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From the point of view of literary qualities, Prophetic Traditions stand out among Arabic literature. This study aims at selecting some unique words the Prophet used, and search for their presence or absence in the Arabic Although several sources were used, the reliance for the choice of words is mainly on An-Nihayah fi gharib al-Athar of Ibn al-Athir; and for comparison, several published works. literature. The objective is to find out how the Prophetic words affected the literature. An analysis is attempted to arrive at the meaning of these words as used in Hadith literature, literatures preceding or following it, and compare to find whether they have been used at all, and, if used, in the same meaning or not, or whether they are used in a unique sense. Thus, this study brings to light differences between Prophetic literature, and literatures other than it. / Arabic and Islamic Studies / M.A. (Islamic Studies)

[pt] O interesse desta tese recai sobre compreender como os falantes de língua portuguesa a utilizam para materializar a menção de emoção através de um trabalho, sobretudo, linguístico. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é criar recursos para aprimorar a anotação do campo semântico das emoções na língua portuguesa a partir do projeto AC/DC, projeto que reúne e disponibiliza publicamente corpora anotados e recursos para pesquisas na língua portuguesa, e do Emocionário, projeto de anotação semântica e léxico de emoções. Inicialmente, a pesquisa dá um panorama dos estudos de emoção; se alinha às perspectivas que refutam a universalidade das emoções e abordagens que postulam emoções básicas; e contrapõe seu interesse por menção de emoção à já consolidada área de Análise de Sentimento, contrastando cinco léxicos de sentimento e/ou polaridades em língua portuguesa e o Emocionário. A partir de uma ampla varredura nos corpora do AC/DC, três principais caminhos foram percorridos para investigar palavras de emoção: (i) uma análise dos vinte e quatro grupos de emoção que já existiam no léxico do Emocionário a fim de delinear características e desafios no estudo de emoção na língua portuguesa; (ii) a revisão completa um terço dos grupos do léxico do Emocionário; e (iii) buscas pelo padrão léxico-sintático sentimento de N e por expressões anotadas pelo projeto Esqueleto usadas para descrever emoção. A análise dos corpora à luz dos lemas previamente pertencentes aos grupos do léxico do Emocionário evidenciou, dentre outras características, a relevância de expressões lexicalizadas para a análise da descrição de emoção, dos tipos de argumentos de verbos e afixos que podem causar variação de sentido, e de variações de tempo e modo verbal que acarretam mudança de significado. Dentre os desafios estão palavras e expressões polissêmicas e a dificuldade na detecção de diferentes sentidos em palavras que compartilham da mesma classe gramatical, tendo como base somente informações morfossintáticas. Esta análise possibilitou a estruturação e documentação de uma metodologia de revisão que pode vir a ser aplicada nos demais grupos futuramente. As principais contribuições desta tese são decorrentes das análises e explorações em corpora: a limpeza de lemas com sentidos não-emocionais dos grupos do léxico do Emocionário; a criação dos grupos de emoção Ausência e Outra, enriquecendo o léxico; a detecção de mais de novecentos lemas e expressões provenientes das buscas pelo padrão sentimento de N e das conexões estabelecidas entre os campos semânticos de emoção e do corpo humano; além de descobertas de campos lexicais pouco mencionados na literatura sobre emoção, como coletividade, estranhamento, espiritualidade, parentesco e atos automotivados, que auxiliaram na investigação de como os falantes do português cristalizam emoções na língua. / [en] The interest of this thesis lies in understanding how Portuguese speakers use it to materialize the mention of emotion through a linguistic perspective. The general objective of the research is to create resources to improve the annotation of the semantic field of emotions in the Portuguese language based on the AC/DC project, which gathers and makes publicly available annotated corpora and tools for linguistic research on Portuguese language. and Emocionário, which is both a semantic annotation project and lexicon of emotions. Initially, the research gives an overview of emotion studies; aligning itself with perspectives that refute the universality of emotions and approaches that postulate basic emotions; and contrasts the interest in emotion description to the already consolidated area of Sentiment Analysis, comparing five lexicons of emotion and/or polarities in Portuguese to Emocionário. From a broad sweep of the AC/DC corpora, three main paths were taken towards investigating emotion words: (i) an analysis of the twenty-four emotion groups previously composing the Emocionário lexicon in order to delineate characteristics and challenges in the study of emotion description in the Portuguese language; (ii) a thorough revision of one-third of the Emocionário lexicon groups; and (iii) searches for the lexical-syntactic pattern sentimento de N and for expressions annotated by the Esqueleto project used to describe emotion. The corpora analysis in the light of the lemmas previously belonging to the Emocionário lexicon groups showed, amongst other characteristics, the relevance of lexicalized expressions for the analysis of the emotion description, the types of arguments of verbs and affixes that can cause variation in meaning, and variations in tense and verbal mode that lead to a change in meaning. Amongst the challenges are polysemous words and expressions and the difficulty in detecting different meanings in words that share the same grammatical class, based only on morphosyntactic information. This analysis enabled the structuring and documentation of a revision methodology that may be applied in other groups in the future. The main contributions of this thesis derive from the analyzes and explorations in corpora: the exclusion of lemmas with non-emotional meanings from the Emocionário lexicon groups; the creation of emotion groups Ausência and Outra, enriching the lexicon; the detection of more than nine hundred lemmas and expressions from the searches for the sentimento de N pattern and the connections established between the semantic fields of emotion and the human body; in addition to discoveries of lexical fields rarely mentioned in the literature on emotion, such as coletividade, estranhamento, espiritualidade, parentesco e atos automotivados, which helped in the investigation of how Portuguese speakers crystallize emotions in language.

