The purpose of this essay is to propose a comprehensive legal theory of implementation allowing for a deeper understanding of the failures of contemporary Public Administration. Such a theory requires its proper methodology, which is, In fact, the missing link between administrative law and the so-called new sciences. The thesis takes the view that the systemic approach satisfies the above requirements, for it makes possible the broader concepti6n of law, viewed within Its social context. It also makes salient the decision-making element inherent in the implementation process. In this way, it enables the researcher to identify and interrelate important but latent factors of implementation failure, neglected or even overlooked by purely legal or purely empirical implementation studies. This deeper understanding of implementation, drawn from the relevant theoretic systemic models, is a necessary prerequisite for a sound policy making, avoiding the pitfalls of implementation failure. On the other hand, the usefulness of the proposed comprehensive legal study of implementation is shown in the Second Part of the thesis. For this purpose, a characteristic case of administrative failure has been selected and analyzed on the basis of the relevant theoretical model proposed in Part One. The case refers to the failure of urban policy in Greece as expressed in the phenomenon of unauthorized development. It is a case worth studying, since the failure is due to a multiplicity of factors other then the relevant legislation (statute of 17.7.1923), which is of a remarkable quality. The models and findings of the study can be applied to any case of implementation failure, thereby facilitating not only diagnosis but prevention of failures as well.

Yes / This paper provides an overview of the laws regulating positive action in the UK. It also presents key findings from a selection of research studies on positive action in the UK conducted between 2003 and 2009 by the Centre for Inclusion and Diversity at the University of Bradford, and provides examples of positive action drawn from these studies.

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE PRÁVNICKÁ FAKULTA Ing. Vojtěch KMENT Vnitřní předpisy a právní řád České republiky Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: JUDr. Karel Beran, Ph.D. Katedra: Katedra teorie práva a právních učení Datum vypracování práce: srpen 2011 Abstract (english): Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic The purpose of my thesis is to provide some theory on bylaws which will help to identify their existence and particularly the legal obligations and/or rights they constitute. I located areas in which the bylaws may exist in the context of the legal system of Czech Republic, conditions of their valid promulgation and other circumstances when they may constitute legally binding obligations or rights. This thesis uses the term bylaws for the abstract normative acts which are not generally binding and which do not constitute the common contracts, i.e. the common concept in which they are used within the current Czech law. Bylaws are traditionally considered out of the scope of interest of the academic as well as the professional lawyers as legal documents of a very low degree. Yet they exist and proliferate nearly everywhere and establish a vast amount of various legal obligations or even rights which the average citizen quite often finds difficult...

The subject of the thesis is the optimization of the branch network of Česká pošta company. Since 1th January 2013 the post market in the Czech Republic is fully liberalized, thus Česká pošta ensures the duties given by the post licence in a fully competitive environment without previous advantage of a postal reservation. For this reason in the thesis there are submitted possible solutions of ensuring the branches operation by the contractual relations with a suitable partner, which would mean observance of legal duties together with the ensuring of effective operations of the post offices.

O objeto da dissertação é o estudo de uma classificação das obrigações entre aquelas de meios e as de resultado, as primeiras obrigando o devedor a uma prestação de diligência, as segundas, à realização de uma vantagem para o credor, sem o que não haveria o devedor de exonerar-se. Um estudo histórico abre o trabalho, pesquisando os antecedentes remotos da distinção, até a sua consagração, no Traité de René Demogue, o que tornou famosa a distinção que passou a gerar profundas discussões doutrinárias na França e no resto do mundo. São também tratados os antecedentes mais recentes, o contexto histórico do surgimento da classificação e sua evolução sucessiva, tanto na França quanto em outros países, para, enumeradas algumas das muitas dificuldades envolvidas no estudo do tema, ainda hoje severamente combatido, pesquisar-se, do ponto de vista da estrutura do vínculo obrigacional, como esta classificação se relaciona com a prestação devida. Assim, acredita-se, seria possível dizer se, uma vez que todo vínculo obrigacional surge tendo em vista um resultado, a prestação obrigacional admite uma distinção entre aquelas que implicam uma atividade do devedor limitada por sua diligência (obrigação de meios) e aquelas que somente conduzem a obrigação a seu termo mediante cumprimento uma vez realizado um resultado, ou seja, desde que produzido um benefício específico para o credor (obrigações de resultado). / The purpose of the dissertation is to study the classification of obligations in the ones so called best efforts duty and those referred to as duty to achieve a result, the first imposing to the debtor the duty to act diligently, the second attain a certain benefit to the creditor, without which the debtor would never be exonerated. A historical study initiates the dissertation with the research of the remote antecedents of such classification until its public recognition through the Traité written by René Demogue, which brought it great fame and created deep debates both in France and throughout the world. The recent antecedents of the classification are also pointed out, the historical context of its emergence and successive evolution in France and in other countries, to, after listing some of the many difficulties involved in the study of such subject, strongly criticized even nowadays, research through the scope of the legal relationship how the classification would relate with the duties imposed to the debtor. In doing so, it is believed to be possible to say, since every legal duty emerges to accomplish a certain objective, if would be possible to admit a distinction between duties that imply a conduct limited by diligence (best efforts duty) and those that would only be extinguished by the fulfillment of its purpose, in other words, since a specific result is produce and delivered to the creditor (duty to achieve a result).

