Considerando a avaliação como uma das ferramentas do ensino, o estudo constante de sua aplicação e dos objetivos que a impulsionam é primordial na qualidade da educação. Nesse âmbito, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral conhecer os critérios de avaliação discente utilizados pelos professores da Rede Estadual de Educação Básica, no município de São Paulo, pretendendo desvendar o que condiciona a avaliação e orienta, implícita ou explicitamente, a prática do professor na sala de aula e, também, fora dela. Para tanto, entrevistou-se 9 professores de química, voluntários, atuantes no ensino público do município. Após o processo de unitarização, previsto pela análise textual discursiva, os dados foram discutidos a partir da ideia dos \"patamares de aprendizagem\" de Villani e Barolli (2000), tendo sido criado, para tanto, \"patamares de docência\" análogos àqueles. Os instrumentos, os critérios e os resultados da avaliação foram identificados como as dimensões que representam as principais características dos processos de avaliação realizados pelos professores entrevistados. Estes, classificam os alunos na classe em grupos, de acordo com as características e respostas que os discentes apresentam. Para cada grupo, os docentes desenvolvem diferentes mecanismos de ações, o que nos permite classifica-los em adesão a um ou mais patamar de docência. Essa classificação é importante uma vez que nos permite interpretar a relação do professor com a avaliação e o conhecimento escolar e, consequentemente, nos dá alicerces no entendimento da atuação do profissional no Ensino de química. / Considering evaluation as a teaching tool, it is necessary a constant study of its application and purposes in the quality of education. In this context, the present work has the general objective to study the student\'s /test criteria used by teachers of the State Basic Education Network in São Paulo, intending to unveil the evaluation circumstances and guide, implicit or explicitly, the teacher\'s practice in and outside the classroom. Therefore, 9 chemistry teachers (volunteers), active in public education in the São Paulo city, were interviewed. After the process of unitarization, provided by discursive textual analysis, data were discussed from the idea of \"learning levels\" of Villani and Barolli (2000) and it was created \"teaching levels\" analogous to \"learning levels\". Instruments, criteria and evaluation results were identified as dimensions that represent the main features of the evaluation procedures implemented by the teachers that were interviewed. Those teachers classify the students in the class into groups according to the characteristics and answers given by the scholars. For each group, teachers develop different mechanisms of action, allowing us to classify them in adherence to one or more teaching levels. This classification is important because it allows us to interpret the teacher\'s relationship with the evaluation and school knowledge and, consequently, gives us the foundations to understand the professional performance in chemistry education.

Considerando a avaliação como uma das ferramentas do ensino, o estudo constante de sua aplicação e dos objetivos que a impulsionam é primordial na qualidade da educação. Nesse âmbito, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral conhecer os critérios de avaliação discente utilizados pelos professores da Rede Estadual de Educação Básica, no município de São Paulo, pretendendo desvendar o que condiciona a avaliação e orienta, implícita ou explicitamente, a prática do professor na sala de aula e, também, fora dela. Para tanto, entrevistou-se 9 professores de química, voluntários, atuantes no ensino público do município. Após o processo de unitarização, previsto pela análise textual discursiva, os dados foram discutidos a partir da ideia dos \"patamares de aprendizagem\" de Villani e Barolli (2000), tendo sido criado, para tanto, \"patamares de docência\" análogos àqueles. Os instrumentos, os critérios e os resultados da avaliação foram identificados como as dimensões que representam as principais características dos processos de avaliação realizados pelos professores entrevistados. Estes, classificam os alunos na classe em grupos, de acordo com as características e respostas que os discentes apresentam. Para cada grupo, os docentes desenvolvem diferentes mecanismos de ações, o que nos permite classifica-los em adesão a um ou mais patamar de docência. Essa classificação é importante uma vez que nos permite interpretar a relação do professor com a avaliação e o conhecimento escolar e, consequentemente, nos dá alicerces no entendimento da atuação do profissional no Ensino de química. / Considering evaluation as a teaching tool, it is necessary a constant study of its application and purposes in the quality of education. In this context, the present work has the general objective to study the student\'s /test criteria used by teachers of the State Basic Education Network in São Paulo, intending to unveil the evaluation circumstances and guide, implicit or explicitly, the teacher\'s practice in and outside the classroom. Therefore, 9 chemistry teachers (volunteers), active in public education in the São Paulo city, were interviewed. After the process of unitarization, provided by discursive textual analysis, data were discussed from the idea of \"learning levels\" of Villani and Barolli (2000) and it was created \"teaching levels\" analogous to \"learning levels\". Instruments, criteria and evaluation results were identified as dimensions that represent the main features of the evaluation procedures implemented by the teachers that were interviewed. Those teachers classify the students in the class into groups according to the characteristics and answers given by the scholars. For each group, teachers develop different mechanisms of action, allowing us to classify them in adherence to one or more teaching levels. This classification is important because it allows us to interpret the teacher\'s relationship with the evaluation and school knowledge and, consequently, gives us the foundations to understand the professional performance in chemistry education.

After the introduction of the term,  sustainable development, a variety of  academicians from different disciplines tried to conceptualize it in their own way, drawing on these views, many different degrees but with similar titles have been established in many universities all around the world. Masters  program in  Sustainable Development  (MSD) at Uppsala University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) is one the most recent ones. Before starting this study, it was investigated that the expectations of the different actors in this program are not fulfilled completely. Presence of many different ideas and perspectives in addition to the high number of actors involved in the situation made the situation too complex to be fixed easily. Therefore, the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), as an appropriate approach for improving complex problematic situations,  is  used to reform the organization of  the  MSD in coming years. The process of identifying the  challenges of this program and then  improving some of them in  practice  are described in this thesis. Alongside the  action phase, the applications of Systems Approach in transformation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) are explored.  It is investigated that three levels of learning, i.e. basic, meta-  and epistemic learning, and accordingly three levels of organizational change, i.e. the first, second and third order, need to be recognized, if an ESD program is to be different from the unsustainable trends of education.

After the introduction of the term, sustainable development, a variety of academicians fromdifferent disciplines tried to conceptualize it in their own way, drawing on these views, manydifferent degrees but with similar titles have been established in many universities all around theworld.Masters program in Sustainable Development (MSD) at Uppsala University and the SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) is one the most recent ones. Before starting this study, itwas investigated that the expectations of the different actors in this program are not fulfilledcompletely. Presence of many different ideas and perspectives in addition to the high number ofactors involved in the situation made the situation too complex to be fixed easily. Therefore, theSoft Systems Methodology (SSM), as an appropriate approach for improving complex problematicsituations, is used to reform the organization of the MSD in coming years. The process ofidentifying the challenges of this program and then improving some of them in practice aredescribed in this thesis. Alongside the action phase, the applications of Systems Approach intransformation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) are explored.It is investigated that three levels of learning, i.e. basic, meta- and epistemic learning, andaccordingly three levels of organizational change, i.e. the first, second and third order, need to berecognized, if an ESD program is to be different from the unsustainable trends of education.