Thesis (PhD (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the conceptualization of love or affecion in the Old Testament is investigated. The most prototypical Biblical Hebrew lexeme for affection, namely אהב , forms the focus of the study. It is hypothesized that the analysis of אהב in terms of its valency and the conceptual frames associated with each of its valency patterns will contribute to a more informative lexicographical description of אהב . Since אהב forms part of a much larger semantic field of lexemes that can convey the attitude of affection, it is neccessary to study these lexemes as well. While the first chapter introduces the topic under investigation, i.e. a study of lexemes of affection, the second chapter aims at demarcating the list of lexemes of affection that needs to be considered. This list amounts to fifteen lexemes in total; fourteen of which can belong to the domain of affection, and one antonym. In Chapter 3 the methodology of the current study is explained. The researcher advocates a Cognitive Linguistic approach. Renier de Blois employed Cognitive Linguistics for his model which is aimed towards compiling the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew. While his model is used as starting point in the present study, some more areas of Cognitive Linguistics are identified that could assist us to refine the model of De Blois. These areas include prototype theory, semantic potential, the notion of radial networks, as well as conceptual frames. Chapter 4 consists of a detailed study of אהב in all its occurrences in the Old Testament, while the remainder of the lexemes of affection as well as its antonym are studied in Chapter 5. In the concluding chapter, Chapter 6, an exposition of the findings is given. This thesis ends with a concise summary of אהב in which all conceptual frames and scripture references where the אהב appear are given. This is followed by a schematic presentation of the lexemes of affection as they occur in relation to the prototypical sense(s) of אהב. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die konseptualisering van liefde of affeksie in die Ou Testament ondersoek. Die mees prototipiese Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseem vir affeksie, naamlik אהב , is die fokus van die studie. Dit word veronderstel dat die analise van אהב in terme van die lekseem se valensie en die konseptuele raamwerke wat met die valensie patrone geassosieer word, sal bydra tot „n meer informatiewe leksikografiese beskrywing van אהב . Aangesien אהב deel vorm van „n veel groter semantiese veld van lekseme wat die houding van affeksie beskryf, is dit nodig dat hierdie lekseme ook bestudeer word. Terwyl die eerste hoofstuk die tema van die huidige ondersoek inlei, naamlik die bestudering van lekseme van affeksie in die Bybels-Hebreeuse teks, is die tweede hoofstuk daarop gerig om die lys van lekseme van affeksie vir die ondersoek af te baken. Hiedie lys bestaan uit vyftien lekseme altesaam; veertien lekseme wat deel uitmaak van die domein van affeksie, en een antoniem. In Hoofstuk 3 word die metodologie van die huidige studie uiteengesit. Die navorser staan „n Kognitiewe Linguistiese benadering voor. Renier de Blois het Kognitiewe Linguistiek aangewend vir sy model wat daarop gerig is om die Semantic Dictionary for Biblical Hebrew saam te stel. Alhoewel sy model as beginpunt vir die huidige studie gebruik word, is daar sommige areas binne die veld van Kognitiewe Linguistiek wat aangewend sou kon word om De Blois se model te verfyn. Hierdie areas sluit prototipe teorie, semantiese potensiaal, die idee van straalvormige netwerke, asook konseptuele raamwerke in. Hoofstuk 4 bestaan uit „n gedetailleerde studie van אהב in al sy voorkomste in die Ou Testament, terwyl die res van die lekseme van affeksie sowel as die antoniem in Hoofstuk 5 bestudeer word. In die slot hoofstuk, Hoofstuk 6, is daar „n uiteensetting van die bevindinge. Die tesis eindig met „n kort opsomming van אהב waarin al die konseptuele raamwerke en skrifverwysings waarbinne אהב voorkom, gegee word. Daarna volg „n skematiese voorstelling van die lekseme van affeksie na aanleiding van hul voorkomste in verhouding tot die prototipiese betekenis(se) van אהב.

