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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Förebyggande av smärta vid propofolinjektion Jämförelse mellan lidokain och remifentanil

Fagerström, Helena, Magnusson, Mattias January 2009 (has links)
Propofol är ett intravenöst, hypnotiskt och kortverkande läkemedel. En vanlig biverkan (>1:10) och därmed en nackdel med propofol är lokal smärta, som kan uppstå vid den initiala injektionen. Varför smärta uppstår är inte helt klarlagt. Flertalet olika farmakologiska behandlingar, olika doser och kombinationer, alternativa administrationsmetoder och fysiska interventioner har provats för att minska smärtan vid propofolinjektionen. En viktig uppgift för sjuksköterskan är att lindra smärta för patienter. Det är betydelsefullt för alla patienter att inte uppleva smärta och obehag orsakat av vårdrelaterade procedurer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om administrering av lidokain och/eller remifentanil i samband med propofolinjektion kunde minska incidens och intensitet av smärta vid injektionen. En litteraturstudie baserad på tjugoåtta vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultatet visar att lidokain i kombination med remifentanil ger bäst smärtlindring. Dock ses ingen skillnad i injektionssmärta då enbart lidokain eller remifentanil jämförs. Andra faktorer som påverkar injektionssmärtan är anläggande av stas, vilket förstärker den smärtlindrande effekten, men tiden som stasen är applicerad är inte avgörande. Perifer venkateter bör vara placerad i ett så stort kärl som möjligt. Genom användande av dessa kunskaper skulle smärtincidens och -intensitet kunna minskas med idag vanligt förekommande läkemedel inom svensk anestesisjukvård. Därmed kan patienters lidande också lindras.
32

Aspectos clínico-laboratorias e inflamatórios da injeção intraperitoneal de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) em equinos : efeitos da lidocaína /

Peiró, Juliana Regina. January 2002 (has links)
Orientador: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão / Banca: Aureo Evangelista Santana / Banca: Gervásio Henrique Bechara / Banca: Raimundo Souza Lopes / Banca: Fernando de Queiroz Cunha / Resumo: A endotoxemia é a maior causa de mortalidade em eqüinos. O desencadeamento da endotoxemia clínica nos eqüinos é freqüente em decorrência da elevada sensibilidade desta espécie aos lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) da membrana externa de bactérias Gram-negativas liberados para a circulação durante o processo de choque séptico. Em resposta a esta agressão, o organismo libera substâncias pró-inflamatórias, as citocinas, na corrente circulatória. Dentre estas, o fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) tem sido implicado como a principal citocina no desencadeamento do quadro endotoxêmico dos eqüinos, sendo encontrados níveis elevados desta citocina, tanto séricos como peritoneais, em eqüinos com cólica. Os anestésicos locais, com o grupamento amídico em sua estrutura molecular, têm exibido ação inibitória sobre a resposta inflamatória por bloqueio da resposta funcional da atividade dos polimorfonucleares na liberação das citocinas. A lidocaína tem sido utilizada com sucesso, como anestésico local, na prevenção da vasoconstrição mesentérica durante o choque endotóxico em cães, assegurando proteção a esta agressão e demonstrando ser efetiva no tratamento de processos inflamatórios localizados no intestino delgado quando aplicada topicamente na serosa, ou na forma de "bolus" seguida de infusão contínua para o tratamento do ileus adinâmico. O principal objetivo deste ensaio foi estudar os efeitos da infusão contínua de lidocaína, sobre a resposta clínica, laboratorial e na resposta inflamatória, avaliados através da produção do TNF alfa, antes e após a injeção intraperitoneal de LPS em eqüinos, e avaliar a segurança desta dose de lidocaína neste modelo experimental. Com base nos achados clínicos e laboratoriais deste estudo, concluiu-se que a utilização da lidocaína após a administração do LPS foi mais efetiva na inibição da produção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Endotoxemia is the major cause of mortality in horses. The onset of signs of endotoxemia in horses occurs frequently due to their sensitivity to the release of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the outer membranes of gram negative bacteria during the septic shock. In response, the host releases proinflammatory cytokines into the bloodstream. Tumor necrosis factor-a is an important cytokine released during the onset of endotoxemia and increased levels of TNF can be found in peritoneal fluid as in serum of colicky horses. Amide local anaesthetics have shown to inhibit polymorphonuclear release of cytokines. Lidocaine has also been shown to be an effective method for treating small intestine inflammatory conditions when injected as an intravenous "bolus" followed by continuous infusion or acting as a prokinetic drug during postoperative ileus. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of lidocaine continuous infusion on clinical, laboratory responses and inflammatory response, in terms of TNF-alpha activity, before and after intraperitoneal injection of lypopolisaccharides in horses. Based on the clinical and laboratory findings in this study, we concluded that lidocaine administered after LPS was more effective in inhibiting TNF-alpha activity, although it was not able to avoid the increasing of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal fluid. / Doutor
33

