searched for and a structured procedure has to be followed, when recruiting international leaders. The study can help multi-national companies make better recruitments and therefore save money and time.