Composição é um fenômeno muito produtivo nas línguas de sinais. Estudos pioneiros na ASL (língua de sinais americana) identificaram compostos formados sequencialmente que se caracterizam por regras de redução fonológica e assimilação nos constituintes dos compostos (KLIMA; BELLUGI, 1979; LIDDELL; JOHNSON, 1986). Um estudo sobre compostos na BSL (língua de sinais britânica) mostra a possibilidade de realização simultânea de dois sinais, que são dois classificadores (CLs), em um composto (BRENNAN, 1990). Na libras (língua brasileira de sinais), há estudos que tratam de compostos realizados sequencialmente com dois ou três sinais (QUADROS; KARNOPP, 2004; FELIPE, 2006; FIGUEIREDO SILVA; SELL, 2009). No entanto, nenhum deles trata da possibilidade da ocorrência de CLs em compostos, tampouco da possibilidade da realização de compostos simultâneos. Se as línguas de sinais apresentam dois articuladores primários, as mãos, é natural pensarmos na possibilidade da ocorrência de sinais simultâneos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os tipos de compostos que ocorrem na libras e investigar a possibilidade de ocorrência de CLs e marcadores não-manuais em compostos, formando compostos simultâneos. Através do conjunto de dados levantado em dicionários, conversas espontâneas e gravações eliciadas por figuras, classificamos os compostos da libras em três grandes grupos, que são os compostos: i) sequenciais; ii) simultâneos e iii) simultâneo-sequenciais. Observamos que todos os compostos simultâneos apresentam um predicado CL sinalizado simultaneamente com mais um sinal CL, ou apresentam um sinal realizado pela boca, o que possibilita a simultaneidade com um sinal manual. O grupo de compostos simultâneos é o menos investigado nas línguas de sinais e será o objeto principal de nossa pesquisa. A descrição detalhada desses dados, bem como a investigação da natureza dos CLs e dos sinais boca, levarão a um maior conhecimento dos processos morfológicos nas línguas de sinais e viabilizarão a indicação de caminhos para uma proposta de análise formal para a composição na libras. A análise desenvolvida nesta tese segue os pressupostos teóricos da Morfologia Distribuída (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993). / Compound formation is a very productive phenomenon in sign languages. Pioneering studies of ASL (American Sign Language) identified compounds formed sequentially, which are characterized by rules of phonological reduction and assimilation in the members of the compounds (KLIMA; BELLUGI, 1979; LIDDELL; JOHNSON, 1986). An investigation of compound formation in BSL (British Sign Language) shows the possibility of simultaneous realization of two signs, which are two classifiers (CLs), in a compound (BRENNAN, 1990). In libras (Brazilian Sign Language), there are studies that deal with compounds realized sequentially, with two or three signs (QUADROS; KARNOPP, 2004; FELIPE, 2006; FIGUEIREDO SILVA; SELL, 2009). However, none of them deals with the possibility of occurrence of CLs in compounds, nor with the possibility of signing simultaneous compounds. If sign languages have two primary articulators, that is, the hands, it is natural to think of the possibility of occurrence of simultaneous signs. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to describe the types of compounds that occur in libras, and investigate the possibility of occurrence of CLs and non-manual markers in compounds, forming simultaneous compounds. Drawing on data collected in dictionaries, spontaneous conversations and recordings elicited by figures, we classify the compounds in libras into three major groups, which are: i) sequential compounds; ii) simultaneous compounds and iii) simultaneoussequential compounds. We observed that all the simultaneous compounds exhibit a CL predicate simultaneously realized with another CL sign, or exhibit a sign realized by the mouth, which enables the simultaneity with a manual sign. The group of simultaneous compounds is the least investigated one in sign languages and it will be the main topic of our research. Both the detailed description of these data and the investigation of the nature of CLs and signs realized by the mouth will lead to a better understanding of the morphological processes in sign languages, paving the way for a formal analysis of the compound formation in libras. The analysis developed in this work follows the theoretical assumptions of the Distributed Morphology framework (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993).

