Projet professionnel personnel de bibliothécaire : gestion de projet : bibliothéconomie : Villeurbanne, ENSSIB : 2007. / Texte intégral. Résumé en français et en anglais. Bibliogr. f. 62-66.

Thèse de doctorat : Procédés biotechnologiques et alimentaires : INPL : 2009. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2009. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Reproduction de : Habilitation à diriger des recherches : Communication : Avignon : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. 318 p. Bibliogr. p. 306-315.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2009

Aquesta tesis analitza l'impacte ambiental i econòmic de tres cultius energètics (Brassica carinata, Brassica napus and Populus spp.) destinats a la producció d'energia tèrmica, elèctrica i per biodiesel.Durant la dècada dels noranta , la biomassa per a la producció d'energia va esdevenir como una font d'energia renovable amb un gran mercat amb molt de creixement a Europa.La biomassa, i en particular els cultius energètics (cultius cultivats per amb l'única finalitat d'obtenir energia com a producte final) rebien molta atenció com a promesa de font d'energia sostenible. Degut a aquestes expectatives i aquest creixent interès molts governs de la Unió Europea van reconèixer que un increment de l'ús dels cultius energètics hauria ser acompanyat d'anàlisis detallats, diferents estudies van ser realitzats focalitzant en l'impacte ambiental i energètic de la biomassa i els cultius energètics. Països del nord-oest i centre d'Europa van posar molt esforç en la recerca i recerca de cultius energètics destinats a produir energia (tèrmica i elèctrica) durant dècades. En canvi, la implementació d'aquests cultius al sur d'Europa ha estat més lenta. Per exemple, només a Espanya, està previst que l'any 2010 existeixin 1 milió d'hectàrees que produiran 1.09 Mtep amb cultius energètics, però la realitat es que l'energia produïda amb cultius energètics és pràcticament inexistent a l'actualitat. Actualment hi ha una necessitat d'anàlisis quantitatius de l'actuació ambiental, energètica i econòmica de la biomassa de cultiu energètic explotada en les condicions tècniques del sud d'Europa.Alguns dels resultats obtinguts demostren que la biomassa produïda a escala local té un potencial de reducció d'emissions de CO2 eq. Entre 33.1% a 88% depenent de la tipologia de biomassa quan es compara amb recursos no renovables com el gas natural or diesel. / This thesis analyse the environmental and economical performance of three energy crops (Brassica carinata, Brassica napus and Populus spp.) for energy production.During the nineties, biomass for energy conversion came to be seen as one of the sources of renewable energy with the largest potential for market growth in Europe.Biomass, and in particular energy crops (crop plants used to obtain energy) received attention as a promising, sustainable energy source. Due to the expectancy, this aroused and the fact that most of the EU governments recognized that an increase in the use of energetic crops should be accompanied by a detailed analysis, several studies were made that focused on the energy and environmental performance of biomass and energy crops. North-western and central European countries put the biggest effort into the research and use of energy crops for power and heat generation over recent decades, while in southern Europe the introduction of energy crops to agriculture is slower. For example, only in Spain, it is foreseen that by 2010 one million hectares will be destined for the production of 1.09 Mtep by energetic crops, but the fact is that the energy produced by energy crops is inexistent.Nowadays there is a need for a reliable quantitative assessment of the environmental, energetic and economic performance of biomass energetic crop production under the existing conditions in southern Europe.Some of the results obtained demonstrate that the energy production applying biomass produced at local scale can reduce CO2 eq. emissions from 33.1% to 88% depending on the biomass typology and compared to non-renewable resources as gas natural or diesel.

