The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the life imprisonment and answer basic questions related to issue of this criminal sanction. It is necessary to study the life imprisonment from the perspective of the criminal law, but in the light of psychological and social aspects that are connected with the long-term imprisonment. The thesis is composed of six main chapters, which are divided into different subchapters. Each of these chapters is dedicated to several aspects of life imprisonment and this work is trying to give a global view of the life imprisonment. The Introduction is followed by Chapter One which defines the term and purpose of the punishment. This Chapter presents the history of the evolution of the punishment. This work describes development of the concept of the punishment from retribution and frighten to the modern comprehension that respects human rights and liberties. The work is pointing out the example of the remarkable Italian scientist Cesare Beccaria, who came with the modern comprehension of the punishment in the era of the Enlightenment. However, the modern view prevailed not earlier than in the 19th century. The Chapter One also explains the system of the punishment. The Chapter Two examines the death penalty. The death penalty is a sanction that must be compared with the...

The topic of this thesis is the issue of the life imprisonment and the main aim is to analyze this punishment in Czech legal environment and to point the possible improvements that could be done in this legal area. Since this kind of punishment has been involved in Czech system of punishments for only 24 years now, it gives enough space for its study and that is why I chose it as the topic of my thesis. This thesis consists of six main chapters. In the first one my task was to enlighten the meaning of the basic terms which are necessary to apprehend in order to be able to understand the problematic of punishments in general. Other half of this chapter is dedicated to the evolution of understanding the term "punishment" itself and the main opinions of the prominent philosophers such as Cesare Beccaria, Ch.L.Montesquieu, J. Locke and others. Second chapter describes the history of the highest penalty and criminal law in general in Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic in the years 1918 - 2009. In this period of time the significant historical events influenced the Czech law, especially the creation of independent Czechoslovak republic, the period of World War II, consequential rise of communism and its fall more than 50 years later..All of these events had main significance for the journey to death...

ISSUE OF THE LIFE IMPRISONMENT SUMMARY The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyse the issue of life incarceration and some of the matters, which are related to this kind of punishment. I have decided to choose this topic because I have always been interested in the question of how society should punish the most serious crimes. Moreover, this punishment was introduced into the Czech legal framework not that long time ago, so in my opinion, there is still much space for its improvement. The life incarceration, which is the severest punishment possible within the Czech legal frame-work can be imposed by court only in the cases of the most serious crimes such as aggravated murder, terrorist attack or high treason. It was implemented in 1990 by the Criminal Code Amendment Act, which abolished the death penalty and replaced it with the life sentence. This thesis is divided into seven main chapters. The first part defines the basic terms, also it explains the purpose of punishment and deals with the system of punishments available according to our Criminal Code. Next chapter shows us briefly the evolution of punishments, especially of the life imprisonment, from the oldest civilizations up to the present. The third and fourth part are the core parts of this thesis, because they concern with the actual...

The main theme of my thesis is institution of extraordinary punishment and the way how it is comprehended by Czech law. While imprisonment for life can be imposed in almost all European countries and this punishment isn't systematicaly excluded from criminal codes, the Czech conception is different. Czech law not only states which crimes are punishable by imprisonment for life but also that said crimes must fulfil legal conditions which characterize offender's motivations, means of execution and consequences of said criminal offence. These legal conditions, that are part of czech law since 1961, are in the center of interest of my thesis in spite of the fact that in the past it was embodied by death penalty which is unallowable for today's standarts. Other possibilities of imposing imprisonment for longer period than legally determined are also mentioned together with the strictest ways of criminal law punishments of legal persons or persons that are less than 18 years old. Other aims of this thesis are exploring of extraordinary punishment history (in terms of both death penalty and imprisonment) and comparation with current legal order. Domestic legal adaptation is evaluated from international and constitutional point of view, since life imprisonment can be rated as inadmissible by European...

