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Due to the fast development of IT, quick change of market demand and collaboration in business operation between companies, departments, and individuals, the concept of collaborative commerce has drawn much attention gradually. However, the tools of collaborative commerce used in the past, just like PDM and CPD, are merely used for control in a single stage; despite functions of data management and collaborative design are more capable of doing cross-function work. New PLM solutions can recover the disadvantages of past collaborative commerce tools in the new product development process, make the RD control link from spot to line, in order to control process effectively, establish operation standard, and accumulate experiences of new product design and manufacture. During the process of implementing IT, although not perfect in the beginning, enterprises will find the problems out only when users apply IT and find some problems which don¡¦t be found before implementing IT. It is just the purpose of enterprises to take advantage of implementing IT to review business processes. Technology and organization should make an adaptation in order to solve these problems and the key way to judge the IT to be successful or fail is to see whether IT and organization make a good adaptation. There are few successful cases applying PLM solution to support new product development process in Taiwan; moreover, manufacturing industry is the most representative of industries in Taiwan. For this reason, manufacturing enterprises which have implemented PLM solution and succeeded in closing the case are chosen for case studies, and based on adaptive structuration perspective to research the adaptation done by three structures of technology, organization, and task after PLM solutions are implemented into enterprises. Through this research to find that the adaptation degree is different in the interaction and appropriation between technology, organization, and task. Discrepancy events will also produced in the adaptation process. The key factors to decide whether enterprises take advantage of implementing IS to get advantage are the degree of solving discrepancy events by enterprises. In order to make enterprises get more competitive advantages through implementing PLM solution, the manager should realize more deeply that what changes are result from IT implemented in enterprises and what reason to make this change, so as to know well what advantages PLM solution make.

The development of Information Technology is, according to the Swedish Government, the most important area of development. The costs of IT in governmental agencies are somewhere in between 20 to 25 billion SEK, paid by taxpayers and one of the largest cost items in the Swedish governments resources. Despite this, every third Swedish governmental agency lacks an IT-strategy and is unable to meet needs for flexibility and control. The study aims to reveal barriers that prevent an active application lifecycle management (ALM) at Swedish governmental agencies and to answer the question: “How do Swedish authorities handle their proprietary applications from a lifecycle perspective; financially and technically?” The case study will be conducted at the Social Insurance Agency (SIA). The SIA distributed, in 2010, about 6 % of the Swedish GDP and is mainly funded by grants and loans from the Swedish National Debt Office. The survey will be studied from a management accounting and ALM perspective. Management accounting is the actions within organizations to achieve financial goals. ALM is the lifecycle of an application that consists of the phases; requirements specification, development, testing, deployment and maintenance. The study will also investigate the technical debt at the governmental agencies. Technical debt refers to the work which has to be completed before an application can be considered finished. The survey is a qualitative study based on interviews with an exploratory purpose. The results are generalised to reflect a greater part of the Swedish authorities and showed that Swedish governmental agencies have inadequate handling of their proprietary applications and that each application is financially linked to one or more projects simultaneously. The models made are to facilitate the understanding of the different stages of ALM in synergy with the management accounting. Theoretically, the Maintenance phase allocates approximately 90 % of the total costs, whereas in governmental agenises it stands for about 20 %. Theoretically 10 % of the total costs are allocated to the Development phase, whereas in governmental agencies the corresponding amount is 80 %. A consequence of this is increased technical debt. The technical debt at Swedish authorities is often funded with loans, which is not allowed according to the Swedish National Debt Office. The SIA exceed budgets without asking for increased funds and according to the Swedish Audit Office, so does also 1/3 of the Swedish governmental agencies, meaning that they must handle the financial complications internally by moving funds amongst different departments and projects, also spending money meant for development on maintenance. Future studies can be made as investigations on how management accounting and ALM can be implemented on a safe and effective manner in a governmental agency.