LLean premixed combustion systems, attractive for low NOx performance, are inherently susceptible to thermo-acoustic instabilities - the interaction between unsteady heat release and excited acoustic wave effects. In the present work, a hybrid, coupled Large Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD approach is described, combining the computational efficiency of incompressible reacting LES with acoustic wave effects captured via an acoustic network model. A flamelet approach with an algebraic Flame Surface Density (FSD) combustion model was used. The ORACLES experiments - a perfectly premixed flame stabilised in a 3D sudden expansion - are used for validation. Simulations of the inert flow agree very well with experimental data, reproducing the measured amplitude and distribution of turbulent fluctuations as well as capturing the asymmetric mean flow. With reaction the measured data exhibit a plane wave acoustic mode at 50Hz. The influence of this plane wave must be incorporated into the LES calculation. Thus, a new approach to sensitise the incompressible LES CFD to acoustic waves is adopted. First an acoustic network model of the experimental geometry is analysed to predict the amplitude of the 50Hz mode just before the flame zone. This is then used to introduce a coherent plane wave at the LES inlet plane at the appropriate amplitude, unlike previous LES studies, which have adopted a "guess and adjust" approach. Incompressible LES predictions of this forced flow then show good agreement with measurements of mean and turbulent velocity, as well as for flame shape, with a considerable improvement relative to unforced simulations. To capitalise on the unsteady flame dynamics provided by LES, simulations with varying forcing amplitude were conducted and analysed. Amplitude dependent Flame Transfer Functions (FTFs) were extracted and fed into an acoustic network model. This allowed prediction of the stable/unstable nature of the flame at each forcing amplitude. An amplitude at which the flame changed from unstable to stable would be an indication that this coupled approach was capable of predicting a limit cycle behaviour. With the current simple FSD combustion model almost all cases studied showed a stable flame. Predictions showed considerable sensitivity to the value chosen for the combustion model parameter but specially to the acoustic geometric configuration and boundary conditions assumed showing evidence of limit cycle behaviour for some combinations. Nevertheless, further work is required to improve both combustion model and the accuracy of acoustic configuration and boundary condition specification.

En este trabajo se evaluó la respuesta inmunitaria temprana, desencadenada por la exposición a diversos inmunógenos, en dos especies de teleósteos habituales en la práctica de la piscicultura en la península, la trucha (Oncorhynchus mykiss), un salmoniforme protacantopterigio primitivo y la dorada (Sparus aurata), un perciforme moderno, mediante análisis estadístico de la expresión genética y ontológico de las categorías funcionales descriptivas de la expresión de los transcriptomas renal, hepático y branquial. Para ello se utilizaron dos versiones de una plataforma de micromatriz de ADNc diseñada específicamente para salmónidos. Para la valoración de la respuesta defensiva en las truchas expuestas a infecciones virales y bacterianas se utilizó la plataforma de micromatriz SFM 1.0, enriquecida con genes implicados en las respuestas metabólicas e inmunitarias, empleada en análisis previos ecotoxicológicos y que aquí se validó desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia en la detección del transcriptoma inmunitario en condiciones de carga alostática patológica. Para el análisis de la respuesta de la dorada a una dieta inmunoestimulante se utilizó una variante de la misma, la plataforma SFA 2.0 enriquecida con un mayor número de genes relacionados con la respuesta inmunitaria, apoptosis y comunicación celular y cuya eficiencia en la valoración de los cambios transcriptómicos del inmunoma sometido a intrusión viral se ha validado recientemente en diversos estudios con salmónidos. En este caso la respuesta transcriptómica debida a la hibridación cruzada entre los transcritos de salmónido y dorada se analizó teniendo en cuenta el número de genes expresados diferencialmente, la intensidad de su expresión y la adscripción a categorías funcionales específicas mediante análisis ontológico. La respuesta inmunitaria temprana (24-72 horas) de truchas expuestas a lipopolisacárido bacteriano (LPS) y formas atenuadas y activas del virus IHN, responsable de la necrosis hematopoyética infecciosa, se valoró en el riñón cefálico, el principal órgano hematopoyético de los teleósteos, y la respuesta de fase aguda debida a la exposición a LPS se analizó comparativamente entre el riñón cefálico y el hígado, el órgano responsable de la síntesis de proteínas de fase aguda en situaciones de inflamación. En ambos casos se utilizó un modelo, adaptado a la experimentación con teleósteos, análogo