Είναι γνωστό ότι η άνοια σχετίζεται με την απώλεια μνήμης, έκπτωση γλωσσικών ικανοτήτων, έλλειψη αυτονομίας και απώλεια της προσωπικής ταυτότητας του ασθενούς. Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να αναδείξει τη σχέση αμφισημίας- άνοιας και να διερευνηθεί η σκοπιμότητα ύπαρξης ενός μεθοδολογικού εργαλείου για την εκτίμηση και τη διερεύνηση της γλωσσικής έκπτωσης στη άνοια μέσα από την γλωσσική επεξεργασία των λεξικών σχέσεων (μεταφορών –ομωνυμίας- μετωνυμιών) και να παρουσιάζει το προφίλ των ασθενών αυτών. Στην πρώτη ενότητα παρουσιάζω γενικά στοιχεία για την νόσο της άνοιας αλλά και στοιχεία για τους κυριότερους τύπους της νόσου όσον αφορά την γλωσσική συμπεριφορά των ασθενών. Στην ενότητα αυτή αναφέρω επίσης βασικά διαγνωστικά εργαλεία που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως για τον προσδιορισμό της νόσου, ενώ αναλυτικότερα στοιχεία για τα εργαλεία που χρησιμοποιούνται και τις δομές που εξετάζουν παρατίθενται στο παράρτημα. Κλείνοντας την ενότητα καταλήγω στα οφέλη και την αναγκαιότητα ύπαρξης πρώιμης διάγνωσης. Στην δεύτερη ενότητα αναφέρομαι κυρίως στο νοητικό λεξικό και στην δυσκολία πρόσβασης των ασθενών με πιθανή άνοια σε αυτό. Επιπλέον υπάρχουν στοιχεία για την λεξική κατάκτηση, επιλογή και ανάκτηση των πληροφοριών και φαίνεται η σχέση νοητικού λεξικού – αμφισημίας. Στην τρίτη ενότητα παρουσιάζω το φαινόμενο της αμφισημίας από την θεωρητική άποψη αρχικά της γλωσσολογίας, πως κατακτώνται οι αμφίσημες λέξεις και επεξεργάζονται σε σχέση με την ηλικία και καταλήγω στην νευρική συσχέτιση των λεξικών αμφισημιών με συγκεκριμένες εγκεφαλικές περιοχές. Στο τέλος της παρούσας ενότητας παρουσιάζω ευρήματα/ συμπεράσματα από πλήθος ερευνών που αφορούν την λεξική αμφισημία με διαφορετικές μεθόδους για κάθε τύπο άνοιας. Στην τελευταία ενότητα παρουσιάζω τις βασικές υποθέσεις μου πως η χρήση των λεξικών σχέσεων θα μπορεί να αποτελέσει διαγνωστικό εργαλείο στην άνοια. Επίσης παρουσιάζω την κατασκευή και τα αποτελέσματα της πειραματικής διαδικασίας ανάμεσα σε τέσσερα διαφορετικά υποκείμενα (πασχόντων –υγειών) διαφορετικής παθολογίας και σοβαρότητας. Ακολουθεί τέλος το παράρτημα με στοιχεία που αφορούν την διαφοροδιάγνωση της νόσου βάσει αλγορίθμων με τα γνωστικά ελλείμματα όπως παρουσιάζονται από τους φροντιστές των ασθενών αλλά και παθολογικών συμπτωμάτων που παρουσιάζουν, ενώ σε πίνακα υπάρχουν τα γλωσσικά στοιχεία που βοηθούν επίσης στην διαφοροδιάγνωση των κυριότερων τύπων άνοιας και τα αποτελέσματα της πειραματικής διαδικασίας. / It is well known that dementia is associated with memory loss, impaired language skills, lack of autonomy and loss of patients’ independence. The aim of this paper is to highlight the connection between ambiguity and dementia, and to investigate the feasibility of a methodological tool to assess and investigate the linguistic deduction in dementia through the linguistic processing of lexical relations (metaphor-homonymy-metonymy) and present the profile of such patients. In the first section I present general information as well as the linguistic features of the main types of dementia. In this section there is also a report on the diagnostic tools which are widely used to identify the disease. More detailed information about the use of these diagnostic tools is listed in the Annex. At the end of this section there is evidence about the benefits and the importance of early diagnosis. The second section is mainly referred to the mental lexicon and the difficulty patients with probable dementia face in accessing it. Furthermore there is evidence for lexical acquisition, selection and retrieval of information which shows the mental lexicon – ambiguity connection. In the third section I present the phenomenon of ambiguity, starting from the theoretical linguistic view; how the ambiguous words are conquered and processed in relation to age and lead to neural correlation of lexical ambiguity with specific brain regions. At the end of this section I present findings / conclusions of