Abstract This paper is a thesis work during the Computer Science Bachelor programme at Malmö University spring 2022. The thesis conducts a litterature review on benefits and risks of legacy applications to cloud. What are the challenges of migrating legacy applications to cloud? Why do businesses migrate legacy applications to cloud in relation to the challenges presented in the litterature? The thesis reviews ten research articles and a number of books in order to answer and discuss the questions. It concludes that in spite of a great number of challenges presented in the litterature, both technical and operational, businesses still see the benefits of legacy application migration and perform the back breaking technical migrations of monolithic architecures in legacy applications, to modern, fast-deploying microservices. This in order to achieve cost reductions, fast deployments and reduced maintenance in software over time. / Uppsatsen är ett kandidatarbete inom ramen för Systemutvecklarprogrammet 180 hp på Malmö Universitet och riktar sig till systemutvecklarstudenter. Den syftar till att öka kunskapen om migration av legacyapplikationer till molnet och diskuterar detta utifrån frågeställningarna ”Vilka utmaningar finns det med migrationer till molnet?” och ”Varför väljer företag att migrera legacy applikationer till cloudmiljö i relation till de utmaningar som beskrivs i litteraturen?”. Uppsatsen bygger på en litteraturstudie där flera av artiklarna är systematiska litteraturstudier där omfattande arbete har analyserats av andra forskare inom sektorn och visar att migration av legacyapplikationer åtföljs av en stor rad utmaningar så som byte av arkitektur – från traditionella monolitiska till serviceorienterade så som microservices, omskrivning av programkod och kulturella förändringar inom verksamheten. Det finns också olika drivkrafter bakom en migration, så som snabbare distribuering av tjänster genom microservices, besparingar gällande kostnader och personal eller skalbarhet. Dessa drivkrafter visar sig vara värda mödan för en del företag, eftersom en ständig ökning av molnkunder registreras fortfarande och för att kunna konkurrera mot andra, likartade företag blir migrationen ett krav.

This dissertation seeks to explore the legacy of coloniality inherent in the built environment of South African cities today, especially the City of Tshwane (Pretoria), and propose strategies to rewrite a more inclusive and transformative architectural legacy. As the historical (and current) seat of the South African government, Pretoria has seen much of the making of South Africa’s colonial (as well as pre and post-colonial) history. The remains of the architectural heritage speak of European classical ideals, battles for imperial power and colonial ways of life, and many of these heritage buildings could be seen to be struggling to represent a diverse and transformed nation. As the call has gone out to question the future of statues and monuments of problematic past leaders, it brings to light the question of our built history, heritage and the legacy it leaves. Colonial architecture heritage faces different avenues of conservation, such as forms of reuse or adaptive reuse; however, many are facing abandonment due to its inability to transform or adapt to the changing needs of society. Such is Berea Park Sports Club's case, abandoned and then vandalised, its ruins speaking of possibly becoming forgotten altogether. By investigating the reuse of the building and sports grounds through the themes of urban land reform, architectural hybridity and relevant heritage approaches, this project seeks to reimagine the legacy of the site and address spatial and social justice concerns left in the wake of the colonial city. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

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<p> Many industries have legacy software systems which are definitely important to them but are however, difficult to maintain due to a lack of understanding of those systems. This occurs as a result of inadequate or inconsistent documentation. Although the costs of redesigning the system may be large, some organizations still plan to reverse engineer the software specification documents from the code to alleviate a large burden from such endeavour. This thesis provides an incremental and modular approach to create a process and tools to extract the semantics of legacy assembly code.</p> <p> Our techniques consist of static analysis and symbolic interpretation in order to reverse engineer the semantics of legacy software. We examine the case of IBM-1800 programs in detail. From the abstract model of the operational semantics of IBM-1800, we simultaneously obtain an emulator and a symbolic analysis process. Augmented with control flow information, we can use the symbolic analysis to provide complete semantics for the code sequences of interest. We can also generate Data Flow Graphs to depict the flow of data in those code segments. The whole process of extracting semantic information from the assembler codes is fully automated with only a little human intervention at the initial step.</p> <p> We use Haskell as our implementation language and its important features help us to create modular and well structured software. The literate programming documentation style in this thesis increases the readability and consistency of the implementation's documentation.</p> <p> The process and the associated tools created in this thesis are used in a large reverse engineering project, which has a goal to extract requirements specification from legacy assembly code. This project is funded jointly by Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and CITO (Communications and Information Technology Ontario).</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The maintenance of legacy software systems that were developed using a procedural design approach is becoming increasingly expensive. The procedural approach is often ill suited for complex systems that need to integrate with other codes. Furthermore, these legacy systems are usually written in FORTRAN, for which there is increasingly less personnel available compared to, say, C++. While it would be desirable to convert these legacy systems into object-oriented codes described in C++, such a conversion process is nontrivial. Currently, the structural design must be manually examined, interpreted, and converted into an object-oriented design described in an object-oriented language. Therefore, the conversion process is likely to introduce numerous new inconsistencies and errors, which degrades the software's quality and increases its costs. The preferred solution would be to automate this conversion process. Automation would promote consistency by eliminating the manual variations in interpretation and implementation. It would therefore maximize the likelihood that the converted code does not introduce new errors relative to the original code. The work presented here automates the conversion process from procedural design described in the FORTRAN77 language into object-oriented design described in the C++ language. It demonstrates the extraction of object-oriented elements using FORTRAN common block structures and FORTRAN subroutine and function-calling hierarchies. The result is a consistent, first-cut converted design, which enhances cohesion within classes and reduces coupling between classes. This result is described in the contemporary, broadly used computer language C++, which integrates with adjacent modules that might still remain procedural and described in FORTRAN. / Master of Science

