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The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be the first gravitational wave detector in space. The European Space Agency has selected LISA as a large mission scheduled to launch in the mid-2030s. The sensitivity of LISA to gravitational waves is limited at low frequencies by force disturbances acting on the otherwise free-falling test masses. Among the stray forces relevant to the LISA noise budget, we find the ones that arise from the electrostatic interaction between the test masses and the surrounding capacitive sensor. Most of such electrostatic forces scale with the electric charge deposited on the test masses. This problem is aggravated by the fact that isolated objects in space, such as the floating LISA test masses, accumulate electric charge due to the constant bombardment of cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. We, therefore, understand that if the test masses were not discharged, the electrostatic disturbances could spoil the performance of the whole mission at low frequency. The precursor LISA Pathfinder (LPF) mission proved that the test mass charge could be successfully managed with a contactless system based on photoelectric charge transfer. The light sources required for photoemission in LISA Pathfinder were mercury-vapor lamps emitting photons in the UV range. In this thesis, we will present our on-ground testing campaign of a prototype Charge Management System for LISA, which relies on UV-LEDs as light sources. LEDs, compared to mercury-vapor lamps, can emit short pulses of UV light (~10 ns), which can be synchronized with the time-varying electrostatic fields around the test mass. For this reason, we studied new discharge strategies made possible by adopting UV-LEDs characterized by pulsed illumination synced with the capacitive sensing injection bias. Our measurements indicate that UV-LEDs offer significant advantages regarding the flexibility and robustness of the Charge Management System. Moreover, the new illumination patterns offered by UV-LEDs allow fine-tuning the TM equilibrium potential without introducing local DC fields, easing the implementation of the continuous discharge mode to manage the TM potential. Finally, we investigated the charge noise introduced by the continuous discharge mode and verified that it could be kept within the LISA requirements. We will present hereafter the outline of the thesis. In the first chapter, we present a mandatory introduction to gravitational waves and the LISA mission. In the second chapter, we present the instrument used for our experimental campaign, namely the four-test-masses torsion pendulum at the University of Trento. We also present the electrostatic model and the measurement techniques used to evaluate the electric charge on the pendulum test mass. In the third chapter, we introduce the concept of apparent yield, which is a figure of merit of the charge management system performance. We also present our experimental measurement, which encompasses tests on several UV-LEDs in different illumination patterns. In the fourth chapter, we derive a simple photoemission model, which is useful for interpreting the apparent yield data acquired. We will also use the model to fit the experimental data and extract estimates of the microscopic parameters that affect the photoemission from metallic surfaces, e.g. work function or quantum yield. In the fifth chapter, we present a model and our torsion pendulum measurements for the charge noise induced on the test masses when continuously illuminated with UV light. Such noise arises from the discrete and intrinsically stochastic nature of photoelectric charge transfer. Finally, in the last chapter, we will wrap up by presenting the problems encountered and the "lessons learned" during the years-long experimental endeavor.

Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) / Gallium Nitride (GaN) based deep ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting didoes (LEDs) with emission wavelengths between 200-280 nm enable key emerging technologies such as water/air purification and sterilization, covert communications and portable bio-agent detection/identification systems for homeland security, and surface and medical device sterilization. These devices produce a large amount of undesired heat due to low quantum efficiencies in converting electrical input to optical output. These low efficiencies are attributed to difficulties in the growth&doping of AlₓGa₁₋ₓN materials and UV absorbing substrates leading to excessive joule heating, which leads to device degradation and a spectral shift in the emission wavelength. With this regard, effective thermal management in these devices depends on the removal of this heat and reduction of the junction temperature. This is achieved by decreasing the package thermal resistance from junction-to-air with cost-effective solutions. The use of heat sinks, thermal interface materials, and high conductivity heat spreaders is instrumental in the reduction of the overall junction-to-air thermal resistance. This thesis work focuses on thermal modeling of flip-chip packaged deep UV LEDs to gain a better understanding of the heat propagation through these devices as well as the package parameters that have the biggest contributions to reducing the overall thermal resistance. A parametric study focusing on components of a lead frame package is presented to ascertain the thermal impacts of various package layers including contact metallizations, thermal spreading sub-mounts, and thermal interface materials. In addition the use of alternative thermal interface materials such as phase change materials and liquid metals is investigated experimentally.

