A manipulação de materiais é uma das tarefas em que comumente empregam-se robôs para substituir o trabalho humano, dadas algumas vantagens como: maior precisão na manipulação de cargas e maior velocidade de execução da tarefa, bem como por aumentar a segurança do operador. Apesar dessas vantagens, os dispositivos robóticos são largamente empregados apenas em situações em que velocidade e precisão são indispensáveis, em outros casos, os equipamentos convencionais (como talhas, gruas e macacos hidráulicos) e os dispositivos específicos (aqueles fazem uso de molas e contrapesos), vêm sendo utilizados nas tarefas cotidianas, principalmente pelo fato de, entre outros, serem menos dispendiosos. Comparando-se estas duas soluções disponíveis, tem-se que os equipamentos tradicionais, apesar de sua simplicidade e versatilidade de movimentação, apresentam limitações quando são exigidas precisão e eficiência, enquanto os dispositivos robóticos apresentam alta complexidade tanto no projeto quanto na operação, representando uma solução cara e com movimentação restrita pela programação. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar e propor uma solução intermediária entre a solução convencional e a robótica. O foco do estudo é o projeto de um dispositivo simplificado, que faz uso de molas e de um sistema de alavanca para manipular cargas. Um estudo preliminar desse mecanismo mostrou imperfeições quanto à força de contrabalanceamento. Com o intuito de corrigir esse erro foi usado um sistema de controle, que é constituído por um motor elétrico, um mecanismo de correção, sensores e um módulo controlador. O dispositivo proposto apresenta um controle simplificado, vez que a movimentação é feita exclusivamente pelo operador, possibilitando assim que o dispositivo apresente um baixo consumo de energia. Um protótipo é desenvolvido e os testes demonstraram a eficácia da solução. / The material handling is one task in which robot is commonly employed to replace the human work because it has some advantages such as, higher precision in the handling and higher speed of the task, and to increase operator safety. Despite these advantages, the robotic device is most employed only in situation that speed and precision are essential; in other cases, the conventional equipments (such as hydraulic jacks, cranes and pulley systems) and the specific device (which use springs and counterweight), have been used in daily tasks mainly because of they are less expensive. Comparing these two solutions, it is possible to say that the conventional devices, despite its simplicity and guidance, have limitations when the task requires precision and speed, while the robotic solution has higher complexity in both design and in operation, representing an expensive solution with a programming that restrict the movement. In this context, the present work has the objective the study and development of an intermediate solution between the conventional solution and the robotic device. The proposed study is based on a simplified device, which uses springs and a lever system to handle material. A preliminary study on this mechanism shows imperfections in balance force. In order to correct this error, a control system is used. The control system is constituted by an electric motor, a correcting mechanism, sensors and a controller. The proposed device presents simple control because movements are responsibility of the human operator moreover presents low power consumption, due to the use of springs. A prototype is developed and tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the solution.

The objective of this study is to develop a robust portable nano-calorimeter sensor for detection of energetic materials, primarily explosives, combustible materials and propellants. A micro-cantilever sensor array is actuated thermally using bi-morph structure consisting of gold (Au: 400 nm) and silicon nitride (Si3N4: 600 nm) thin film layers of sub-micron thickness. An array of micro-heaters is integrated with the microcantilevers at their base. On electrically activating the micro-heaters at different actuation currents the microcantilevers undergo thermo-mechanical deformation, due to differential coefficient of thermal expansion. This deformation is tracked by monitoring the reflected ray from a laser illuminating the individual microcantilevers (i.e., using the optical lever principle). In the presence of explosive vapors, the change in bending response of microcantilever is affected by the induced thermal stresses arising from temperature changes due to adsorption and combustion reactions (catalyzed by the gold surface). A parametric study was performed for investigating the optimum values by varying the thickness and length in parallel with the heater power since the sensor sensitivity is enhanced by the optimum geometry as well as operating conditions for the sensor (e.g., temperature distribution within the microcantilever, power supply, concentration of the analyte, etc.). Also, for the geometry present in this study the nano-coatings of high thermal conductivity materials (e.g., Carbon Nanotubes: CNTs) over the microcantilever surface enables maximizing the thermally induced stress, which results in the enhancement of sensor sensitivity. For this purpose, CNTs are synthesized by post-growth method over the metal (e.g., Palladium Chloride: PdCl2) catalyst arrays pre-deposited by Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) technique. The threshold current for differential actuation of the microcantilevers is correlated with the catalytic activity of a particular explosive (combustible vapor) over the metal (Au) catalysts and the corresponding vapor pressure. Numerical modeling is also explored to study the variation of temperature, species concentration and deflection of individual microcantilevers as a function of actuation current. Joule-heating in the resistive heating elements was coupled with the gaseous combustion at the heated surface to obtain the temperature profile and therefore the deflection of a microcantilever by calculating the thermally induced stress and strain relationship. The sensitivity of the threshold current of the sensor that is used for the specific detection and identification of individual explosives samples - is predicted to depend on the chemical kinetics and the vapor pressure. The simulation results showed similar trends with the experimental results for monitoring the bending response of the microcantilever sensors to explosive vapors (e.g., Acetone and 2-Propanol) as a function of the actuation current.