several researches, using different methods, on the lexical ambiguity on each type of dementia. The last section presents my basic assumptions concerning how the use of lexical relations can be a diagnostic tool in dementia. Furthermore, I present the construction and the results of the experimental process between four different subjects (patient-healthy) with different pathology and severity of the disease. Finally, at the annex, I present data on the differential diagnosis of the disease based on algorithms with cognitive deficits reported by caregivers of patients as well as pathology features. Also there is a board with differential linguistic elements which help distinguish the main types of dementia, along with the experimental material used and the results of the procedure.

Cette recherche présente une méthode d'analyse micro-systémique des mots composés thaïs. Le but denotre étude est de trouver une réponse au questionnement suivant « existe-t- il une voie qui permette de traduireautomatiquement les mots thaïs vers le français avec un résultat parfait ? ». Ce travail est divisé en cinqchapitres. La première partie concerne une histoire brève de la traduction automatique dont celle du thaï. Lespoints de vue des autres travaux sont étudiés. Le deuxième chapitre présente les caractéristiques de la langue thaïe qui possède une forme d’écriture typique sans espacement et peut entrainer des difficultés en termes d’ambiguïté dans la traduction. Certaines divergences entre le thaï et le français sont soulignées à l’aide de la théorie micro-systémique du Centre Tesnière. Le troisième chapitre fait l’étude des mots composés thaïs en utilisant une méthode hybride de l’analyse morphosyntaxique et notre système à base de règles conformes à notre modèle d'analyse de données. Le quatrième chapitre met en évidence un contrôle modélisé des unités lexicales codées syntaxiquement et sémantiquement afin d’en définir des algorithmes efficaces. Le dernier chapitre conclut sur les résultats des nouveaux algorithmes par leur informatisation. Sont enfin énoncées les perspectives ouvertes par cette nouvelle recherche. Cette étude est présentée comme un travail fiable à l’élimination des ambiguïtés. Fondée sur une méthode hybride, elle nous a permis d’atteindre notre objectif et de trouver ainsi une voie efficace qui nous autorise à traduire automatiquement les mots thaïs vers le français. Le résultat place cet outil comme l’un des plus accessibles à la recherche internationale où le thaï et le français prennent leurs places de choix / This thesis presents a method of Micro-Systemic Linguistic Analysis of Thai compound words. The aim of our study is to find out: “Is there any method which allows us to translate Thai words into French automatically with a perfect result?” Our work is divided into five chapters as follows : The first chapter concerns a brief a history of machine translation including that of the Thai. Some notable points of view are discussed. The second chapter identifies some essential characteristics of the Thai language such as a non-space writing style resulted in ambiguity in machine translation. Different entities between Thai and French languages are underlined by means of the micro-systematic theory of the Centre Tesnière. The third chapter analyses Thai compound words using a hybrid method involving morpho-syntactic parsing and a rule-based system corresponding to our model of data analysis. The fourth chapter employs a technique of lexical-syntactic and semantic control enabling the definition of efficient algorithms. The final chapter concludes our work with some future perspectives. This study is presented as a reliable approach which enhances the elimination of word ambiguities in machine translation. This hybrid method allows us to reach our objective and to find an effective way to translate Thai to French automatically. The result could be an accessible tool for international research in the Thai and French languages