Les diodes électroluminescentes (LEDs) utilisées dans les systèmes d'éclairage solide sont réalisées à base de GaN et de ses alliages. Bien que les LEDs commerciales soient principalement développées sur substrat saphir, les industriels et laboratoires de recherche s'intéressent également au substrat silicium, moins cher et disponible en de plus grands diamètres. Son utilisation pose cependant deux problèmes : la présence d'une importante densité de dislocations dans les couches épitaxiées et la mise en tension de celles-ci menant à l'apparition de fissures. Afin de les éviter, des solutions existent mais nécessitent des procédés de croissance longs et complexes entraînant une augmentation du coût de production.L'alternative proposée au cours de cette thèse consiste en la croissance sélective de pseudo-substrats de GaN sur silicium par épitaxie en phase vapeur aux organométalliques (EPVOM). La croissance sélective doit en effet permettre l'obtention d'un matériau de bonne qualité cristalline présentant une contrainte limitée (en évitant la coalescence) tout en réduisant la durée d'épitaxie. Nos travaux ont porté sur l'analyse de l'influence des paramètres de croissance (conditions de croissance, design du masque, polarité du substrat) afin de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu et de maîtriser l'effet de chacun d'eux sur la morphologie du matériau. La croissance de pseudo-substrats de GaN hexagonal [000-1] sur du Si (100) a été démontrée grâce à l'utilisation d'une couche texturée d'AlN de polarité N. Des caractérisations optiques et structurales ont démontré une relaxation de la contrainte ainsi qu'une bonne qualité cristalline du matériau à la surface de ces structures. La croissance sur celles-ci de multi-puits quantiques (MQWs) InGaN/GaN a ensuite été étudiée pour la réalisation de micro-LEDs. Cependant, des difficultés ont été rencontrées du fait de la présence d'inversions de polarité dans les pseudo-substrats. Ces essais ont également mis en évidence la nécessité d'une étude à part entière de la croissance de MQWs de polarité N. / Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used in solid lighting systems are made from GaN and its alloys. Although commercial LEDs are mainly developed on sapphire substrate, manufacturers and research laboratories are also interested in silicon substrate, which is cheaper and available in larger diameters. However, its usage raises two issues: the presence of a high dislocation density in epitaxial layers and their tensile stress leading to the formation of cracks. In order to avoid them, solutions exist but require long and complex growth processes resulting in an increase in production costs.The alternative proposed in this thesis is focused on the selective area growth of GaN pseudo-substrates on silicon by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Indeed, selective area growth should make it possible to obtain a good crystalline material displaying a limited stress (avoiding coalescence) while reducing epitaxy duration. Our work focused on the analysis of the influence of growth parameters (growth conditions, mask design, substrate polarity) in order to understand the involved mechanisms and to control the effect of each of them on the material morphology. The growth of hexagonal [000-1] GaN pseudo-substrates on Si (100) was demonstrated by using a textured N-polar AlN layer. Optical and structural characterisations displayed a stress relaxation as well as a good crystalline quality of these structures’ surface material. The growth on top of those of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) was then studied for micro-LEDs realisation. However, difficulties have been encountered due to the presence of polarity inversions in pseudo-substrates. These tests also demonstrated the necessity of a complete study of N-polar MQWs growth.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-11-19T14:40:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 wagnerdiasrocha.pdf: 3693391 bytes, checksum: ff882b197689decbd93b1281b5bf0dd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T13:04:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wagnerdiasrocha.pdf: 3693391 bytes, checksum: ff882b197689decbd93b1281b5bf0dd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T13:04:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wagnerdiasrocha.pdf: 3693391 bytes, checksum: ff882b197689decbd93b1281b5bf0dd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de abordagem experimental para o Efeito Fotoelétrico baseada em um kit didático capaz de demonstrar a ocorrência (ou não) do fenômeno em função da variação de intensidade e de frequência da luz incidente sobre um material receptor. O principal objetivo é fornecer uma alternativa diferenciada para a construção do conhecimento sobre o assunto. O kit, elaborado com LEDs e outros componentes de baixo custo presentes no cotidiano, é de fácil reprodução e operação, além de compacto o suficiente para viabilizar a execução de atividades práticas em qualquer sala de aula, sendo assim muito útil principalmente para alunos e professores do Ensino Médio, os quais muitas vezes não dispõem de laboratórios e equipamentos, seja pela restrição de acesso ou até mesmo pela inexistência destes. Com três aplicações em sala de aula, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia onde duas hipóteses excludentes entre si e que se apresentam como explicação para o fenômeno são confrontadas experimentalmente. A validade de somente uma dessas hipóteses é comprovada pelas respostas dadas a dois questionamentos pós-atividade. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os alunos conseguiram compreender o funcionamento do kit, utilizá-lo para realizar a atividade proposta e construir eles próprios o seu conhecimento sobre o assunto. Além disso, as críticas e sugestões coletadas ao final do processo demonstram que houve uma aceitação considerável da proposta pelos mesmos. A fim de torná-la acessível aos professores de Física interessados na sua utilização, são fornecidos adicionalmente dois roteiros, sendo que um descreve passo a passo a montagem do kit e o outro dá suporte à execução da atividade experimental proposta. / This work presents a proposal for an experimental approach to the Photoelectric Effect based on a didactic kit capable of demonstrating the occurrence (or not) of the phenomenon as a function of the variation of intensity and frequency of light incident on a receiving material. The main objective is to provide a differentiated alternative for building knowledge about the subject. The kit, made with LEDs and other low-cost components present in everyday life, is easy to reproduce and operate, and compact enough to enable the execution of practical activities in any classroom, and is therefore very useful mainly for students and teachers of secondary education, which often do not have laboratories and equipment, either by the restriction of access or even by the lack of them. With three applications in the classroom, a methodology was developed where two mutually exclusive hypotheses that present themselves as an explanation for the phenomenon are confronted experimentally. The validity of only one of these hypotheses is proven by the responses given to two post-activity questions. The obtained results demonstrate that the students were able to understand the operation of the kit, use it to carry out the proposed activity and build their own knowledge about the subject. In addition, the criticisms and suggestions collected at the end of the process demonstrate that there has been considerable acceptance of the proposal by the parties. In order to make it accessible to physics teachers interested in its use, two scripts are additionally provided, one describing step by step the assembly of the kit and the other supporting the execution of the proposed experimental activity.

Une nouvelle génération de dispositifs électroniques et optoélectroniques combinant hautes performances et bas coût se profile grâce aux promesses des films à boîtes quantiques colloïdales (BQCs) et de leurs propriétés électriques et optiques uniques. Les BQCs sont des nanocristaux semi-conducteurs synthétisés en solution qui se comportent comme des atomes artificiels. Des progrès considérables ont été réalisés durant la dernière décennie pour développer une optoélectronique à base de films BQCs mais les performances des composants réalisés sont toujours limitées par un certain nombre de propriétés propres à ces milieux telles que leur granularité et la présence de ligands à la surface des nanocristaux. Un deuxième type de matériaux artificiels, les métamatériaux, suscite un intérêt considérable de la part de la communauté de la nano-optique en raison des perspectives qu'ils offrent pour surmonter la limite de diffraction, réaliser des capes d'invisibilités et des indices de réfraction négatif en optique. Cependant, un certain nombre des applications potentielles des métamatériaux optiques se heurtent à leurs pertes élevées et au manque de fonctionnalités actives contrôlées électriquement.Bien que les films BQCs et les métamatériaux soient étudiés de façon indépendante et associés à deux champs de recherche distincts, leurs propriétés ont beaucoup d'éléments en commun puisqu'elles sont dans les deux cas largement dictées par leur géométrie interne. Il paraît donc intéressant d'exploiter ces analogies et de voir si les difficultés rencontrées dans chaque discipline ne peuvent pas être surmontées en combinant les deux approches. Cette thèse se propose de jeter les premiers ponts entre films BQCs et métamatériaux et constitue une première tentative d'établir une synergie entre ces deux types de milieux artificiels.Dans un premier temps, nous étudions des réseaux de nanoantennes plasmoniques capables d'exalter la photoluminescence spontanée de BQCs et apportons de nouveaux éléments de compréhension à ces interactions. Ensuite, nous décrivons la fabrication et la caractérisation de LEDs à BQCs inorganiques et émission par le haut. Ces LEDs sont développées de façon à servir de plateforme pour la dernière partie de ce travail qui consiste à hybrider les films BQCs et les métamatériaux. Dans cette dernière partie, nous insérons les réseaux d'antennes plasmoniques étudiés précédemment dans l'architecture des LEDs et démontrons une nouvelle forme d'électroluminescence artificielle. Celle-ci se traduit par l'émission de lumière par des nanopixels discrets qui peuvent être arrangés de façon arbitrairement complexe afin de générer toute une gamme de fonctionnalités. D'autres avantages seront présentés comme une brillance accrue, une tension de seuil extrêmement basse, des longueurs d'ondes d'émission contrôlées par la géométrie et un contrôle total de la polarisation. Une série d'expériences visant à sonder les mécanismes à l’œuvre dans ce nouveau type de LEDs sera présentée.Ce travail illustre le très grand potentiel qu'il y a à combiner différentes classes de matière artificielle et suggère que bien d'autres opportunités découleront d'une vision unifiée des différents milieux composites développés en physique, chimie