¡@An automatic transmission that is a transmission device between the engine and drive wheel, offers the vehicle while increasing and decreasing the speed mainly. Its job keeps the engine within a certain working rotational speed range.¡@Although there are many epicyclic-type automatic transmissions in production, the related design methods of lever diagram is not well developed.¡@Thus, the purpose of this research is to develop a systematic design of the epicyclic gear transmissions for automobiles with lever diagrammatical methodology.¡@First, fundamentals and gear-shifting operations of the four-speed and six-speed epicyclic-type automatic transmissions are illustrated to establish the design requirements.¡@Second, based on the basic theories of lever diagram, a procedure is applied to kinematic analysis for automatic transmission existed, and set up composite lever diagrams of 13 two-DOF seven-link epicyclic gear mechanisms and 190 two-DOF nine-link epicyclic gear mechanisms.¡@Next, a general clutching-sequence synthesis of lever diagrammatical method are proposed and illustrated. According to the limit range of lever dimensions established for four and five coaxial components, the clutching-sequences and the ranges of basic gear ratio of the feasible gear trains can be derived.¡@Finally, the planar-graph representation for arranging desired clutch and the number of teeth based on lever dimensions are applied to design six-forward speeds automatic transmission. The result of this work shows that the seven-link two-DOF epicylic gear mechanisms, and the nine-link two-DOF parallel-connected epicylic gear mechanisms could reach four- and six-forward speeds at most, respectively.

Thesis deals with the relationship of costs and change of production volume. The introduction is characterized by the selected company from South region and in terms of profit, the number of employees and total assets. It is also shown changes in costs, revenues and operating results. There are also counted pointer to speak about cost-effectiveness in business. For example, operating leverage, break-even point, profitability ratios, cost ratio. From the calculations it is clear that the best business results achieved in 2007, while the worst of the venture was in 2008.