Composição é um fenômeno muito produtivo nas línguas de sinais. Estudos pioneiros na ASL (língua de sinais americana) identificaram compostos formados sequencialmente que se caracterizam por regras de redução fonológica e assimilação nos constituintes dos compostos (KLIMA; BELLUGI, 1979; LIDDELL; JOHNSON, 1986). Um estudo sobre compostos na BSL (língua de sinais britânica) mostra a possibilidade de realização simultânea de dois sinais, que são dois classificadores (CLs), em um composto (BRENNAN, 1990). Na libras (língua brasileira de sinais), há estudos que tratam de compostos realizados sequencialmente com dois ou três sinais (QUADROS; KARNOPP, 2004; FELIPE, 2006; FIGUEIREDO SILVA; SELL, 2009). No entanto, nenhum deles trata da possibilidade da ocorrência de CLs em compostos, tampouco da possibilidade da realização de compostos simultâneos. Se as línguas de sinais apresentam dois articuladores primários, as mãos, é natural pensarmos na possibilidade da ocorrência de sinais simultâneos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os tipos de compostos que ocorrem na libras e investigar a possibilidade de ocorrência de CLs e marcadores não-manuais em compostos, formando compostos simultâneos. Através do conjunto de dados levantado em dicionários, conversas espontâneas e gravações eliciadas por figuras, classificamos os compostos da libras em três grandes grupos, que são os compostos: i) sequenciais; ii) simultâneos e iii) simultâneo-sequenciais. Observamos que todos os compostos simultâneos apresentam um predicado CL sinalizado simultaneamente com mais um sinal CL, ou apresentam um sinal realizado pela boca, o que possibilita a simultaneidade com um sinal manual. O grupo de compostos simultâneos é o menos investigado nas línguas de sinais e será o objeto principal de nossa pesquisa. A descrição detalhada desses dados, bem como a investigação da natureza dos CLs e dos sinais boca, levarão a um maior conhecimento dos processos morfológicos nas línguas de sinais e viabilizarão a indicação de caminhos para uma proposta de análise formal para a composição na libras. A análise desenvolvida nesta tese segue os pressupostos teóricos da Morfologia Distribuída (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993). / Compound formation is a very productive phenomenon in sign languages. Pioneering studies of ASL (American Sign Language) identified compounds formed sequentially, which are characterized by rules of phonological reduction and assimilation in the members of the compounds (KLIMA; BELLUGI, 1979; LIDDELL; JOHNSON, 1986). An investigation of compound formation in BSL (British Sign Language) shows the possibility of simultaneous realization of two signs, which are two classifiers (CLs), in a compound (BRENNAN, 1990). In libras (Brazilian Sign Language), there are studies that deal with compounds realized sequentially, with two or three signs (QUADROS; KARNOPP, 2004; FELIPE, 2006; FIGUEIREDO SILVA; SELL, 2009). However, none of them deals with the possibility of occurrence of CLs in compounds, nor with the possibility of signing simultaneous compounds. If sign languages have two primary articulators, that is, the hands, it is natural to think of the possibility of occurrence of simultaneous signs. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to describe the types of compounds that occur in libras, and investigate the possibility of occurrence of CLs and non-manual markers in compounds, forming simultaneous compounds. Drawing on data collected in dictionaries, spontaneous conversations and recordings elicited by figures, we classify the compounds in libras into three major groups, which are: i) sequential compounds; ii) simultaneous compounds and iii) simultaneoussequential compounds. We observed that all the simultaneous compounds exhibit a CL predicate simultaneously realized with another CL sign, or exhibit a sign realized by the mouth, which enables the simultaneity with a manual sign. The group of simultaneous compounds is the least investigated one in sign languages and it will be the main topic of our research. Both the detailed description of these data and the investigation of the nature of CLs and signs realized by the mouth will lead to a better understanding of the morphological processes in sign languages, paving the way for a formal analysis of the compound formation in libras. The analysis developed in this work follows the theoretical assumptions of the Distributed Morphology framework (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993).

According to the standard definition phraseology deals with multi-word lexical units, i.e. word combinations. Voices claiming that even complex words composed of two or more meaningful units may qualify for the status of (lexical) phrasemes/idioms, especially when their meaning is non- compositional, are still very isolated, in spite of the fact that linguistic literature is teeming with references to idiomatic compounds and derivatives (Chap. 3). In fact, the only systematic treatment of lexical idioms seems to be that offered by Čermák (2007), who focuses primarily on lexical idioms in Czech. The aim of the thesis is therefore to explore the situation in English and attempt to develop a useful definition of, and especially criteria for, distinguishing lexical idioms from other complex lexemes and provide an outline of the main types of lexical idioms obtaining in English. After an introduction (Chap. 1) and the presentation of state-of-the-art approaches to phraseology and the relevant information about phraseological units and their features (Chap. 2), the thesis reviews Čermák's theory of lexical idioms which inspired their quantitative study in Czech (Chap. 4). The core part is the analysis of two samples. The first one, gathered from the BNC, includes a random selection of 1000 single-word...

68 14 Resumé in English This study is aimed on the image of women as it was perceived by advertising in magazines between 1917 and 1930. The focal points are lexemes: lady, mistress, housewife, a girl, ma'am, miss, household, parent, cook, mother, daughter, child. Their occurrences are statistically processed in the tables according to selected criteria, for example: whether the lexemes are developed by attribute or not. The obtained data are interpreted in the chapters which are divided according to ad focus on three sections: Decoration, Household, Family relationships. The conclusion is based on all of the data created by the image of women as perceived by contemporary advertising compared to what was required of traditional society. The conclusion of the study, including a shift in social values, is supported by a brief comparison of the results of this work, based on knowledge of the study Language image of women in advertising in the late 19th Century (Štumpf, M., RP, Charles University, 2008).