et ingénierie. / A next generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices with high performances and low cost is expected to take off with films of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) thanks to their unique electrical and optical properties. CQDs are semiconducting nanocrystals synthesized in solution that behave as artificial atoms. Substantial progresses in CQD film-based optoelectronics has been made over the past decade, but the performances are still limited and governed by the merit and inherited properties of CQDs. Another type of artificial medium, metamaterials, is generating a considerable interest from the nano-optics community because of its promises for beating the diffraction limit, realizing invisible cloaks, and creating negative refractive of index at optical regime. However, many of the potential applications for optical metamaterials are limited by their losses and the lack of active functionalities driven by electricity.Although films of CQDs and metamaterials are studied independently and associated to two distinct fields, their properties are mainly determined by their inner geometry. In addition, the difficult hurdles from each field can be surmounted by cooperating with the other one. This dissertation establishes the first bridge to connect films of CQDs and metamaterials and is a first attempt at exploiting the synergy of different types of artificial media.Firstly, we study plasmonic nanoantenna arrays capable of enhancing the spontaneous photoluminescence of CQDs and provide new fundamental insight into these interactions. Secondly, we report the fabrication and characterization of the first inorganic top-emission infrared quantum dot light-emitting-diodes (QDLEDs). The diodes are developed to serve as a solid platform for studying the CQDs film/metamaterial hybrids. Finally, we insert the plasmonic nanoantenna arrays studied at the beginning of this thesis in our QDLEDs and demonstrate a novel form of electroluminescence in which light is emitted by discrete nanoscale pixels that than be arranged at will to form complex light emitting metasurfaces. Other advantages associated with our metamaterial QDLEDs will also be presented i.e. greatly enhanced brightness, extremely low turn-on voltage, emissive color tunability, and polarized electroluminescence. A series of controlled experiments to probe the operational mechanisms of metamaterial QDLED will be discussed.This demonstration illustrates the enormous synergy of combining different types of artificial matter and suggests that many other opportunities will arise by taking an unified view of the various artificial media developed in physics, chemistry and engineering.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T13:22:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrosantosalmeida.pdf: 19972618 bytes, checksum: 95d8213caa2ed63781c9a0e651a913c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T12:01:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrosantosalmeida.pdf: 19972618 bytes, checksum: 95d8213caa2ed63781c9a0e651a913c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrosantosalmeida.pdf: 19972618 bytes, checksum: 95d8213caa2ed63781c9a0e651a913c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o acionamento de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) a partir da rede elétrica. Este estudo envolve uma análise sobre as características térmicas, elétricas e fotométricas dos LEDs visando a adequada caracterização estática e dinâmica da carga. Em seguida, com o objetivo de propor conversores com uma eficiência global superior, propõe-se a utilização de conversores ressonantes como estágio de controle de potência. Este estágio é precedido de um estágio pré-regulador do fator de potência, de forma a garantir uma baixa distorção harmônica total da corrente drenada da rede. Um estudo sistemático acerca das topologias de correção do fator de potência e de conversores ressonantes que podem compor cada um destes dois estágios é feito, visando compilar as características, vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma para o acionamento de LEDs. A partir deste estudo, foi possível propor uma estrutura integrada de conversor ressonante com um pré-regulador de alto fator de potência, que se mostrou adequado para acionar uma carga de 72 LEDs associados em série, com uma potência nominal aproximada de 100 W. O protótipo do conversor proposto atingiu uma eficiência global acima de 92%, com um fator de potência superior a 0,97 e distorção harmônica da corrente de entrada de cerca de 20%, com total observância aos parâmetros de qualidade de energia impostas pelas normatizações nacional e internacional. O projeto deste conversor também permitiu a eliminação dos capacitores eletrolíticos no circuito de potência do protótipo através da redução da capacitância; somente foram empregados capacitores de filme metalizado, o que contribui para elevar a vida útil do conversor, compatibilizando-a com a vida útil dos LEDs sendo acionados. / This work presents a study regarding the driving of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fed from mains power. This study involves an analysis of the thermal, electrical and photometrical characteristics of the LEDs, aiming an adequate static and dynamical characterization of the load. Then, with the goal of proposing driving converters with a superior global efficiency, it is proposed the use of resonant conversion as the power control stage of the LED drivers. This stage is preceded by a power factor pre-regulator stage, so