A manipulação de materiais é uma das tarefas em que comumente empregam-se robôs para substituir o trabalho humano, dadas algumas vantagens como: maior precisão na manipulação de cargas e maior velocidade de execução da tarefa, bem como por aumentar a segurança do operador. Apesar dessas vantagens, os dispositivos robóticos são largamente empregados apenas em situações em que velocidade e precisão são indispensáveis, em outros casos, os equipamentos convencionais (como talhas, gruas e macacos hidráulicos) e os dispositivos específicos (aqueles fazem uso de molas e contrapesos), vêm sendo utilizados nas tarefas cotidianas, principalmente pelo fato de, entre outros, serem menos dispendiosos. Comparando-se estas duas soluções disponíveis, tem-se que os equipamentos tradicionais, apesar de sua simplicidade e versatilidade de movimentação, apresentam limitações quando são exigidas precisão e eficiência, enquanto os dispositivos robóticos apresentam alta complexidade tanto no projeto quanto na operação, representando uma solução cara e com movimentação restrita pela programação. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar e propor uma solução intermediária entre a solução convencional e a robótica. O foco do estudo é o projeto de um dispositivo simplificado, que faz uso de molas e de um sistema de alavanca para manipular cargas. Um estudo preliminar desse mecanismo mostrou imperfeições quanto à força de contrabalanceamento. Com o intuito de corrigir esse erro foi usado um sistema de controle, que é constituído por um motor elétrico, um mecanismo de correção, sensores e um módulo controlador. O dispositivo proposto apresenta um controle simplificado, vez que a movimentação é feita exclusivamente pelo operador, possibilitando assim que o dispositivo apresente um baixo consumo de energia. Um protótipo é desenvolvido e os testes demonstraram a eficácia da solução. / The material handling is one task in which robot is commonly employed to replace the human work because it has some advantages such as, higher precision in the handling and higher speed of the task, and to increase operator safety. Despite these advantages, the robotic device is most employed only in situation that speed and precision are essential; in other cases, the conventional equipments (such as hydraulic jacks, cranes and pulley systems) and the specific device (which use springs and counterweight), have been used in daily tasks mainly because of they are less expensive. Comparing these two solutions, it is possible to say that the conventional devices, despite its simplicity and guidance, have limitations when the task requires precision and speed, while the robotic solution has higher complexity in both design and in operation, representing an expensive solution with a programming that restrict the movement. In this context, the present work has the objective the study and development of an intermediate solution between the conventional solution and the robotic device. The proposed study is based on a simplified device, which uses springs and a lever system to handle material. A preliminary study on this mechanism shows imperfections in balance force. In order to correct this error, a control system is used. The control system is constituted by an electric motor, a correcting mechanism, sensors and a controller. The proposed device presents simple control because movements are responsibility of the human operator moreover presents low power consumption, due to the use of springs. A prototype is developed and tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the solution.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / This research examined the teaching of concept of base of a vector space according to the premises mediated by Fedathi Sequence during the discipline âIntroduction to Algebraâ in the course of Engineering of Teleinformatic at Federal University of CearÃ. The objective was to determine whether the use of Fedathi Sequence specifically in classes about the concept of base provides resources capable of becoming Meta Lever, allowing students an education based on the reflection on the worked contents. In this sense, the investigation was conducted in the form of case study, having as subject the teacher of discipline, which allowed the observation during his classes and planning, as well as having granted an interview. The results indicated that the Fedathi Sequence favored the use of resources that could become Meta Lever for students, being decisive in mediating the teacher, once the teacher behavior to use it in the classroom motivates students to reflection. We consider theories ML and FS, in this research, are complementary, and therefore we indicate that the teacher know such tools and their potential for use in teaching of concept of base, awakening the teacher an awareness of the role of mediation suggested by Fedathi Sequence. / Esta pesquisa analisou o ensino da noÃÃo de base de um espaÃo vetorial mediado segundo os pressupostos da SequÃncia Fedathi durante a disciplina de IntroduÃÃo à Ãlgebra do curso de Engenharia de TeleinformÃtica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Objetivou-se verificar se o uso da SequÃncia Fedathi, especificamente, nas aulas sobre o conceito de base, proporciona recursos passÃveis de se tornarem Alavanca Meta, permitindo aos alunos um ensino baseado na reflexÃo sobre os conteÃdos trabalhados. Nesse sentido, a investigaÃÃo foi conduzida na forma de estudo de caso, tendo como sujeito o professor da disciplina, que permitiu a observaÃÃo durante suas aulas e planejamentos, alÃm de ter concedido uma entrevista. Os resultados encontrados apontaram que a SequÃncia Fedathi favoreceu o uso de recursos passÃveis de se tornarem Alavancas Meta para os alunos, sendo determinante na mediaÃÃo do professor, de modo que a postura docente ao utilizÃ-la em sala de aula motivava os alunos à reflexÃo. Consideramos que as teorias AM e SF, nessa pesquisa, se complementaram, e, portanto, indicamos que o professor conheÃa tais ferramentas e seu potencial de uso no ensino de base, despertando no professor uma consciÃncia do papel da mediaÃÃo preconizada pela SequÃncia Fedathi.

Please read the abstract on page 3 in the dissertation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Chemical Pathology / unrestricted

This diploma thesis deals with designing of manufacturing process of motorcycle lever prototype using PowerMILL 2018. The research part of the thesis contains analysis of materials used in the production of motorcycle levers and the introduction into CAD/CAM systems. The practical part contains choice of material, fixtures, cutting tools and solution of NC program itself. Summary of used strategies follows and ecenomical evaluation is performed at the end of the thesis.