O objeto da dissertação é o estudo de uma classificação das obrigações entre aquelas de meios e as de resultado, as primeiras obrigando o devedor a uma prestação de diligência, as segundas, à realização de uma vantagem para o credor, sem o que não haveria o devedor de exonerar-se. Um estudo histórico abre o trabalho, pesquisando os antecedentes remotos da distinção, até a sua consagração, no Traité de René Demogue, o que tornou famosa a distinção que passou a gerar profundas discussões doutrinárias na França e no resto do mundo. São também tratados os antecedentes mais recentes, o contexto histórico do surgimento da classificação e sua evolução sucessiva, tanto na França quanto em outros países, para, enumeradas algumas das muitas dificuldades envolvidas no estudo do tema, ainda hoje severamente combatido, pesquisar-se, do ponto de vista da estrutura do vínculo obrigacional, como esta classificação se relaciona com a prestação devida. Assim, acredita-se, seria possível dizer se, uma vez que todo vínculo obrigacional surge tendo em vista um resultado, a prestação obrigacional admite uma distinção entre aquelas que implicam uma atividade do devedor limitada por sua diligência (obrigação de meios) e aquelas que somente conduzem a obrigação a seu termo mediante cumprimento uma vez realizado um resultado, ou seja, desde que produzido um benefício específico para o credor (obrigações de resultado). / The purpose of the dissertation is to study the classification of obligations in the ones so called best efforts duty and those referred to as duty to achieve a result, the first imposing to the debtor the duty to act diligently, the second attain a certain benefit to the creditor, without which the debtor would never be exonerated. A historical study initiates the dissertation with the research of the remote antecedents of such classification until its public recognition through the Traité written by René Demogue, which brought it great fame and created deep debates both in France and throughout the world. The recent antecedents of the classification are also pointed out, the historical context of its emergence and successive evolution in France and in other countries, to, after listing some of the many difficulties involved in the study of such subject, strongly criticized even nowadays, research through the scope of the legal relationship how the classification would relate with the duties imposed to the debtor. In doing so, it is believed to be possible to say, since every legal duty emerges to accomplish a certain objective, if would be possible to admit a distinction between duties that imply a conduct limited by diligence (best efforts duty) and those that would only be extinguished by the fulfillment of its purpose, in other words, since a specific result is produce and delivered to the creditor (duty to achieve a result).

La propriété intellectuelle est un des droits fondamentaux. Conformément à l’esprit résultant de la théorie de l’ordre de valeur objectif, les intermédiaires de l’Internet doivent assumer une obligation de protection active en matière de propriété intellectuelle. Cependant, en raison d’une relation de répartition des obligations entre les titulaires de droits de propriété intellectuelle, les usagers, l’État et les intermédiaires de l’Internet, l’obligation de protection qui incombe à ces derniers doit être limitée. Afin d’éviter que les obligations des intermédiaires de l’Internet ne soient ni excessives ou ni insuffisantes, un certain nombre de principes juridique et économique et de critères permettant d’adapter l’obligation aux objets de diffusion, aux modes d’exploitation ainsi qu’au caractère lucratif doit être prise en compte lors de la mise en place de ces obligations. Plus précisément, les intermédiaires de l’Internet ne doivent pas prendre en charge une seule et unique obligation mais de multiples obligations, y compris l’obligation de filtrage. Ces obligations forment un système complet leur permettant d’assurer de manière active la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle / Intellectual property is one of fundamental rights. By developing and applying the objective value order theory, the internet intermediaries should assume the obligation to actively protect the intellectual property. Meanwhile, as shared obligations distributed among the government, the right holder, the internet intermediaries, and the user, the active obligation of IP protection that the internet intermediaries can carry out is limited. In order to insure the moderation of obligation, it would be preferable to respect the pertinent legal and economic principles, and distinguish the target of dissemination, the business model, and the profit factor in choosing the type of obligations. It should be noted that this active protection would not be accomplished only through a unique obligation. It should articulate several types of obligation, including but not limited to filtering obligation. These obligations, all together, form an obligation system which enables internet intermediaries to actively protect intellectual property