Os sistemas de Gestão do Ciclo de Vida do Produto (Product Lifeclycle Management – PLM), apesar de serem de suma importância no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) para que as empresas enfrentem as novas condições de sobrevivência no mercado atual, ainda não são plenamente conhecidos. Além disso, existem poucos trabalhos científicos relacionados à implantação deste tipo de sistemas durante o Processo de Desenvolvimento de um novo produto na empresa. Neste trabalho, realizou-se a análise da implantação de um sistema PLM no PDP de uma empresa de tecnologia através de: (i) levantamento do estado da arte sobre sistemas PLM, segundo a literatura, incluindo a apresentação dos modelos de referência e a integração das informações neste tipo de sistemas; (ii) comparativo entre as funções e tecnologias de sistemas de gestão do ciclo de vida do produto encontrados na bibliografia com os de um caso de implantação real e (iii) levantamento de quais funcionalidades e tecnologias presentes na implantação real de um sistema PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) suprem os requisitos de gestão do ciclo de vida do produto na empresa, para caracterizar um projeto de implantação real de um sistema PLM no PDP de uma empresa de tecnologia. / The Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Systems, although being a imperative request to allow companies to develop new products, facing the new survival conditions in the current market, are not very well-known. Besides that, there are few scientific works related to the implementation of this kind of system and its usage in a Product Development environment. The objectives of this work are: (i) to rise, according with the bibliography, the state of the art of PLM systems, (ii) to rise, according to the bibliography, the functionalities and technologies requirements of a PLM system in a Product Development Process (PDP) environment and to compare those requirements with a real implementation case and (iii) to rise which funcionalities and technologies of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) systems supply the founded needs to characterize a project of a real PLM system implementation in a Product Development Process environment.

Engenharia de domínio (do inglês: DE - Domain Engineering) é uma proposta surgida no âmbito da Engenharia de Software e que visa o aumento do reuso no desenvolvimento de sistemas, buscando uma redução dos custos e do tempo de desenvolvimento. A aplicação desta técnica em sistemas de automação industrial (produtos e plantas industriais) – os quais incluem múltiplas disciplinas (sistemas mecânicos, elétricos, pneumáticos, entre outros), diferentemente da engenharia de Software que trata basicamente do reuso de artefatos de Software – vem despertando o interesse de algumas instituições de pesquisa, como o IAS (Instituto de Automação Industrial e Engenharia de Software da Universidade de Stuttgart), e será abordada neste trabalho. A engenharia de plantas industriais é crescentemente realizada nas chamadas ferramentas de gerenciamento de ciclo de vida de plantas PLM (Plant ou "Production Lifecycle Management"), que se originou do conceito de "Product Lifecycle Management", cuja sigla também é PLM. A idéia destas ferramentas é o gerenciamento de ativos não somente durante o processo de engenharia, mas também durante a operação e manutenção até o descomissionamento das plantas. Muitas destas ferramentas PLM englobam o paradigma de orientação a objetos da Engenharia de Software, e baseadas neste paradigma, abordam a integração de dados entre os artefatos das várias disciplinas. Este trabalho apresenta o conceito de um artefato técnico reutilizável multidisciplinar, que foi a base para a elaboração de uma metodologia de engenharia de Domínio adaptada a ferramentas PLM, que se baseiam no paradigma de orientação a objetos. A metodologia proposta foi validada experimentalmente em um estudo de caso de uma Planta Modular de Produção (MPS – Modular Production System) em conjunto com a ferramenta PLM Comos da Siemens. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade da implementação da metodologia proposta em projetos na indústria, visando a redução de custo e tempo de desenvolvimento através do reuso de artefatos técnicos multidisciplinares em domínios com aplicações semelhantes. / Domain Engineering comes from the Software field and aims the increase of reuse to allow reduction of cost and time in the development of systems. The deployment of this methodology in automation systems (products and industrial plants) – in which more disciplines (mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, among others) are present and therefore differs from the Software engineering, that deals basically with the reuse of Software artifacts – has awakened the interest of some research institutes, like the IAS (Institute of Industrial Automation and Software Engineering of the University of Stuttgart), and will be analyzed during this work. The engineering of industrial plants is increasingly executed using the so called PLM Tools ("Plant or Production Lifecycle Management"), whose concept was originated from "Product Lifecycle Management", also abbreviated as PLM. The idea of these tools is to manage the assets not only in the engineering process, but also through operation and maintenance until the decommissioning of the industrial plants. Many of these PLM Tools support the object orientation principle from the Software engineering, and based upon this principle they address the integration of data from artifacts of the various disciplines. This work presents a concept for a multidisciplinary reusable technical artifact that was the base for the elaboration of an adapted DE Methodology for PLM Tools, in which the object oriented principle, is present. The presented ideas have been experimentally validated using as a case study a Modular Production System (MPS) together with the PLM Tool Comos from the company Siemens. The obtained results indicate a feasible implementation of the proposed methodology in the industry, aiming cost and time reduction through the reuse of multidisciplinary technical artifacts in domains with similar applications.