a la peritonitis murina causada por inoculación intraperitoneal de inmunógenos, debido a la descripción precisa que del mismo se tiene en la actualidad en los mamíferos, lo que facilita el estudio comparativo de la respuesta inmunitaria en los teleósteos. El tono e intensidad de la respuesta inmunitaria en la dorada se evaluaron mediante la administración oral continuada durante cuatro semanas de una dieta inmunoestimulante enriquecida con extractos de levadura y vitaminas antioxidantes (C y E), y sus efectos se valoraron comparativamente en el riñón cefálico y las branquias, estas útlimas de reconocida diversidad funcional e interfase preeminente entre los medios interno y externo al animal. / The early immune response to several immunogens was assessed in two commercial fish species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a primitive prothacanthopterygian salmonid and the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a modern perciform, using a salmonid-specifric cDNA microarray. The statistical analysis of gene expression and functional gene ontology (GO) categories of expressed genes were carried out on the renal, branchial and hepatic transcriptomes of challenged fish. A salmonid-specific microarray platform (SFM 1.0), previously used in ecotoxicological studies and enriched with genes related with metabolic and immune responses, was used to evaluate the alostatic alterations in the immune transcriptome of infected fish. A related salmonid-specific microarray platform (SFA 2.0), previously used in studies of viral-induced immune dysfunction in salmonids, and enriched with genes related with the immune responses, apoptosis and cell communication processes, was used to evaluate the response of seabream to the administration of an immunoestimulant diet. The performance of the SFA 2.0 platform was evaluated using the number and expression levels of differentially expressed genes in parallel with the GO analysis of specific functional categories.The response of the trout to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or active and attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) intraperitoneal challenge, 24 and 72 hours post-injection, was investigated in the head kidney, a major haematopoietic organ in teleosts. The acute phase response was assessed in the liver of LPS-stimulated trout, using a modified protocol of the classical murine experimental peritoneal inflammation. The intensity of the seabream immune response to repeated (four weeks) oral administration of immunostimulant diets supplemented with yeast extracts and antioxidant vitamins (C and E) was investigated in the head kidney and the branchia, a multifunctional organ and one of the most important portals of entry in fish.

This thesis has been conducted within the framework of the doctoral programme in Prehistoric Archaeology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. The study focuses on the recent prehistory of the western Mediterranean region, specifically on the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. This is an area in which the Universitat Autònoma has a well-established research record. Various studies have highlighted the economical, political and social changes undergone by societies during the last millennia before the change of era. These changes include an increasing social distinction between communities and between individuals, the use of specific subsistence techniques and a proliferation of metalwork. They led both to the dismantling of previous economic systems and to the development of new production methods, which, in cases like that of the Argaric society, brought the introduction of political and economical control relationships and exploitation. The study of the economic dynamics of prehistoric societies can, and already has been, approached through the analysis of different archaeological material features. (Macro)lithic materiality provides a crucial source of information which has hardly been exploited by traditional archaeological studies, with the exception of the chipped stone industry (silex, quartzite, etc.). In fact, many macrolithic instruments (grindingstones, hammerstones, whetstones, etc.) were the means of production in crafts and/or everyday activities. The organisation of these activities and crafts was directly affected by the aforementioned social and economical changes. Consequently, Chapter 1 of this thesis deals with the importance of analysing macrolithic materiality from a prehistoric point of view and discusses what this analysis can reveal about the economic systems in use in the western Mediterranean from the 4th to the 1st millennia cal BC. Furthermore, this study defines the archaeological context through reference to various sites. In the Vera basin (Almer'a), the settlement of Gatas is particularly relevant. This is because it is a useful dating reference for the last three thousand years in the south¬east of the Peninsula, especially for the Argaric period. R. Risch's thesis of 1995 listed the macrolithic items found