<p>Manufacturing is becoming a crucial part of now-a-days fast growing economies and increase of earth’s population. Recently manufacturing is changing rapidly, different manufacturing strategies are being implemented, the conceptual understanding for manufacturing is changed, and new ways of producing products are showing up. Automation has been the essential term regarding the modern manufacturing processes. The humanmachine sharing is playing a major role in the production systems, and the most elegant thing is to create and design the appropriate level for interaction between them depending on the desired outcome in the production area. Technological innovation is the implementation of new more efficient production method by achieving qualitative improvements of the goods and services in a specific area in this paper’s case is a production system. This paper is regarding the importance of the correct production system being chosen for an organization regarding the right level of automation (LoA) being used, which is a way of controlling the overall effectiveness of the system.  Different approaches and methods are going to be used for demonstrating the choice of  the exact and right level of automation and the possibility of changing it by introducing and implementing the ongoing DYNAMO research on a different conceptual solutions for a foundry application in Factory-in-a-Box. The main objective of the research is to develop a method and system for supporting sustainable flexible and reconfigurable production system providing competitive industrial characteristics in the fast developing world.</p> / ProViking, Factory-in-a-box, Dynamo

Manufacturing is becoming a crucial part of now-a-days fast growing economies and increase of earth’s population. Recently manufacturing is changing rapidly, different manufacturing strategies are being implemented, the conceptual understanding for manufacturing is changed, and new ways of producing products are showing up. Automation has been the essential term regarding the modern manufacturing processes. The humanmachine sharing is playing a major role in the production systems, and the most elegant thing is to create and design the appropriate level for interaction between them depending on the desired outcome in the production area. Technological innovation is the implementation of new more efficient production method by achieving qualitative improvements of the goods and services in a specific area in this paper’s case is a production system. This paper is regarding the importance of the correct production system being chosen for an organization regarding the right level of automation (LoA) being used, which is a way of controlling the overall effectiveness of the system.  Different approaches and methods are going to be used for demonstrating the choice of  the exact and right level of automation and the possibility of changing it by introducing and implementing the ongoing DYNAMO research on a different conceptual solutions for a foundry application in Factory-in-a-Box. The main objective of the research is to develop a method and system for supporting sustainable flexible and reconfigurable production system providing competitive industrial characteristics in the fast developing world. / ProViking, Factory-in-a-box, Dynamo

The aim of this diploma thesis is the research of building polygons for the testing of autonomous vehicles, from the point of view of road technology and also designing aspects. In the thesis are mentioned 9 most important world test polygons and their description of design parameters. There are described particular stages of automation from foreign organizations which are concerned with research and development in the automotive industry. In addition, there are described basic advanced driver assistance systems and connectivity between vehicles and infrastructure. Conclusion also contains the assessment of existing aerodrome test areas for autonomous vehicles.

Meta-analysis was used to investigate the relationship between visuo-spatial ability and performance in remote environments. In order to be included, each study needed to examine the relationship between the use of an ego-centric perspective and various dimensions of performance (i.e., identification, localization, navigation, and mission completion time). The moderator analysis investigated relationships involving: (a) visuo-spatial construct with an emphasis on Carroll’s (1993) visualization (VZ) factor; (b) performance outcome (i.e., identification, localization, navigation, and mission completion time); (c) autonomy to support mission performance; (d) task type (i.e., navigation vs. reconnaissance); and (e) experimental testbed (i.e., physical vs. virtual environments). The process of searching and screening for published and unpublished analyses identified 81 works of interest that were found to represent 50 unique datasets. 518 effects were extracted from these datasets for analyses. Analyses of aggregated effects (Hunter & Schmidt, 2004) found that visuo-spatial abilities were significantly associated with each construct, such that effect sizes ranged from weak (r = .235) to moderately strong (r = .371). For meta-regression (Borenstein, Hedges, Figgins, & Rothstein, 2009; Kalaian & Raudenbush, 1996; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007), moderation by visuo-spatial construct (i.e., focusing on visualization) was consistently supported for all outcomes. For at least one of the outcomes, support was found for moderation by test, the reliability coefficient of a test, autonomy (i.e. to support identification, localization, and navigation), testbed (i.e., physical vs. virtual environment), intended domain of application, and gender. These findings illustrate that majority of what researchers refer to as “spatial ability” actually uses measures that load onto Carroll’s (1993) visualization (VZ) factor. The associations between this predictor and all performance outcomes were significant, but the significant iv variation across moderators highlight important issues for the design of unmanned systems and the external validity of findings across domains. For example, higher levels of autonomy for supporting navigation decreased the association between visualization (VZ) and performance. In contrast, higher levels of autonomy for supporting identification and localization increased the association between visualization (VZ) and performance. Furthermore, moderation by testbed, intended domain of application, and gender challenged the degree to which findings can be expected to generalize across domains and sets of participants.