that a low total harmonic distortion on the input current can be achieved. A systematic study of the power factor correction topologies and resonant converters which might compose each of these two stages is done, therefore compiling the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each for the driving of LEDs. From this study, it was proposed an integrated converter structure of a resonant converter with a high power factor pre-regulator, which showed good compliance when driving an LED load composed of 72 series-associated LEDs, with nominal power of ca. 100 W. A prototype of the proposed converter has reached a global efficiency above 92%, with a power factor greater than 0.97 and total harmonic distortion of input current of ca. 20%, along with total compliance with the power quality parameters imposed by national and international standards. The design of this converter also permitted the elimination of the electrolytic capacitors from within the power circuitry of the prototype through capacitance reduction; only metalized film capacitors were employed, contributing to enhance the lifespan of the converter, making it compatible with the lifespan of the LEDs being driven.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T11:35:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandojosenogueira.pdf: 4981583 bytes, checksum: 8b3c5698410b92cb533a1907a012d6a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:41:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandojosenogueira.pdf: 4981583 bytes, checksum: 8b3c5698410b92cb533a1907a012d6a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:41:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandojosenogueira.pdf: 4981583 bytes, checksum: 8b3c5698410b92cb533a1907a012d6a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Este trabalho tem como objeto principal a avaliação experimental de diodos emissores de luz (ou LEDs, do inglês Light Emitting Diodes) quando empregados em luminárias comerciais destinadas aos sistemas de iluminação pública. São apresentados os aspectos gerais da iluminação pública no Brasil, os principais componentes empregados e uma discussão sobre a adoção da tecnologia LED na iluminação de exteriores. Também são abordados os conceitos básicos de fotometria clássica e da fotometria adaptada para baixos níveis de luminância, que leva em consideração a resposta dinâmica visual do olho humano. Para efeito comparativo, o trabalho também inclui uma revisão das principais fontes de luz brancas orientadas à iluminação pública, e. g. lâmpada de vapor metálico, lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio e, mais recentemente, os LEDs. Tal estudo ampara-se em ensaios de laboratório e em campo tomando como base a lâmpada de vapor de sódio em alta pressão, a mais utilizada atualmente no segmento de iluminação de vias públicas. Algumas normativas referentes à aplicação de LEDs em iluminação pública são discutidas e, a partir das recomendações existentes nas normas NBR 16026 e NBR IEC 61347-2-13, são realizados ensaios de pré-conformidade em amostras comerciais de luminárias LED orientadas à iluminação pública do mercado nacional. Além dos ensaios de pré-conformidade, são realizados ensaios de funcionamento das luminárias LED quando expostas a condições críticas de temperatura com o objetivo de se avaliar as mudanças elétricas e fotométricas que ocorrem nestas condições. É apresentada uma metodologia de projeto luminotécnico para instalação de luminárias LED em vias públicas baseando-se na norma de iluminação pública NBR 5101 (revisão 2012), e o acompanhamento do projeto piloto de iluminação pública empregando luminárias LED implantado no anel viário da faculdade de engenharia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Durante nove meses foram coletados dados de características elétricas e fotométricas a fim de se averiguar o desempenho destas luminárias em campo. Por fim, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre o antigo sistema de iluminação com lâmpadas de vapor de sódio e o atual, empregando luminárias LED. / The purpose of this research is the experimental evaluation of light emitting diodes (or LEDs) when used in commercial luminaires for street lighting systems. The general aspects of Brazilian public lighting, the main components used and a discussion about the adoption of the LED technology in outdoor lighting are presented. Also, the basic concepts of classical photometry and photometry’s adaptations for low luminance levels are addressed. It takes into consideration the dynamic response of the human eye. For comparative purposes, this research also includes a review of the main white light sources used on public lighting, e.g. Metal Halide Lamp, High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp and, recently, the LEDs. Such research is supported by laboratory and on-site studies based on High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp; currently, the most used on public lighting system. Some standards regarding LEDs usage on public lighting are discussed and, based on the existing recommendations, regulated by the Brazilian standards NBR 16026 and NBR IEC 61347-2-13, pre-certification studies of commercial LED luminaires samples oriented to public lighting on the home market are performed. Other than the pre-certification studies, additional studies of LED luminaires functioning when exposed to critical conditions of temperature with the intention to evaluate the electric and photometric changes that occur in this circumstances are performed. It is introduced a luminotechnical project methodology for LED luminaires installation on public roads based on the Brazilian standards of public lighting NBR 5101 (reviewed in 2012) and the accompanying of the pilot project of public lighting using LED luminaires implanted on the ring road of the School of Engineering of the Juiz de Fora Federal University. During nine months, data of electric and photometric features were collected in order to investigate the performance of the luminaires on-site. Finally, a comparative study was done between the previous lighting system with High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp and the current, using LED luminaires.