on earlier digs and this study adds more recent finds. This, therefore, completes the study of macrolithic sets of instruments used in the settlement during the periods corresponding to the Chalcolithic Age, the Argar culture, the Late Bronze Age and the Final Bronze Age. In addition to this region of Almer'a, we focus on a geographic area which, until now, had been excluded from the study of macrolithic instruments: the valley of the River Guadalent'n. There are some settlements here that were continuously occupied from the end of the Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age. Earlier studies have indicated how important the town of Lorca was in the Argaric period. For this reason, it is interesting to note the relationship between Lorca and other enclaves in the same area, such as Los Cipreses and El Barranco de la Viuda. During the Late Bronze Age, there was another settlement near Lorca, Murviedro, which has yielded a significant number of macrolithic items. These are also presented in this study. Finally, we have incorporated the lithic materials from the settlement of Son Fornés in Mallorca. This has allowed us to explore both a physical and a chronological context which is very different from that of the south-east of the Peninsula. As will be seen, what stands out in the comparison between two geographic and chronological areas is the non-linear nature of the historical development of past societies. The historical setting described above gives us a picture of complex, surplus societies within a framework of considerable social and economical change. Therefore, a paleo-economic examination of the organisation of the production process will necessarily require an evaluation of technical working conditions. Of particular interest, in this case, are those aspects relating to the efficiency of the tools employed. The functionality of these tools and their suitability to the tasks for which they were used are two aspects which are dealt with in the methodological discussion in Chapter 2. On one hand, we base the functional description of macrolithic inventories on the mechanical properties of the raw materials from which the instruments are made (Section 2.1). To do this, it was necessary to design a test programme, using industrial machinery on which to submit stones to a series of specific conditions of wear and tear. On the other hand, the fields of application of each of the lithologies, in their role as work instruments, were defined through the analysis of archaeological and experimental marks, together with archaeological-contextual information (Section 2.2). The results obtained using this methodological approach were integrated into the study of the selection and management of macrolithic resources (Chapter 3) to define the configuration of the raw-materials supply system. These results were also taken into account when presenting the macrolithic material from other technological perspectives, such as the manufacture, use and maintenance of work tools (Chapter 4). In this way, it is possible to obtain an approximate idea of the degree to which the economic system adapted to the optimisation of the instruments at each historical context. The spatial analysis of macrolithic materiality makes it possible to describe the productive activities performed and the composition of the technical equipment used in production units (Chapter 5). These aspects determined the productive capacity of each of the settlements and the position each one adopted in a particular economic system. Together with the contexts of production, the contexts of amortisation of macrolithic instruments obtained a certain importance during specific periods of prehistory. It is possible that materials amortised in building structures, domestic and funerary constructions, as well as those used in gravegoods, correspond to different technological patterns to those we see in operative instruments. Therefore, in Chapter 6 we contrast the criteria that rule in both types of production. Chapter 7 deals with the overall evaluation of the results obtained throughout the study of macrolithic inventories presented in this work. This chapter includes a paleo-economic interpretation of social contexts based on the economic aspects that we consider most relevant: production value, use value and production volume. These aspects help to define the level of specialisation of the work tools and of the working areas in each of the spatial-temporal contexts. They also help to determine the degree of access that the inhabitants had to the production and consumption of the products obtained from the various production areas. The objective is to identify the productivity conditions under which the production processes operated and the arguments which determined the different economic systems that were established in each period and place. Finally, in Chapter 9 we provide a synthesis of the main characteristics of the social dynamics of lithic resources and instruments in the western Mediterranean throughout recent prehistory.