Den snabba utvecklingen av autonomi och fjärrstyrning för obemannade enheter har lett till ett behov inom militären att utforska samspelet mellan användare och olika obemannade enheter, för att kartlägga behov för framtida gränssnitt. Det finns ett tydligt behov av alternativa gränssnitt till de handhållna styrdon som används i dagsläget, då dessa har visat sig ha begränsningar gällande situationsmedvetenhet och kognitiv förmåga hos operatören - något som är särskilt viktigt i högrisksituationer. Det finns vidare belägg för att ett armburet styrdon har potential att möta dessa behov hos framtida gränssnitt. Denna studie undersöker därför möjliga utformningar för ett armburet gränssnitt, och utreder hur väl konceptuella utformningar passar det specifika användningsområdet avsutten spaning i högrisksituation för markförband. Genomgående är fokus att genom en iterativt och användarcentrerad studie kartlägga och precisera behov samt generera konceptuella prototyper utifrån detta. Inledningsvis görs en litteraturstudie, vars resultat sammanställs i ett antal designprinciper för utformning av gränssnitt för obemannade fordon inom militära sammanhang. Principerna används vidare i idé- och konceptgenereringen samt vid framtagandet av lofi-prototyper. Lofi-prototyperna som visualiserar olika koncept för armburna gränssnitt utvärderas därefter i ett användartest med fokusdiskussioner. Detta är den första av två iterationer i användarstudien. Vidare utvecklas ett slutgiltigt helhetskoncept, vilket utvärderas i det andra användartestet. Fokus i studien har vid det här laget riktat in sig specifikt mot användningsområdet avsutten spaning i högrisksituationer för markförband, och utvärderar genom storytelling hur väl ett armburet gränssnitt passar användningsområdet. Resultaten från det första användartestet visar att ett armburet gränssnitt bör utformas som ett komplement till ett huvudstyrdon, samt att det är viktigt att det utformas utifrån soldatnas utrustning och miljö genom att vara litet, lätt och tåligt. Vidare visar resultatet att gränssnittet bör fokusera på mottagandet av information framför att skicka information, och att det bör utformas i syfte att ge användaren snabba, kortfattade notiser om viktig information som enkelt läses av på armen utan att soldaten behöver avbryta sina arbetsuppgifter eller lägga ned sitt vapen. Fysiska knappar, ljusdisciplin samt vibrationer som återkoppling är andra aspekter som resultatet visar är intressanta att undersöka vidare. Resultatet från första iterationen används för att utveckla ett slutgiltigt slutkoncept till det andra användartestet, vilken gestaltas i en prototyp i lera som visualiserar storleken på gränssnittet, likt en smartklocka, och ett antal fysiska knappar. Genom storytelling där deltagarna får ha på sig prototypen på armen och leva sig in i ett realistiskt scenario utvärderas hur väl denna typ av gränssnitt passar användaren och användningsområdet. Resultatet från det andra användartestet visar att ett litet, smidigt gränssnitt på armen som ger snabb, kortfattad information är fördelaktigt i högrisksituationer och spaningssituationer där man behöver gömma sig eller agera dolt. Gränssnittet behöver därmed inte kunna ge detaljerad information och ha avancerad interaktion, utan bör istället fungera i syfte att på ett tyst och snabbt sätt ge en varning genom exempelvis en vibration eller en symbol på skärmen. Således kan användaren få snabba, direkta alert-notiser som signalerar nivån av fara – vilket är efterfrågat i just högrisksituationer – innan man genom exempelvis radiokommunikation kan få mer detaljerad information om faran. Ett annat viktigt resultat från användarstudien är att gränssnittet inte enbart bör fokusera på information från och interaktion med obemannade enheter, utan även interaktion med människor. Det kan exempelvis vara genom att få information från en plutonchef, och kunna bekräfta mottagandet av informationen och eventuellt även kunna svara med korta, förutbestämda textmeddelanden. Detta tillsammans med resultatet om att gränssnittet bör fokusera på mottagande av information gör att studiens fokus ändras från det initiala: interaktion med obemannade enheter, till att istället fokusera på mottagande av information från andra soldater, chefer samt obemannade system. Slutsatser som dras är att gränssnittet bör vara utformat som ett litet, smidigt kompletterande gränssnitt på armen, som ger användaren snabba, direkta notiser med kortfattad information som exempelvis signalerar fara, för att det ska passa användningsområdet. Vidare dras slutsatsen att mängden funktioner som är autonoma i systemet påverkar både utformningen och situationsmedvetenhet, och att detta är ett komplext och till viss del motsägande område att undersöka vidare. Framtida studier anses således kunna beröra områden såsom hur mycket autonomi som är eftersträvansvärt samt hur haptisk återkoppling kan användas i högrisksituationer. / The rapid development of autonomy and