Forebrain mechanisms of pain and analgesia : effects of local anaesthetic and NMDA antagonist microinjections on persistent pain

McKenna, John E. (John Erwin) January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
34

Förebyggande av smärta vid propofolinjektion Jämförelse mellan lidokain och remifentanil

Fagerström, Helena, Magnusson, Mattias January 2009 (has links)
<p>Propofol är ett intravenöst, hypnotiskt och kortverkande läkemedel. En vanlig biverkan (>1:10) och därmed en nackdel med propofol är lokal smärta, som kan uppstå vid den initiala injektionen. Varför smärta uppstår är inte helt klarlagt. Flertalet olika farmakologiska behandlingar, olika doser och kombinationer, alternativa administrationsmetoder och fysiska interventioner har provats för att minska smärtan vid propofolinjektionen. En viktig uppgift för sjuksköterskan är att lindra smärta för patienter. Det är betydelsefullt för alla patienter att inte uppleva smärta och obehag orsakat av vårdrelaterade procedurer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om administrering av lidokain och/eller remifentanil i samband med propofolinjektion kunde minska incidens och intensitet av smärta vid injektionen. En litteraturstudie baserad på tjugoåtta vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Resultatet visar att lidokain i </p><p>kombination med remifentanil ger bäst smärtlindring. Dock ses ingen skillnad i injektionssmärta då enbart lidokain eller remifentanil jämförs. Andra faktorer som påverkar injektionssmärtan är anläggande av stas, vilket förstärker den smärtlindrande effekten, men tiden som stasen är applicerad är inte avgörande. Perifer venkateter bör vara placerad i ett så stort kärl som möjligt. Genom användande av dessa kunskaper skulle smärtincidens och -intensitet kunna minskas med idag vanligt förekommande läkemedel inom svensk anestesisjukvård. Därmed kan patienters lidande också lindras.</p>
35

Pheroid technology for the transdermal delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine / Lorraine Kruger

Kruger, Lorraine January 2008 (has links)
Local anaesthetics have been implemented extensively in the case of a variety of painful superficial procedures, venipuncture, skin graft harvesting, anal or genital pruritus, poison ivy rashes, postherpetic neuralgia and several other dermatoses. The dilemma with commercially available local acting anaesthetics is that it may take well up to an hour to produce an anaesthetic effect. Anaesthetics have to traverse the highly efficient barrier, the stratum corneum, in order to reach the intended target site which is the free nerve endings located in the dermis. The objective of this study was to compare the transdermal delivery of an eutectic combination of two ionisable amide types of local anaesthetics, lidocaine HCI and prilocaine HCI, delivered with the novel Pheroid™ technology to that of a commercially available product in order to establish whether the lag time could be significantly reduced. Several techniques of promoting the penetration of these anaesthetics have previously been employed, including occlusive dressing, entrapment in liposomes and miscelles, iontophoretic delivery and so forth. The Pheroid™ delivery system is novel technology that entails improved delivery of several active compounds. It is a submicron emulsion type formulation that possesses the ability to be transformed in morphology and size, thereby affording it tremendous flexibility. Since it primarily consists of unsaturated essential fatty acids, it is not seen as foreign to the body but rather as a skin-friendly carrier. Vertical Franz cell diffusion studies were performed over a 12 hour period using Caucasian female abdominal skin obtained, with the consent of the donor, from abdominoplastic surgery. Comparison was made between the commercial product EMLA® cream, the active local anaesthetics dissolved in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) and the active ingredients entrapped within Pheroid™ vesicles. Distinct entrapment could be ascertained visually by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The amount of drug that traversed the epidermal membrane into the receptor phase was then assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained with the Pheroid™ vesicles revealed a biphasic character with rapid permeation during the first two hours, followed by a plateau between 3 to 12 hours. The initial dramatic increase in percentage yield and flux indicates that the Pheroid™ carrier enhances the transdermal delivery of the actives in order to accelerate the onset of action. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
36

Pheroid technology for the transdermal delivery of lidocaine and prilocaine / Lorraine Kruger