Nowadays, production environment became more and more competitive due to innovative improvements and applications in industrial systems. Manufacturers aim to implement technological solutions into their production systems from the design phase until the product’s end of life. This approach provides several benefits to manufacturers such as; reduced cost, increased productivity, reduced time-to-market etc. Augmented Reality (AR) is one of the most popular technologies which provides innovative solution to manufacturers. There is a variety of use of AR applications in manufacturing world such as; assemble, training, maintenance, recycling etc. On the other hand, the product data andits traceability became more and more important within supply chain. In order to improve their competitiveness on the market, manufacturers started to search for solutions which helps to improve production practices in terms of cost and time. PLM solutions have provided a better understanding to use of product data and improved the production systems. This project aims to develop a framework which integrates the AR and PLM context with the purpose of optimization of the support given to the operator and reporting of the manufacturing operations. An AR –PLM Framework has been developed and a demonstrator has been implemented as a proof of the concept in this project.

Knowledge sharing across domains is key to bringing down the cost of production and the time to market of products. This thesis is directed to improve the knowledge sharing capability of the present systems that use information and communication technologies. Systems for different domains have structures that are made up of concepts and relations with different semantic interpretations. Therefore, knowledge sharing across such domains becomes an issue. Knowledge sharing across multiple domains can be facilitated through a system that can provide a shared understanding across multiple domains. This requires a rigorous common semantic base underlying the domains across which to share knowledge.

Engenharia de domínio (do inglês: DE - Domain Engineering) é uma proposta surgida no âmbito da Engenharia de Software e que visa o aumento do reuso no desenvolvimento de sistemas, buscando uma redução dos custos e do tempo de desenvolvimento. A aplicação desta técnica em sistemas de automação industrial (produtos e plantas industriais) – os quais incluem múltiplas disciplinas (sistemas mecânicos, elétricos, pneumáticos, entre outros), diferentemente da engenharia de Software que trata basicamente do reuso de artefatos de Software – vem despertando o interesse de algumas instituições de pesquisa, como o IAS (Instituto de Automação Industrial e Engenharia de Software da Universidade de Stuttgart), e será abordada neste trabalho. A engenharia de plantas industriais é crescentemente realizada nas chamadas ferramentas de gerenciamento de ciclo de vida de plantas PLM (Plant ou "Production Lifecycle Management"), que se originou do conceito de "Product Lifecycle Management", cuja sigla também é PLM. A idéia destas ferramentas é o gerenciamento de ativos não somente durante o processo de engenharia, mas também durante a operação e manutenção até o descomissionamento das plantas. Muitas destas ferramentas PLM englobam o paradigma de orientação a objetos da Engenharia de Software, e baseadas neste paradigma, abordam a integração de dados entre os artefatos das várias disciplinas. Este trabalho apresenta o conceito de um artefato técnico reutilizável multidisciplinar, que foi a base para a elaboração de uma metodologia de engenharia de Domínio adaptada a ferramentas PLM, que se baseiam no paradigma de orientação a objetos. A metodologia proposta foi validada experimentalmente em um estudo de caso de uma Planta Modular de Produção (MPS – Modular Production System) em conjunto com a ferramenta PLM Comos da Siemens. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade da implementação da metodologia proposta em projetos na indústria, visando a redução de custo e tempo de desenvolvimento através do reuso de artefatos técnicos multidisciplinares em domínios com aplicações semelhantes. / Domain Engineering comes from the Software field and aims the increase of reuse to allow reduction of cost and time in the development of systems. The deployment of this methodology in automation systems (products and industrial plants) – in which more disciplines (mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, among others) are present and therefore differs from the Software engineering, that deals basically with the reuse of Software artifacts – has awakened the interest of some research institutes, like the IAS (Institute of Industrial Automation and Software Engineering of the University of Stuttgart), and will be analyzed during this work. The engineering of industrial plants is increasingly executed using the so called PLM Tools ("Plant or Production Lifecycle Management"), whose concept was originated from "Product Lifecycle Management", also abbreviated as PLM. The idea of these tools is to manage the assets not only in the engineering process, but also through operation and maintenance until the decommissioning of the industrial plants. Many of these PLM Tools support the object orientation principle from the Software engineering, and based upon this principle they address the integration of data from artifacts of the various disciplines. This work presents a concept for a multidisciplinary reusable technical artifact that was the base for the elaboration of an adapted DE Methodology for PLM Tools, in which the object oriented principle, is present. The presented ideas have been experimentally validated using as a case study a Modular Production System (MPS) together with the PLM Tool Comos from the company Siemens. The obtained results indicate a feasible implementation of the proposed methodology in the industry, aiming cost and time reduction through the reuse of multidisciplinary technical artifacts in domains with similar applications.

