PhD. thesis. University of the Witwatersrand, Wits School of Governance. 1st October 2015 / Two decades after South Africa’s transition to democracy, with a positive constitutional and legislative framework in place, a vast number of South African households continue to be subjected to serious inequalities and extreme poverty. The dual phenomenon of poverty and inequality are complex problems of such a magnitude that silo approaches and singular agency fixes are inadequate. South Africa has the potential to address such issues at a multi-actor multi-institutional level, involving both civil society organisations and government working together. This study investigates the manner in which various stakeholders come together to develop policy and implement strategies aimed at the alleviation of poverty, specifically focussing on childhood poverty and vulnerability. Using the policy network approach to illustrate the relationships that exist between actors, this study follows the policy process from formulation to implementation. The policy network approach is utilised as a lens through which the policy process is examined in two case studies — the succession planning and children’s act projects. These case studies share a common objective which is to equip service providers with the knowledge and skills to assist their clients in accessing their legal rights. Policy networks draw attention to the institutional arrangements needed for coordinating complex interactions between various actors involved in the policy process, with a specific interest on state-civil society relationships of policy cooperation. Hence, the main focus of the research is to ascertain the networking relationships that develop between government and civil society organisations and to explore the potential that policy networks offer in the future pursuit of social justice and children’s rights. / MB2016

L’océan Arctique est confronté aujourd’hui à des enjeux d’ordre souverain et environnemental. D’une part, ses États riverains revendiquent de vastes territoires maritimes. D’autre part, l’environnement de l’océan Arctique subit de multiples atteintes. La région est notamment affectée par de nombreux polluants. Puis, elle subit également de plein fouet les effets néfastes du réchauffement climatique. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer le statut juridique de l’océan Arctique au travers de ces différentes questions. Plus précisément, cette étude a pour objet l’identification, l’analyse et l’interprétation des régimes régionaux et internationaux applicables, et des problématiques de droit international s’y rapportant, afin d’appréhender le statut juridique de l’océan Arctique dans sa globalité et de déterminer sa capacité à faire face auxdits enjeux et à évoluer dans le cadre d’une coopération et d’une gouvernance interétatiques en constant développement / The Arctic Ocean is facing environmental and territorial challenges. On one hand, the coastal states are claiming vast marine territories. On the other hand, the Arctic Ocean environment suffers from many damages. In particular, the region is affected by a lot of pollutants. Then, the region also bears the brunt of the harmful effects of climate change. This study aims to determinate the legal status of the Arctic Ocean through these different issues. More precisely, this study aims to identify, to analyse and to interpret the regional and international legal regimes which apply to the Arctic Ocean, and their legal issues, in order to consider the legal status of the Arctic Ocean as a whole and to determinate its capacity to deal with environmental and territorial challenges, and to progress in the context of an intergovernmental governance and cooperation in constant development

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-13T11:39:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 José Alberto Cesar Bertulucci.pdf: 1422902 bytes, checksum: a11444032b9d1766a110efa126cc8925 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T11:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 José Alberto Cesar Bertulucci.pdf: 1422902 bytes, checksum: a11444032b9d1766a110efa126cc8925 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Comfort on board for passenger well-being has become a top priority for airlines in this 21st century. Certainly, ambitioning to adapt to take advantage of the reality nowadays experienced with the rapid aging of the world’s population. Regardless if on a long or short trip, it is likely that those who suffer most from the effects of an air trip are the elderly who, in addition to all the discomfort due to bad flight conditions, have not yet acquired the right to required special treatments, which are guaranteed by law to them. In certain problem-situations, questions arise: how should a flight attendant act, for example, when an elderly passenger needs to go to the toilet immediately, when everyone has to be, for safety, with the belt fastened? How to reconcile safety and comfort of passengers, at all times, on board the planes? The objectives of this study are: (i) to reflect on the environmental conditions of an airplane cabin, offered to the elderly during a flight, (ii) to investigate problematic, unpleasant or conflicting situations involving an elderly, dependent or independent, in an airplane; (iii) Forward a proposal based on preventive strategies in favor of a controlled environment, i.e, thought for/prepared for the welfare of an elderly person. The methodology required a survey and analysis of theoretical texts that deals with the themes and gives base to this study, such as the rights of the elderly in the most varied environments, the problems brought up by the advancement of the age and that require a special treatment, etc. The expected results are that: (i) Bring up the need of making detailed diagnoses of each of the problem-situations, by listening to the elderly themselves, so that the period confined in a cabin becomes more comfortable to the long-lived passengers; (ii) the efforts undertaken in this study can serve as a guide to new procedures for elderly passengers, precisely in order to ensure that in-flight environmental conditions are met by the necessary technological upgrading of new generations of airplanes, as well as the proper training of on-board staff on aging / Comodidade a bordo para o bem-estar dos passageiros transformou-se em prioridade das companhias aéreas neste século XXI. Certamente ambicionando adaptar-se para tirar proveito da realidade ora vivenciada com o rápido envelhecimento da população mundial. Não importa se em viagem de longa ou curta duração, é provável quem vem sofrendo mais os efeitos de uma viagem aérea são os idosos que, além de todo o desconforto por más condições de voo, ainda não adquiriram o direito a um tratamento diferenciado, adequado, que lhes é garantido por lei. Em determinadas situações-problema, indagações se colocam: como deve agir um comissário de bordo, por exemplo, quando um passageiro-idoso necessita ir de imediato ao sanitário, quando todos têm que estar, por segurança, com o cinto ajustado? Como conciliar segurança e conforto dos passageiros, todo o tempo, a bordo dos aviões? Os objetivos deste estudo são: (i) refletir sobre as condições ambientais de uma cabina de avião, oferecidas aos idosos, durante um voo; (ii) investigar situações-problema, desagradáveis ou conflituosas, envolvendo um idoso, dependente ou independente, em avião; (iii) encaminhar uma proposta fundada em estratégias preventivas em favor de um ambiente controlado. A metodologia exigiu um levantamento e análise de textos teóricos que tratem dos temas que fundamentem este estudo, como sobre os direitos dos idosos no mais variados ambientes, as problemáticas trazidas pelo avanço da idade e que exigem um tratamento diferenciado etc. Os resultados esperados são que: (i) evidencie-se a necessidade de que se façam diagnósticos detalhados de cada uma das situações-problema, para que se torne o período confinado em cabine mais confortável a passageiros longevos; (ii) os esforços empreendidos neste estudo possam servir de guia para novos procedimentos dirigidos a passageiros idosos, justamente visando a que melhorem as condições do ambiente em voo, tributárias ao necessário aperfeiçoamento tecnológico em novas gerações de aviões