Kruger, Lorraine January 2008 (has links)
Local anaesthetics have been implemented extensively in the case of a variety of painful superficial procedures, venipuncture, skin graft harvesting, anal or genital pruritus, poison ivy rashes, postherpetic neuralgia and several other dermatoses. The dilemma with commercially available local acting anaesthetics is that it may take well up to an hour to produce an anaesthetic effect. Anaesthetics have to traverse the highly efficient barrier, the stratum corneum, in order to reach the intended target site which is the free nerve endings located in the dermis. The objective of this study was to compare the transdermal delivery of an eutectic combination of two ionisable amide types of local anaesthetics, lidocaine HCI and prilocaine HCI, delivered with the novel Pheroid™ technology to that of a commercially available product in order to establish whether the lag time could be significantly reduced. Several techniques of promoting the penetration of these anaesthetics have previously been employed, including occlusive dressing, entrapment in liposomes and miscelles, iontophoretic delivery and so forth. The Pheroid™ delivery system is novel technology that entails improved delivery of several active compounds. It is a submicron emulsion type formulation that possesses the ability to be transformed in morphology and size, thereby affording it tremendous flexibility. Since it primarily consists of unsaturated essential fatty acids, it is not seen as foreign to the body but rather as a skin-friendly carrier. Vertical Franz cell diffusion studies were performed over a 12 hour period using Caucasian female abdominal skin obtained, with the consent of the donor, from abdominoplastic surgery. Comparison was made between the commercial product EMLA® cream, the active local anaesthetics dissolved in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) and the active ingredients entrapped within Pheroid™ vesicles. Distinct entrapment could be ascertained visually by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The amount of drug that traversed the epidermal membrane into the receptor phase was then assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained with the Pheroid™ vesicles revealed a biphasic character with rapid permeation during the first two hours, followed by a plateau between 3 to 12 hours. The initial dramatic increase in percentage yield and flux indicates that the Pheroid™ carrier enhances the transdermal delivery of the actives in order to accelerate the onset of action. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
37

Forebrain mechanisms of pain and analgesia : effects of local anaesthetic and NMDA antagonist microinjections on persistent pain

McKenna, John E. (John Erwin) January 1996 (has links)
This series of experiments examined the neural mechanisms of analgesia caused by local anaesthetic blockade or selective blockade of N-methyl- scD-aspartate (NMDA) receptors at sites in the rat forebrain. Microinjections of the local anaesthetic lidocaine were made into the medial or lateral thalamic nuclei. The results indicate that the medial thalamic nuclei mediate the expression of pain behavior after peripheral injury, whereas the lateral thalamic nuclei influence phasic withdrawal responses, but are not critical for injury-induced pain responses. Electrolytic lesions made in the lateral thalamus verified this latter finding. Intracranial microinjections of the NMDA antagonist AP5 were used to determine if NMDA receptors in the forebrain participate in pain-related central processing. The intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the striatum and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation were indicated as forebrain sites where antagonism of NMDA-sensitive neural mechanisms significantly reduced the expression of pain-related behavior in the formalin test.
38

Anestesia loco-regional para tratamento odontológico em pacientes cardiopatas: estudo comparativo entre lidocaína 2% sem adrenalina e lidocaína 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000 / Loco-regional anesthesia for cardiac patients odontologic treatment: comparative study between plain lidocaine 2% and lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100.000

Alessandra Batistela Laragnoit 29 May 2006 (has links)
Introdução: Este estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego investigou, em valvopatas, alterações hemodinâmicas durante o tratamento odontológico com o uso do anestésico local contendo adrenalina e sem a mesma. Métodos: O estudo foi conduzido na Unidade de Odontologia do Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil 2004-2005). Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos através de tabela de números aleatórios: LSA (lidocaína a 2% sem adrenalina, n= 31, 42.2 ± 10.3 anos) e LCA (lidocaína a 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000, n= 28, 40.3 ± 10.9 anos). O volume anestésico foi registrado. Um monitor multiparamétrico DIXTAL (São Paulo- Brasil) registrou os valores da pressão arterial sistêmica, freqüência cardíaca, saturação de oxigênio e traçado eletrocardiográfico. Registrou-se também o volume anestésico aplicado em cada procedimento realizado. Resultados: 22 homens e 37 mulheres foram incluídos. Valores da pressão arterial sistêmica, freqüência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio, antes, durante e após administração da anestesia local não mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre os dois grupos (P > 0.05). Arritmias observadas em alguns pacientes antes do início do tratamento odontológico não sofreram alterações de morfologia ou gravidade após injeção anestésica. Relatos de dor durante a realização do procedimento odontológico foram mais freqüentes no grupo LSA com conseqüente aumento no volume de anestésico local administrado. Conclusão: lidocaína 2% com adrenalina 1:100.000 mostrou maior eficácia anestésica em comparação com a lidocaína 2% sem adrenalina sem causar alterações hemodinâmicas em pacientes portadores de valvopatias. / Introduction: This prospective, randomized double-blinded study investigated hemodynamic changes in valvular cardiac patients during dental treatment with the use of a local anesthesia containing epinephrine. Methods: The study was conducted in the Dental Department of the Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil 2004- 2005). Patients were allocated into two groups through an aleatory numbered table: PL (plain 2% lidocaine, n= 31) and LE (2% lidocaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine, n= 28). The anesthetic amount was registered. DIXTAL monitor (São Paulo- Brazil) captured blood pressure, heart rate, oxygenation and electrocardiogram records. Results: 22 men and 37 women were included (LE age 40.3 ± 10.9 and PL age 42.2 ± 10.3). Blood pressure, heart rate and pulse oximetry values before, during and after local anesthesia injection did not show any difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Any arrhythmias observed in some patients prior to dental anesthesia did not suffer alterations of shape or gravity after it. Complains of pain during dental procedure were more often in the PL group with a higher amount of local anesthesia needed. Conclusion: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100.000 showed a superior anesthetic efficiency without leading to hemodynamics changes in patients with cardiac valvular compromise.
39