Carbofuran and chlorpyrifos are two well-known pesticides widely investigated, and its effects on different organisms have been previously reported in separate studies. For this reason were considered to be good model subtances, relevant from the environmental perspective. On the other hand, we selected this kind of compounds because they are used in many tones annually in agriculture and horticulture and they are significant especially in greenhouse-based production of vegetables and fruits in southern Europe, particularly Spain.The general objective of this work was to compare the response of in vitro assays using cell lines with assays using fish in vivo in order to contribute to the development of alternative methods to the use of laboratory animals. Furthermore, we compared two types of cells, a fish cell line from an established culture and mammalian cells obtained from a primary cell culture, in order to see if there are similar responses based on common mechanisms of toxicity. A better knowledge of these mechanisms facilitates the interspecies extrapolation of the impact of environmental contaminants, which is one of the major challenges to ecotoxicologists.In order to have a general point of view of the toxicity of these pesticides, single and in mixture, acute toxicity was evaluated using a battery of ecotoxicological model systems and indicators representative of a wide range of organisms. The systems studied included: RTG-2 fish cell line, primary cell cultures from bovine granulosa cells, the marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), three species of freshwater microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum) and the vertebrates zebra fish (Danio rerio). Sublethal effects were also evaluated in both types of cells using several biomarkers such as assessment of the DNA damage as genotoxic indicator, inhibition of production of progesterone as indicator of the aromatase activity and inhibiton of acetylcholinesterase activity as indicator of exposure to pesticides measured also in zebra fish. By comparing the obtained in vitro fish cell line and mammalian primary cell cultures results with currently used bacteria, algae and fish acute toxicity tests, it was possible to compare its sensitivity against these conventional toxicity tests. As conclusions of the study we can say: 1) fish cell lines can be used as an alternative to the use of fish in laboratory; 2) the simultaneous use of in vitro fish cell lines with fish species allow to assess whether cellular responses in vitro could mimic toxicity responses of individual fish, thus to directly assess the ecological relevance of the proposed in vitro cell based test; 3) cell lines are the most sensitive bioassay of the studied battery; 4) the use of a battery of multispecies tests to determine the toxicity of any product is recommended; 5) The aquatic test using bacteria or microalgae are quite interesting, but they cannot be considered as a substitute for the studies on fish, because of they assess the effect of toxicants on other trophic levels, not on fish and 6) synergistic and antagonistic toxicity effects were observed with pesticide cocktails relative to pure compound toxicities. / Carbofuran i chlorpyrifos són dos pesticides àmpliament investigats. Els seus efectes en diferents organismes han estat prèviament estudiats en diferents treballs. Per aquesta raó es va considerar que serien bones substàncies model, rellevants des de una perspectiva medi ambiental. Per altra banda, aquesta classe de compostos són utilitzats anualment en moltes tones en agricultura i horticultura i són especialment importants en la producció de vegetals i fruites en hivernacles en el sud d'Europa, particularment en Espanya. L'objectiu general d'aquest treball és comparar la resposta de assaigs in vitro utilitzant cèl·lules amb assaigs in vivo utilitzant peixos, per tal de contribuir al desenvolupament de mètodes alternatius a l'ús d'animals de laboratori. A més a més dintre dels assaigs in vitro, és van comparar dos tipus de cèl·lules, una línia cel·lular establerta de peix i un cultiu primari de cèl·lules de mamífer, per veure les diferents respostes basades en mecanismes comuns de toxicitat. El fet d'assolir un millor coneixement d'aquestos mecanismes facilita l'extrapolació entre espècies per l'avaluació de l'impacte de contaminants medi ambientals, la qual cosa és un dels majors reptes dels ecotoxicolegs.La toxicitat aguda d'aquestos pesticides, individuals i en barreja, es va avaluar emprant una barreja de sistemes i indicadors de models ecotoxicològics . Els sistemes estudiats inclouen: la línia cel·lular RTG-2 , cultius primaris de cèl·lules de la granulosa d'ovaris de bovins, la bactèria marina Vibrio fischeri, tres espècies de microalgues, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus susbspicatus i Selenastrum capricornutum i com a model de vertebrat, el peix zebrafish, Danio rerio. Els efectes subletals també van ser avaluats en els dos