The work deals with the legal and ethical aspects of Christian foundations and endowment funds. The first step is to familiarize ourselves with the basic concepts. The next part of the thesis deals with donations from an ethical a Christian perspective. A brief introduction to the historical development of the foundations and endowment funds, description of the current legislation, foundations and endowment funds and their comparison are integral part parts. In conclusion, the work discusses the possible problems associated with the activities of foundations and endowment funds, the very credibility of Foundations and the degree of people's willingness to participate in fundraisers. The thesis analyzes the compliance with obligations for these entities, including the available public and private mitigation activities, are a foundations and endowment funds greatest problems in complying with the requirement to prepare and publish an annual report. These annual reports should include a true picture of the activities of the foundation.

La stipulation des clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée procède de la liberté contractuelle et doit sa raison d'être dans la répulsivité des normes supplétives d'allocation des risques. La reconnaissance de leur licéité reste incertaine en raison des difficultés d'identification de leur technique et de leur nature juridique que la doctrine assimile à la quadrature du cercle en géométrie.Compte tenu de l'impact de l'aléa sur l'existence de l'objet et la valeur de l'obligation de garantie qui constitue l'essence des clauses de force majeure, une summa divisio peut être fondamentalement esquissée entre les clauses d'appréciation et d'attribution des risques de force majeure. Les unes sont assujetties à un aléa juridique et relèvent du régime des actes juridiques aléatoires. Les autres sont affectées par un aléa économique et procèdent du régime des actes juridiques commutatifs même si la jurisprudence les rattache indûment au régime des clauses de responsabilité.De lege ferenda, la rationalisation du régime des clauses de force majeure nécessite la codification du raisonnable en tant que principe directeur du droit interne des contrats afin d'entreprendre leur summa divisio en soumettant distributivement les clauses d'appréciation des risques au test qualitatif du raisonnable de conformité et les clauses d'attribution des risques au test quantitatif du raisonnable de modulation / The statement of force majeure provisions in long-term internal and international contracts is based on the ground of the freedom of contract and promoted by the inefficiency of suppletive risk allocation norms in modern legal systems. The recognition of their enforceability still subject to uncertainty due to the misunderstanding of their drafting and their judicial construction that is commonly said to amount to squaring the circle. Base on the influence of the uncertainty conditioning the subject-matter and the value of the obligation to guarantee underlying force majeure clauses, a fundamental summa divisio is drawn up between risk assessment and risk attribution agreements. The first clauses are subject to the uncertainty of a legal nature and should follow the random legal acts framework. The second are affected by the uncertainty of economic nature and should depend to the commutative legal acts framework even though force majeure clauses are unduly treated in case law as exclusion clauses. De lege ferenda, the force majeure clauses regime is expected to be rationalized with the integration of the reasonable reasoning as a fundamental guiding principal of French contract law so that to implement the summa divisio of force majeure agreements by adjusting distributively the risk assessment clauses unreason through the reasonable compliance test and the risk attribution clauses abuses through the reasonable modulation test

This diploma thesis aims to illuminate the issue of global climate change, its progression and describes the components of the climate system. The thesis addresses the impact of greenhouse gases on the climate system, the phenomenon of global warming, and the consequences along with their manifestations in the nature itself. The paper includes one chapter solely dedicated to the characterisation of environmental protection in historical context, with emphasis on the climate protection. The chapter also mentions a number of key international agreements and conferences. The second part of the thesis is concerned with the Indonesian legislation on climate protection in Indonesia. It also describes the global-scale impacts of selected activities and mentions number of international agreements and Indonesian regulation seeking to tackle the issue of climate change.