Avaliação de protocolos de esvaziamento gástrico para exame gastroscópico em equinos / Evaluation of gastric emptying protocols for gastroscopic examination in horses

Priscila Mattar Atallah 27 July 2012 (has links)
O jejum prolongado, utilizado como preparação para a gastroscopia em equinos, não proporciona um completo esvaziamento gástrico. Para avaliar a eficácia da lavagem gástrica e de três procinéticos na preparação para o exame gastroscópico, foram utilizados seis equinos adultos, sem alterações clínicas, que passaram por quatro horas de jejum e quatro protocolos: G1- lavagem gástrica; G2- betanecol (0,04mg/kg VO); G3- metoclopramida (0,12mg/kg SC) e G4- lidocaína (1,3mg/kg IV). Após a lavagem ou administração de uma das medicações (duas horas após o betanecol ou uma hora após as demais) foi realizada a gastroscopia. As avaliações foram feitas por um profissional que conhecia o grupo experimental dos equinos (P1) e outro que desconhecia a informação (P2), sem diferença estatística entre suas avaliações. Em todos os exames foi observado conteúdo gástrico, com predominância de conteúdo líquido no G1 e de sólido a misto nos demais. Para o P1, a média de visualização da mucosa aglandular foi 95,0±0,0% no G1, 74,1±17,4% no G2, 88,3±4,0% no G3 e 90,0±6,3% no G4, com diferença estatística entre G1 e G2 e entre G2 e G4. Para a mucosa glandular, a média de visualização foi de 45,8±8,6% no G1, 29,1±10,6% no G2, 31,6±10,3% no G3 e 34,1±9,1% no G4, com diferença estatística entre G1 e G2. Na classificação geral, o melhor exame foi o do G1 e o pior o do G2. Conclui-se que a lavagem gástrica pode ser usada como preparação para o exame gastroscópico em equinos. De acordo com o protocolo testado, o betanecol é o menos indicado para esta finalidade. Embora sejam necessários mais estudos, o uso de procinéticos antes do exame gastroscópico em equinos mostra-se promissor, com resultados semelhantes aos observados com períodos de jejum mais prolongados. / Prolonged fasting in horses (12 - 24 hours), as a preparation for gastroscopy, does not permit complete gastric emptying. Six healthy adult horses were used to evaluate the efficacy of gastric lavage and the use of three prokinetics. Horses with held from feed for four hours were submitted to four protocols: G1 - gastric lavage; G2 - bethanechol (0,04mg/kg PO); G3 - metoclopramide (0,12mg/kg SC) and G4 - lidocaine (1,3mg/kg IV). Gastroscopy was performed: immediately (G1); two hours following admnistration (G2); one hour following administration (G3 and G4). To reduce bias gastric examination was conducted by two professionals: the first (P1), aware of the protocol and the second (P2) was kept blind. No significant difference was seen between them. Gastric content was predominantly liquid in G1 and solid or mixed in the other three groups. The average observation of the aglandular mucosa of P1 was: 95,0±0,0% for G1, 74,1±17,4% for G2, 88,3±4,0% for G3 and 90,0±6,3% for G4. Significant difference was observed between G1 and G2 and between G2 and G4. Observation of the glandular mucosa was: 45,8±8,6% for G1, 29,1±10,6% for G2, 31,6±10,3% for G3 and 34,1±9,1% for G4. Groups G1 and G2 were significantly different. Considering all classification criteria, G1 and G2 protocols permitted respectively the best and worst evaluations. It was concluded that gastric lavage is indicated for preparing horses for gastroscopy, the bethanechol protocol here tested is the least indicated. Although more studies are necessary, the use of prokinectics prior to gastroscopy in horses seems promising, producing results similar to those observed in long fasting periods.
40