Les migrations professionnelle et étudiante ont été abordées sous l’angle des réseaux, de la socialisation ou des échanges entre les pays d’origine et la France. Cette recherche anthropologique, quant à elle, s’attache à analyser la situation professionnelle des jeunes diplômés de master ou de doctorat issus de pays n’appartenant pas à l’Union européenne. Ceux-ci souhaitent s’engager dans une activité professionnelle en France, toutefois « la question du retour au pays d’origine se pose souvent à l’issue de leurs cursus universitaire ». Pour eux, l’entrée dans le monde professionnel prend une dimension administrative très marquée. Ils se trouvent confrontés à des obligations administratives (pendant leurs études, dans la vie quotidienne ou au travail), à des contraintes d’insertion professionnelle ou de poursuite de carrière (postes réservés aux ressortissants de l’Union européenne, problèmes pour changer de statut) en passant par des difficultés à établir un projet professionnel après l’obtention de leur diplôme. Dans le cadre d’une démarche anthropologique, un travail d’immersion est mené au sein d’associations représentatives des doctorants travaillant sur la valorisation du parcours doctoral et d’associations qui informent et apportent leur soutien aux jeunes diplômés étrangers, afin d’appréhender la manière dont ils envisagent la suite de leur parcours en France et de connaître la manière dont ils le vivent. / Professional and student migrations have been considered from the point of view of networks, socialization and exchanges between countries of origin and France. For its part, this anthropological study focuses on analysis of the professional status of recent foreign graduates of a PhD or a master degree coming from non european union countries. Those foreign graduates wish to start a professional activity in France, however "the return home issue often comes up at the end of their university curriculum". For them, entering the labor market takes on a strong administrative dimension. They have to face administrative obligations (during their studies, in their everyday life or at work), constraints to integrate the labor market or to carry on with their career (reserved positions for citizens of the european union, problems to get a change of legal status) or even difficulties to determine a professional project after graduating. Within an anthropological approach, an immersion work is led in representative associations of PhD students interested in the promotion of PhD experience and in associations that provide information and support to recent foreign graduates, in order to apprehend the way they consider the continuation of their experience in France and to know how they feel about it.