The submitted work, as follows from its title, is concerned with criminal recidivism, in the first part primarily from a criminological perspective, while the second part of the work then deals particularly with the perspective of criminal law. As there has been a tendency to neglect recidivism in the professional literature in recent years, this work attempts to provide an overall summary of the subject of criminal recidivism while endeavouring to mention the most important aspects that are closely related to recidivism. Consequently, the introductory part of the work is devoted to a general delimitation of criminal recidivism and its various forms. The work attempts to make a basic excursion into this subject area while simultaneously endeavouring to evaluate the effectiveness of the commonest approaches employed in connection with criminal recidivism, primarily in relation to the current legislation in this country and abroad. In the context of foreign legislation and especially of the application of life sentences in the most serious cases of recidivism in some countries (including the former legislation in the Czech Republic) as obligatory punishment, considerable space is devoted here to the "three strikes law", which is applied primarily in the U.S.A. and, recently, also by our Slovak...

<p> </p><p>Syftet med denna studie var att genomföra fördjupade reflektioner kring två fall i psykoterapi. Studien gjordes som praktikforskare och från min erfarenhet som psykoterapeut och existentiell terapeut. Mina teoretiska perspektiv i studien söktes inom den psykoanalytiska - dynamiska terapiinriktningen, samt från existentiell filosofi och existentiell terapi. Studien utformades från att se livsvärlden från två förhållningssätt, i) fenomenologiskt – hermeneuistiskt och ii) existentiellt med de fysiska, sociala, personliga och ideala dimensionerna. Studiens empiriska material hämtades dels från min tidigare uppsats och dels från en universitetsutbildning i existentiell filosofi och - terapi.</p><p>De resultat som framkommit kan tydas så att de olika perspektiven och förhållningssätten påtag-ligt har befruktat varandra och gett en fördjupad kunskap om de två fallen. Resultaten visar även att de vidgade reflektionerna har tillvaratagit olika infallsvinklar och sannolika möjligheter till en djupare förståelse kring fallen och att vara-i-världen. De olika perspektiven har resulterat i psyko-terapeutisk fördjupning t.ex. kring studiens underliggande kontext om livets mening. Praktik-forskning kring existentiella dimensioner och djupare reflektioner av fallstudier kan ge utökade möjligheter till dynamisk psykoterapi, samt mer adekvat peka mot psykoterapins fortsatta behov av utveckling.</p> / <p> </p><p>The aim of this study was to conduct in-depth reflections on two case of psychotherapeutic practice. The project was done as action researcher and from my experience as a psychotherapist and existential therapist. The two perspectives in the study were sought in the psychoanalytic - dynamic therapy orientation, and from existential philosophy and existential therapy. The study was designed to see the life world of two approaches, i) phenomenological – hermeneutic and ii) existential with physical, social, personal and ideal dimensions. The cases came from my earlier study and from a university course in existential therapy.</p><p>The results obtained can be understood so that the different perspectives and approaches have significantly fertilized each other and provided detailed knowledge on two cases. The broader reflections resulted in approaches and opportunities for a deeper understanding of cases and to being-in-the-world. The approaches have resulted in deepening such psychotherapeutic around the study of the underlying context for the meaning of life. The development of existential dimensions and deeper reflections of the case studies can provide expanded opportunities for dynamic psychotherapy, as well as more appropriate means for psychotherapy need of development.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att genomföra fördjupade reflektioner kring två fall i psykoterapi. Studien gjordes som praktikforskare och från min erfarenhet som psykoterapeut och existentiell terapeut. Mina teoretiska perspektiv i studien söktes inom den psykoanalytiska - dynamiska terapiinriktningen, samt från existentiell filosofi och existentiell terapi. Studien utformades från att se livsvärlden från två förhållningssätt, i) fenomenologiskt – hermeneuistiskt och ii) existentiellt med de fysiska, sociala, personliga och ideala dimensionerna. Studiens empiriska material hämtades dels från min tidigare uppsats och dels från en universitetsutbildning i existentiell filosofi och - terapi. De resultat som framkommit kan tydas så att de olika perspektiven och förhållningssätten påtag-ligt har befruktat varandra och gett en fördjupad kunskap om de två fallen. Resultaten visar även att de vidgade reflektionerna har tillvaratagit olika infallsvinklar och sannolika möjligheter till en djupare förståelse kring fallen och att vara-i-världen. De olika perspektiven har resulterat i psyko-terapeutisk fördjupning t.ex. kring studiens underliggande kontext om livets mening. Praktik-forskning kring existentiella dimensioner och djupare reflektioner av fallstudier kan ge utökade möjligheter till dynamisk psykoterapi, samt mer adekvat peka mot psykoterapins fortsatta behov av utveckling. / The aim of this study was to conduct in-depth reflections on two case of psychotherapeutic practice. The project was done as action researcher and from my experience as a psychotherapist and existential therapist. The two perspectives in the study were sought in the psychoanalytic - dynamic therapy orientation, and from existential philosophy and existential therapy. The study was designed to see the life world of two approaches, i) phenomenological – hermeneutic and ii) existential with physical, social, personal and ideal dimensions. The cases came from my earlier study and from a university course in existential therapy. The results obtained can be understood so that the different perspectives and approaches have significantly fertilized each other and provided detailed knowledge on two cases. The broader reflections resulted in approaches and opportunities for a deeper understanding of cases and to being-in-the-world. The approaches have resulted in deepening such psychotherapeutic around the study of the underlying context for the meaning of life. The development of existential dimensions and deeper reflections of the case studies can provide expanded opportunities for dynamic psychotherapy, as well as more appropriate means for psychotherapy need of development.