The topic of this thesis is springing of front driving axle design in Zetor tractor of series Proxima including FEM analysis. The thesis also deals with study of currently used suspended front axles produced by word known manufacturers.

L’expansion volémique est le traitement de première intention de l’insuffisance circulatoire aiguë dans presque tous les cas. Cependant, son efficacité très inconstante et ses effets secondaires incitent à en prédire les effets avant de l’entreprendre. Plusieurs tests ont été développés pour détecter cet état de précharge dépendance, et nous nous sommes intéressés au perfectionnement de certains d’entre eux et à la description de leurs limites.Le test de passive leg raising (PLR) repose sur le transfert de sang veineux depuis le territoire veineux splanchnique et les membres inférieurs vers le thorax. Nous avons démontré qu’en cas d’hypertension intra-abdominale, la valeur diagnostique du test était plus faible, avec l’apparition de nombreux cas de faux négatifs. Cette limite du PLR test est importante en raison de la prévalence de l’hypertension intra-abdominale chez les patients de soins intensifs.Les effets de ce test doivent être appréciés sur le débit cardiaque, et plusieurs méthodes ont déjà été décrites pour cela. Nous avons d’abord pu montrer que celle qui consiste à mesurer les effets du test sur les débits artériels carotidien et fémoral n’était pas fiable, avec une très mauvaise corrélation entre les changements de débit cardiaque et ceux de ces deux débits artériels. En revanche, nous avons décrit une méthode originale et fiable pour mesurer les effets du test, qui consiste en la mesure de l’indice de perfusion (IP), rapport entre la portion pulsatile et non pulsatile du signal de saturation pulsée en oxygène. Même si le signal ne pouvait pas être recueilli de façon stable chez tous les patients, les changements de cet indice lors du PLR permettaient de mesurer ses effets et de détecter la précharge dépendance. Ces résultats ouvrent la possibilité de mesurer les effets du test grâce à un outil non-invasif et pouvant être utilisé chez tous les patients en réanimation et au bloc opératoire.Enfin, nous avons appliqué la mesure de l’IP à un autre test détectant la précharge dépendance, le test d’occlusion télé-expiratoire. Il consiste à interrompre la ventilation mécanique pendant quelques secondes et à observer les changements simultanés du débit cardiaque. Même s’ils sont de plus faible amplitude que ceux induits par le PLR, ces changements étaient correctement suivis par les modifications de l’IP et ils détectaient de façon fiable la précharge dépendance. / Volume expansion is the first-line treatment of acute circulatory failure in almost all cases. However, its inconsistent effectiveness and side effects encourage to predict its effects before undertaking it. Several tests have been developed to detect preload responsiveness and we have sought to improve some of them and describe their limits.The passive leg raising (PLR) test is based on the transfer of some venous blood from the venous compartment of the splanchnic compartment and the lower limbs toward the thorax. We have shown that, in case of intra-abdominal hypertension, the diagnostic value of the test was lower, with many cases false negatives cases. This limitation of the PLR test is of importance because of the prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients.The effects of this test should be evaluated on cardiac output, and several methods have already been described for this evaluation. First, we have shown that measuring the effects of the test on carotid and femoral arterial flows was unreliable, with a very poor correlation between changes in cardiac output and those in these two arterial flows. Second, we have described an original and reliable method for measuring the effects of the test, which consists in measuring the perfusion index (PI), the ratio between the pulsatile and non-pulsatile portions of the pulse oximetry signal. Although a stable signal could not be obtained in all patients, changes in this index during PLR allowed the measurement of its effects and the detection of preload responsiveness. These results open up the possibility of measuring the effects of the test with a non-invasive tool that can be used in all patients in the intensive care unit and the operating room.Finally, we applied the PI measurement to another test of preload responsiveness, the end-expiratory occlusion test. It consists in interrupting mechanical ventilation for a few seconds and observing simultaneous changes in cardiac output. Although the changes are smaller than those induced by PLR, these changes were well tracked by PI changes and reliably detected preload dependence.