Une fraction non négligeable de la population mondiale n’a pas accès au crédit, en raison d’une insuffisance de ressources, d’une inscription dans un fichier de surendettement ou de la restriction des critères d’octroi du crédit bancaire. Pourtant, devenus incontournables avec la domiciliation des salaires et des prestations sociales, les produits et les services bancaires participent au processus d’exclusion sociale. Ne pas avoir accès au crédit, ou y avoir accès de manière inadaptée, est, en soi, un facteur d’appauvrissement. Faute d’accès à un prêt personnel ou à un découvert bancaire, de nombreux ménages recourent à des crédits renouvelables dont les conditions d’octroi sont de plus en plus contestées par les pouvoirs publics ; aussi, les risques de surendettement s’en trouvent-Ils accrus. Or, dans le contexte actuel de crise économique, de recrudescence du chômage et des emplois précaires, le recours au microcrédit peut être un outil utile pour répondre aux besoins de réinsertion à travers la création, la reprise ou le transfert d'activités rémunératrices. La conjoncture actuelle semble d'autant plus favorable à un renouveau du microcrédit que celui-Ci peut permettre à l’emprunteur de rebondir en créant sa petite entreprise, ou de s’assumer sans détériorer sa situation financière personnelle. Bien géré, il constitue un facteur d’autonomie de la personne,tout en favorisant une pratique nouvelle de la solidarité par des relations plus ou moins directes entre prêteurs, épargnants et emprunteurs. Il a en quelque sorte un caractère universel qui sied à l’esprit du temps. Actualisé et modernisé dans les pays du Sud, le crédit solidaire nécessite une adaptation du concept dans les pays développés, pour tenir compte de leur contexte. Ainsi, une pratique des pays moins développés est « exportée » vers les pays du Nord, qui redécouvrent des pratiques anciennes — mutualisme, prêt sur gages, tontine,solidarité familiale ou de groupe — dont l’esprit originel s’était estompé avec la modernisation de leur système bancaire ou, tout simplement, leur mode de vie plus individualiste. Beaucoup de débats existent entre économistes sur la réalité de l’efficacité du microcrédit. Bien que celui-Ci soit économiquement et socialement séduisant pour les uns,proprement illusoire pour les autres, le juriste semble être placé hors du débat. Il n’existe pas de vrais débats (en Europe en tout cas) sur les aspects juridiques du microcrédit de sorte qu’on pourrait douter de sa place en droit. Est-Ce à dire que cette belle invention économique a manqué de pénétrer le domaine juridique ? Cette thèse tente de jeter les bases d’un vrai débat juridique sur le phénomène du microcrédit. Elle s'efforce de dresser, juridiquement, un état des lieux du microcrédit, l’offre, la demande, mais aussi les perspectives envisageables pour un développement de la pratique. / All over the world, a significant fraction of the population has no access to credit, due to insufficient resources, a registering in a file of big debts or of restriction criteria for the granting of bank credit. However, now indispensable due to the address of wages and social security benefits, banking services are involved in the process of social exclusion. Not having access to credit, or having access in an inappropriate manner is in itself a factor of impoverishment. Without access to a personal loan or to an overdraft, many households relyon revolving credits whose conditions of granting is increasingly challenged by the authorities, and thus the risk of big debt are there by increased. But in the current context ofthe economic crisis of growing unemployment and of part-Time work, the use of microcreditcan be a useful tool to meet the needs of some households in terms of business start-Ups,business transfers or business continuities. The current environment seems to favor a revivalof microcredit, as it allows the borrower to bounce back and create his or her employment orsmall business, or to support themselves without damaging their personal financialsituation. Properly managed, it is a factor of individual autonomy, while promoting a newpractice of solidarity through more or less direct relationship between lenders, borrowers andsavers. There is a sort of universal character that befits the spirit of time. Modernized andupdated in southern countries, solidarity loan requires an adaptation of the concept indeveloped countries, to take their context into account. Thus, a practice of less developedcountries is "exported" towards western countries, which are rediscovering ancient practices –mutualism, pawnshop, tontine, family or group solidarity – whose original spirit had dimmedwith the modernization of their banking system or, simply, their more individualistic lifestyle.There are many debates between economists about the reality of the effectiveness ofmicrocredit. About microcredit which is economically and socially attractive to some, purelyan illusion for others, the legal representative seems to stand aside from the debate. There isno real debate (at any rate in Europe) on the legal aspects of microcredit in such an extent thatwe might question its position in law. Is it that this wonderful economic invention has failedto enter the legal domain ? Our work aims at laying the groundwork for a real legal debate onthe phenomenon of microcredit. Its ambition is to draw, legally, an overview of themicrocredit, the supply, the demand and also the way forward for the development of thepractice.

No description available.

No description available.

In this thesis I examine the status of the rights recognised in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in New Zealand‘s domestic law. I contrast that status with the constitutional guarantees that Brazil, South Africa and Finland provide for these rights, and critique the principal objections made in New Zealand and elsewhere against them. I argue that greater domestic legal protection of economic, social and cultural rights is necessary and propose that they be incorporated into the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

In this thesis I examine the status of the rights recognised in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in New Zealand‘s domestic law. I contrast that status with the constitutional guarantees that Brazil, South Africa and Finland provide for these rights, and critique the principal objections made in New Zealand and elsewhere against them. I argue that greater domestic legal protection of economic, social and cultural rights is necessary and propose that they be incorporated into the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law