tipus cel·lulars utilitzant biomarcadors, tals com l'avaluació del dany a l'ADN com indicador genotòxic, la inhibició de la producció de progesterona com indicador de l'activitat de l'aromatasa i la inhibició de la activitat de l'enzim acetilcolinestarasa com indicador de l'exposició als pesticides la qual també es va mesurar en zebra fish.Al comparar els resultats obtinguts amb la línia cel·lular de peix i els cultius primaris de mamífer amb els resultats dels tests de toxicitat aguda amb bactèries, microalgues i peixos, va estar possible comparar la sensibilitat de les cèl·lules respecte els test de toxicitat convencionals.Es poden extreure les següents conclusions d'aquest estudi:1) les línies cel·lulars poden ser utilitzades com alternativa al ús de peixos en laboratori; 2) l'utilització simultània de línies cel·lulars derivades de peixos amb peixos in vivo permet avaluar si les respostes in vitro poden imitar les respostes de toxicitat obtingudes amb els peixos, així es permet avaluar la rellevància ecològica del test basat en cèl·lules in vitro; 3) les línies cel·lulars són el bioassaig més sensible dels utilitzats en aquesta bateria; 4) es recomana l'ús d'una bateria de test multiespècies per determinar la toxicitat de qualsevol producte; 5) els tests aquàtics que empren bactèries o microalgues són interessants però no poden considerar-se substitutius dels estudis amb peixos, perquè avaluen l'efecte dels tòxics a un altra nivell tròfic i ; 6) s'observen efectes toxicològics sinèrgics i antagonistes quan s'utilitzen les barreges de pesticides en front dels compostos purs. / Carbofuran y chlorpyrifos son dos pesticidas ampliamente investigados. Sus efectos en diferentes organismos han sido previamente estudiados en diferentes trabajos. Por esta razón se considero que serian unas buenas sustancias modelo, relevantes desde una perspectiva medioambiental. Por otra parte, esta clase de compuestos son utilizados anualmente en muchas toneladas en agricultura y horticultura y son especialmente importantes en la producción de vegetales y frutas en invernaderos en e l sur de Europa, particularmente en España.El objetivo general de este trabajo es comparar la respuesta de los ensayos in vitro utilizando células y los ensayos in vivo utilizando peces, para contribuir al desarrollo de métodos alternativos al uso de animales de laboratorio. Además dentro de los estudios in vitro se compararon dos tipos de células, una línea celular establecida de pez y un cultivo primario de células de mamífero, para ver las diferentes respuestas basadas en mecanismos comunes de toxicidad. El hecho de alcanzar un mejor conocimiento de estos mecanismos facilita la extrapolación entre especies para la evaluación del impacto de contaminantes medio ambientales, lo cual es uno de los mayores retos de los ecotoxicólogos.La toxicidad aguda de estos pesticidas, individuales y en mezcla, se evaluó utilizando una mezcla de sistemas y indicadores de modelos ecotoxicológicos. Los sistemas estudiados incluyen: la línea celular RTG-2, cultivos primarios de células de granulosa de ovarios bovinos, la bacteria marina Vibrio fischeri, tres especies de microalgas, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus subspicatus y Selenastrum capricornutum como modelo de vertebrado, el pez zebra fish, Danio rerio. Los efectos subletales también fueron evaluados en los dos tipos celulares utilizando biomarcadores tales como la evaluación del daño al ADN como indicador geonotóxico, la inhibición de la producción de progesterona como indicador de la actividad aromatasa y la inhibición de la actividad del enzima acetilcolinesterasa como indicador de la exposición a los pesticidas la cual también se midió en zebra fish.Al comparar los resultados obtenidos con la línea celular de pez y los cultivos primarios de mamífero con los resultados de los tests de toxicidad aguda con bacterias, microlagas y peces, fue posible comparar la sensibilidad de las células con los test de toxicidad convencionales.Se pueden extraer las siguientes conclusiones de este estudio: 1) las líneas celulares pueden ser utilizadas como alternativa al uso de peces en laboratorio; 2) la utilización simultánea de líneas celulares derivadas de peces con los peces in vivo permite evaluar si las respuestas in vitro pueden imitar las respuestas de toxicidad obtenidas con los peces in vivo, así se permite evaluar la relevancia ecológica del test basado en células in vitro; 3) las líneas celulares son el bioensayo más sensible de los utilizados en esta batería; 4) se recomienda el uso de una batería de test multiespecies para determinar la toxicidad de cualquier producto; 5) los test acuáticos que utilizan bacterias o microalgas son interesantes pero no pueden considerarse substitutos de los estudios con peces, porque evalúan el efecto de los tóxicos a otro nivel trófico y; 6) se observan efectos toxicológicos sinérgicos y antagonistas cuando se utilizan las mezclas de pesticidas respecto los compuestos puros.