In the last few centuries, many streams in the eastern United States have been severely disturbed by land use change and are now disconnected from their original floodplain due to the aggradation of legacy sediment. Currently, stream-floodplain reconnection is advocated as a stream restoration practice to take advantage of ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to compare two current stream restoration approaches for their nutrient flushing ability: 1) a conventional approach leaves legacy sediment on the floodplain; and 2) an ecological approach that involves removing the accumulated legacy sediment in order to restore the original floodplain surface wetland, revealing a buried A soil horizon. Soil cores were taken from the surficial legacy sediment layer and the buried A soil horizon in the floodplain of a 550-meter reach of Stroubles Creek in the Valley and Ridge province near Blacksburg, VA, to evaluate potential for flushable DOC, TDN, NO3-, NH4+, and SRP content. In addition, an inundation model was developed to evaluate the extent of flooding under the two restoration scenarios. The inundation model results and nutrient flushability levels were then used to simulate the release of nutrients as a function of stream restoration approach. Results indicate that the buried A horizon contained less flushable nutrients, but the ecological restoration would have a higher frequency of inundation that allows for more flushable nutrient release at the annual scale. Understanding the nutrient release potential from the floodplain will provide the ability to estimate net nutrient retention in different stream-floodplain reconnection strategies. / Master of Science / Stream restoration is a popular practice in the United States used to fix a degraded stream to have the functions, habitat, and characteristics of a natural stream. Done correctly, the practice can be beneficial to stream health by slowing flows and allowing for a decrease in nutrient loads to downstream waters. The idea of a natural stream is widely debated because there are few streams left in the United States that have not been impacted by agriculture and urbanization. Man has significantly changed most streams and the land around them, while leaving little record of what the original stream looked like. This research was conducted on Stroubles Creek near Blacksburg, VA, and it compares two common methods of restoring a stream. One method designs the stream channel to have a specific pattern and shape and disregards the soils around the stream. The second method looks in the soils for clues to bring the stream and its floodplain back to its original level. By examining the soils around Stroubles Creek, we found evidence of the original channel and floodplain. We tested those soils to find out which restoration method would provide the maximum decrease in nutrient loads and then built a model to simulate the differences in flooding between the two methods. After comparing the two restoration methods, our findings indicated that restoring a stream to its original level would deliver a greater benefit of slowing floodwaters, but it would provide a disadvantage in an increase of nutrient loads.

The central question of this thesis is: How (and why) do we preserve sports legacies? Based on my research and experiences as the project coordinator for the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team Oral History Project at the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports, this thesis examines the social meanings of sports legacies and the rationale behind their preservation. I propose that sports legacies are located at the intersection of culture, memory and history; at the same time, on an individual level, sports legacies are also a form of symbolic immortality. This thesis conceptualizes sports legacies as contested terrain in which individuals and communities engage in continual negotiations on meaning and struggles over representation. Consequently, I propose that public history and oral history are the medium and methodology best suited to sports legacy preservation. Finally, I outline the process by which the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports is preserving the legacy of the 1968 U.S. Olympic Team. This thesis explains how and why we are preserving the legacy of this particular sports team and serves as a blueprint that others may use for preserving sports legacies. / text

Detta examensarbete har varit inriktat på att studera nyttan av att omstrukturera ett mjukvarusystem till ett moderniserat system. Frågan som skulle besvaras av detta projekt var: vad är fördelarna med komponentiseringen av ett legacysystem, med avseende på utvecklingstid som krävs för vidareutveckling av systemet? Denna fråga besvarades med hjälp av en analys av forskningsfronten över ämnet samt att en fallstudie genomfördes. Det som framkom under analysen av forskningsfronten tydde väldigt mycket på att detta var lönsamt att göra. Trots att fallet var för en specifik aktör var det väldigt relevant att genomföra det för detta projekt för att på sätt få ett praktiskt exempel som hjälpte till att besvara forskningsfrågan. Genom att genomföra dessa undersökningar besvarade vi forskningsfrågan. Många slutsatser kunde dras och det blev ett tydligt resultat. Efter våra estimeringar skulle en aktör vinna på en modernisering av sitt legacysystem i de flesta fallen, om kompetensen för att genomföra detta finns. Fallstudien som genomfördes visade på tydliga vinster med att genomföra en moderniseringsprocess för ett legacysystem. / This thesis work has been focused on studying the benefits of restructuring a legacy system to a modernized software system. The question that was to be answered was: What are the benefits of componentization of a legacy system with respect to the software development time required for further system development? This question was answered by doing a state of the art on the subject and also by performing a case study. What was discovered during the state of the art implicated that this kind of work is very profitable to undergo. Even though the case was aimed at a certain system it was relevant to this study because it helped to get a practical example which in turn helped with answering the question for this thesis. By doing these studies the question for this report got answered. Many conclusions could be drawn and the result was clear. By our estimations an actor would benefit greatly by modernizing their legacy system in most cases, if they have the right knowledge for doing this. The case study that was performed showed obvious benefits of the process of modernizing a legacy system.

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