Os sistemas de Gestão do Ciclo de Vida do Produto (Product Lifeclycle Management – PLM), apesar de serem de suma importância no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) para que as empresas enfrentem as novas condições de sobrevivência no mercado atual, ainda não são plenamente conhecidos. Além disso, existem poucos trabalhos científicos relacionados à implantação deste tipo de sistemas durante o Processo de Desenvolvimento de um novo produto na empresa. Neste trabalho, realizou-se a análise da implantação de um sistema PLM no PDP de uma empresa de tecnologia através de: (i) levantamento do estado da arte sobre sistemas PLM, segundo a literatura, incluindo a apresentação dos modelos de referência e a integração das informações neste tipo de sistemas; (ii) comparativo entre as funções e tecnologias de sistemas de gestão do ciclo de vida do produto encontrados na bibliografia com os de um caso de implantação real e (iii) levantamento de quais funcionalidades e tecnologias presentes na implantação real de um sistema PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) suprem os requisitos de gestão do ciclo de vida do produto na empresa, para caracterizar um projeto de implantação real de um sistema PLM no PDP de uma empresa de tecnologia. / The Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Systems, although being a imperative request to allow companies to develop new products, facing the new survival conditions in the current market, are not very well-known. Besides that, there are few scientific works related to the implementation of this kind of system and its usage in a Product Development environment. The objectives of this work are: (i) to rise, according with the bibliography, the state of the art of PLM systems, (ii) to rise, according to the bibliography, the functionalities and technologies requirements of a PLM system in a Product Development Process (PDP) environment and to compare those requirements with a real implementation case and (iii) to rise which funcionalities and technologies of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) systems supply the founded needs to characterize a project of a real PLM system implementation in a Product Development Process environment.

A gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos (Product Lifecycle Management) é uma abordagem para a gestão integrada dos processos de negócio e das informações relacionadas aos produtos. Tal abordagem requer a utilização de sistemas de informação (Sistemas PLM) para apoiar a colaboração na empresa estendida, ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida. O problema prático que motiva a realização deste trabalho é a dificuldade enfrentada pelas empresas, atualmente, em avaliar os sistemas PLM existentes no mercado e em selecionar a alternativa mais adequada aos seus processos de negócio. A análise da situação atual da pesquisa na área indica que faltam métodos e instrumentos para apoiar a seleção de sistemas PLM. Visando preencher essa lacuna e propor uma solução para o problema identificado, o trabalho tem como objetivos definir um modelo de referência de sistemas PLM, que represente de forma genérica as funcionalidades que caracterizam esse tipo de sistema, e desenvolver um método para a seleção de sistemas PLM baseado em modelos de referência. A fim de atingir esses objetivos, são gerados quatro resultados principais. O primeiro resultado do trabalho é o framework conceitual de elementos do PLM, que organiza o conhecimento existente sobre PLM de forma estruturada, para que ele possa servir de referência em projetos de implantação da gestão do ciclo de vida de produtos em empresas. O segundo resultado é o modelo de referência de sistemas PLM, que permite estabelecer uma base comum para a comparação entre os diversos sistemas PLM disponíveis comercialmente. O terceiro resultado é o modelo integrado processo-sistemas PLM e a ferramenta para utilização desse modelo integrado na prática. Por fim, o quarto resultado é o método de seleção de sistemas PLM com base em modelos de referência, que utiliza o modelo integrado processo-sistemas PLM para orientar a seleção do sistema mais adequado a uma empresa específica. A avaliação dos resultados indica que os instrumentos e o método propostos neste trabalho contribuem para auxiliar as empresas, especialmente as empresas de médio porte, na identificação de um sistema PLM adequado para atender aos requisitos de seus processos de negócio. / Product Lifecycle Management is an approach to the integrated management of business processes and product-related information. This approach requires information systems (PLM Systems) to provide collaboration support throughout the business and across product lifecycle. The practical problem that gave rise to this research was the challenge companies currently face in assessing existing PLM systems and in selecting the best alternative for their business processes. Examining the status of the research carried out in the field to date shows that there is a lack of methods and tools to effectively support companies in choosing their PLM Systems. Aiming at closing this gap and offering a solution for this problem, the goals of this study are: to provide a definition for PLM system reference models that generally represents the functionalities that characterize this kind of system, and to develop a method for choosing PLM systems based on the reference models. In meeting these goals, this research arrived at four main results. Firstly, at a conceptual framework of PLM elements providing an organized structure of the existing knowledge developed so far on PLM. This framework can be used as a reference in projects to implement product lifecycle management in companies. Secondly, at a PLM system reference model that establishes a common basis for comparing the many PLM systems available in the market. Thirdly, at an integrated PLM process-system model and tool for using this integrated model in practice. Lastly, at a method for selecting PLM systems based on the reference model, that uses the integrated PLM process-system model to support and guide users in choosing the best system for a certain company. The assessment of the results shows that the proposed tools and method effectively help companies, specially medium-sized businesses, in identifying the most adequate PLM system to meet their business process requirements.