remote control within unmanned vehicles has led to a need within the military to explore the interaction between users and various unmanned units, in order to map needs for future interfaces. There is a need for alternative interfaces to the hand-held control devices that are used today, as these have been shown to have limitations regarding situation awareness and cognitive workload of the operator – something that is particularly important in high-risk situations. There is further evidence that an arm mounted controller has the potential to meet these needs of future interfaces. This study therefore examines possible designs for an arm mounted interface and investigates how well conceptual designs fit the specific area of use; high-risk dismounted reconnaissance for ground units. Throughout, the focus is to map and specify needs through an iterative and user centered study and generate conceptual prototypes based on this. Initially, a literature study is carried out, the results of which are compiled into several design principles for the design of interfaces for unmanned vehicles in military contexts. The design principles are further used in idea and concept generation as well as in the development of lofi prototypes. The lofi prototypes that visualize different concepts for an arm mounted interface are then evaluated in a user test with focus discussions. This is the first of two iterations of the user study. Furthermore, a final overall concept is developed, which is evaluated in the second user test. At this point, the focus of the study has been directed specifically at the area of use for scouting in high risk situations for ground units and evaluates through storytelling how well an arm mounted interface fits the area of use. The results from the first user test show above all that an arm mounted interface should be designed as a complement to a main control unit, and that it is important that it is designed based on the soldiers' equipment and environment by being small, light and durable. Furthermore, the results show that the interface should focus on receiving rather than sending information, and that it should be designed to provide the user with quick, concise notices of important information that are easily read on the arm without the soldier having to interrupt his duties or put down his weapon. Physical buttons, light discipline and vibrations as feedback are other aspects that the results show is interesting to investigate further. The result from this first iteration is used to develop a final concept for the second user test, which is embodied in a prototype in clay that visualizes the size of the interface, like a smart watch, and several physical buttons. Through storytelling where the participants get to wear the prototype on their arm and experience a realistic scenario, it is evaluated how well this type of interface suits the user and the area of use. The results from the second user test show that a small, flexible interface on the arm that provides quick, concise information is beneficial in high-risk situations and reconnaissance situations where you need to hide or act covertly. The interface therefore does not need to be able to provide detailed information and have advanced interaction but should instead function with the aim of quietly and quickly giving a warning through, for example, a vibration or a symbol on the screen. Thus, the user can receive quick, direct alert notices that signal the level of danger – which is in demand in high-risk situations in particular – before, for example, radio communication can provide more detailed information about the danger. Another important result of the user study is that the interface should not only focus on information from and interaction with unmanned devices, but also interaction with people. This can be, for example, by receiving information from the command group or a platoon leader and being able to confirm receipt of the information and possibly also be able to respond with short, predetermined text messages. This together with the result that the interface should focus on receiving information causes the focus of the study to change from the initial: interaction with unmanned units, to instead focus on receiving information from other soldiers, managers, and unmanned systems. Conclusions drawn are that the interface should be designed as a small, flexible supplementary interface on the arm, which provides the user with quick, direct notifications with concise information such as signaling danger, in order for it to fit the area of use. Furthermore, it is concluded that the number of functions that are autonomous in the system affects both the design and situational awareness, and that this is a complex and somewhat contradictory area to investigate further. Future studies are thus considered to be able to touch on areas such as how much autonomy is desirable and how haptic feedback can be used in high-risk situations.