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T12:39:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 5762936 bytes, checksum: 8a7ae73391a9d56af3c18605a924763d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:21:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 5762936 bytes, checksum: 8a7ae73391a9d56af3c18605a924763d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 5762936 bytes, checksum: 8a7ae73391a9d56af3c18605a924763d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / No intuito de aportar contribuições ao uso de diodos emissores de luz (ou LEDs, do inglês Light Emmiting Diodes) em sistemas de iluminação pública, cobrindo lacunas existentes no cenário nacional, este trabalho traz uma ampla análise sobre este tema. São apresentados conceitos básicos da fotometria clássica e um estudo sobre adaptações da fotometria para baixos níveis de luminância, que é a condição observada nas vias públicas durante o período noturno. Propõe-se a utilização de métricas escotópicas em sistemas de iluminação pública, uma vez que estas melhor representam a real sensação visual (se comparadas às métricas clássicas – fotópicas) nas condições de iluminamento típicas observadas nestes sistemas. Aspectos gerais da iluminação pública e um histórico da evolução do sistema nacional são brevemente apresentados bem como uma discussão sobre a situação atual deste sistema e das tecnologias utilizadas. O trabalho traz também um estudo sobre características ópticas, elétricas e mecânicas dos LEDs e uma análise dos diferentes tipos de LEDs brancos mais utilizados (HB – High Brightness – e HP – High Power – LEDs). Algumas normas e recomendações aplicáveis à utilização de LEDs em iluminação pública são analisadas e discutidas, com o intuito de se investigar lacunas ainda não cobertas pela normatização existente. Análises de resultados de ensaios de laboratório e de campo, inéditos no país, realizados com alguns modelos de luminárias LED para iluminação pública disponíveis no mercado, são também apresentadas. Um estudo sobre acionamento de LEDs é realizado, abordando técnicas de equalização de corrente entre arranjos série de LEDs associados em paralelo e diferentes tipos de circuitos de acionamento para LEDs. São propostas, analisadas e implementadas uma estrutura inédita de baixo custo para a equalização de corrente e um circuito para o acionamento de LEDs baseado na integração de dois conversores cc cc não isolados. A topologia de dois estágios proposta é composta por um conversor boost no primeiro estágio, utilizado para a correção do fator de potência e por um conversor buck no segundo estágio, utilizado para o controle da corrente nos LEDs. Por fim, o acompanhamento da implantação e do desempenho, ao longo de dez meses, do projeto piloto de iluminação pública empregando LEDs instalado no anel viário da Faculdade de Engenharia da UFJF é apresentado. / In order to present contributions to the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) in public lighting systems, covering gaps on the national scenario, this work encompasses abroad analysis related to this issue. Basic concepts of classical photometry are presented and so a study of photometry’s adaptations for low luminance levels. It is proposed the use of scotopic metrics for street lighting systems, since they can better represent the actual visual sensation (when compared to the classical one – photopic metrics) on its typical nighty conditions. General aspects of street lighting and the history of the national’s public lighting system are briefly presented as well as a discussion about the current situation of the Brazilian system and technologies adopted. The work also brings a study of mechanical, electrical and optical characteristics of LEDs and an analysis of the two different types of commonly used white LEDs (HB – High Brightness – and HP – High Power - LEDs). Some standards and recommendations related to the use of LEDs in street lighting are analyzed and criticized, with the aim of show some gaps not yet covered by the existent standards. An unprecedented analysis regarding laboratory and field test benchmarking, taken for some luminaires available in commerce, is also presented. A study of LED driving is presented, covering equalization techniques for parallel LEDs strings and different types of LED driving circuits. It was proposed, analyzed and implemented a novel and low cost structure for current equalization and an LED driver, based on the integration of two non-isolated dc dc converters. This proposed two stages topology is composed by a boost converter, on the first stage, employed to the power factor correction and a buck converter, on the second stage, to control the LED’s current. Finally, the process of monitoring the installation and the performance, during ten months, of the LEDs public lighting pilot project, on the roadway belt of Engineering Faculty of UFJF is presented.