Avaliação do emprego epidural de morfina ou morfina-fentanil, associados à lidocaína, em cães / Evaluation of the use of epidural morphine or morphine-fentanyl, associates to lidocaine, in dogs

Lourenço Candido Cótes 28 January 2011 (has links)
Os opióides de curta duração e de alta potencia analgésica, como o fentanil, embora amplamente utilizados em cães, ainda são pouco empregados pela via epidural nesta espécie. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação do anestésico local lidocaína à morfina ou à combinação morfina-fentanil, pela via epidural. Foram analisados os efeitos cardiovasculares, respiratórios bem como a analgesia pós-operatória, em cães submetidos a cirurgia de joelho. Para tanto, 24 animais da espécie canina foram aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos. Todos os animais receberam acepromazina (0,05 mg/kg), foram induzidos com propofol (5 mg/kg) e mantidos em anestesia inalatória. Os animais do GRUPO I foram tratados com lidocaína (5mg/kg) associada a morfina (0,1mg/kg) e os animais do GRUPO II receberam, pela via epidural, a combinação lidocaína-morfina-fentanil, sendo este último na dose de 2&micro;/kg. Parâmetros como frequência cardíaca, respiratória, pressão arterial (sistólica, média e diastólica) foram mensurados, bem como pH e gases sanguíneos. Para a avaliação da analgesia foram utilizadas a escala Analógica-visual (EAV), a escala proposta por Lascelles, 1994 e a termoalgimetria. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para posterior dosagem de cortisol e Interleucina-06. O período de avaliação imediata foi de 06 horas após a cirurgia, sendo os animais reavaliados no período de 24 horas após o procedimento. No tocante aos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios os grupos se comportaram de maneira muito semelhante. Entretanto, pode-se observar que os animais tratados com a combinação lidocaína-fentanil-morfina apresentaram menor escore de dor quando avaliados pelas escalas do estudo no período pós-operatório. De fato verificou-se diferença significativa nos escores da EAV (p &lt;0,05) nos tempos T180 e T360; na escala de Lascelles obteve-se diferença estatística nos tempos T180, T360 e T24h e na termoalgimetria houve diferença estatística nos tempos T180, T360 e T24h. A analgesia de resgate foi necessária em 3 animais do Grupo II, enquanto no Grupo I a necessidade desta medicação foi observada em 6 animais. Pode-se concluir, com os resultados obtidos, que a associação do fentanil no protocolo de anestesia epidural, promoveu adequada analgesia perioperatória, além de produzir um efeito sinérgico-residual, o que melhorou a analgesia pós-operatória, diminuindo a necessidade de analgesia de resgate. / Short duration opioids and high potency analgesics such as fentanyl, although widely used in dogs are seldom used for epidural anesthesia in this species. This study aimed to evaluate the association of lidocaine with morphine or morphine-fentanyl combination, epidurally. 24 dogs were randomly divided into two groups. All animals received acepromazine intramuscularlly (0.05 mg / kg), were induced with propofol (5 mg / kg) and maintained under inhalation anesthesia. The animals in group I were treated with lidocaine (5 mg / kg) combined with morphine (0.1 mg / kg) epidurally and the animals of group II received epidurally, the combination lidocaine-morphine-fentanyl, the latter at the dose of 2&micro;/kg. Parameters such as heart and respiratory rate, blood pressure (systolic, mean and diastolic), blood gases and pH were measured. For the assessment of analgesia were used visual-analogue scale (VAS), the scale proposed by Lascelles and thermoalgimetry. Blood samples were collected for later determination of cortisol and interleukin-06. The evaluation period was 06 hours after surgery, the animals were re-evaluated within 24 hours after the procedure. Except the cardiorespiratory parameters, the groups were similarly. However, was observed that animals treated with the combination lidocaine-fentanyl-morphine had lower pain scores in the postoperative period. In fact there were significant differences in VAS scores (p &lt;0.05) at times T180 and T360; in Lascelles scores at times T180, T360 and T24h and there were no statistical diferences in thermoalgimetry at times T180, T360 and T24h. The rescue analgesia was required in three animals in Group II, and six animals in Group I. It can be concluded that the combination of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia protocol, promoted adequate perioperative analgesia, producing synergistic and residual effects, which improved postoperative analgesia.

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