La présente étude explore la trajectoire de vie d’un détenu condamné à une peine à perpétuité qui bénéficie d’une libération conditionnelle totale afin d’identifier laquelle ou lesquelles des cinq grandes conceptualisations théoriques du désistement criminel permettent le mieux d’expliquer sa trajectoire de désistement. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une méthodologie qualitative de type exploratoire a été privilégiée. Un homme purgeant une peine à perpétuité dans la collectivité a été rencontré en contexte d’entretiens afin de restituer en profondeur son histoire de vie et cerner, à la lumière des théories recensées, les concepts applicables à son désistement criminel. Une série de neuf entretiens d’environ une heure et demie a été réalisée. Le récit de vie de monsieur P est présenté et analysé pour illustrer l’applicabilité des principales conceptualisations théoriques du désistement criminel qui ont été recensées dans le présent mémoire. L’analyse des données recueillies a permis de faire ressortir l’importance de considérer le concept identitaire dans le processus de désistement et le changement psychologique qui l’accompagne. La discussion aborde quelques pistes d’interventions susceptibles de soutenir le travail des membres du personnel qui œuvrent auprès des délinquants qui purgent de longues peines. Celles-ci prennent en compte les défis posés par la clientèle particulière des détenus à perpétuité et cherchent à maximiser leur réintégration sociale lors de leur mise en liberté. / This research explores the life trajectory of an offender serving a life sentence in the community after having been granted a full parole. The goal of this research is to identify which of the five main theoretical concepts, explaining the cessation of criminal behavior, best indicates what led him to cease his criminal behavior. To reach this objective, an exploratory qualitative research was preferred. A man serving a life sentence in the community was interviewed on numerous occasions. These interviews were aimed at getting the utmost account of his life story and then, by integrating the appropriate theories in the research process, selecting the concepts that best explained the cessation of his criminal behavior. A series of nine interviews, each one lasting approximately an hour and a half, were conducted. For the purpose of this memoir, the life story of Mr. P is presented and analyzed so has to illustrate the application of the main theoretical concepts linked to the cessation of criminal behavior. By analyzing the data collected, the importance of considering the identity concept in the cessation of criminal behavior was noted just as the psychological change that comes with it. The discussion also addresses certain intervention strategies that are likely to offer an improved support for people working with offenders serving long sentences. These interventions take into account the challenges that arise when working with this type of clientele and they aim at maximizing the social reinsertion potential of these individuals upon release.