Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-142).

Thesis (M.S.)--Slippery Rock University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-57).

Despite surf lifesavers being national icons of good health and good nutrition, surprisingly little factual information is known about the nutritional status of this unique aquatic fellowship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and nutritional knowledge of three distinct groups of Australian surf lifesavers. Weighed food diaries are commonly used to assess the nutritional intake of athletes but this method has the disadvantage of a heavy respondent burden. Individuals being investigated must be literate and highly motivated to keep accurate records of food and drinks consumed. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) offer an alternative assessment method to weighed food records as they are relatively quick and easy to complete and do not require a high level of literacy. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare seven-day weighed food diaries with a FFQ that had already been validated for use with an older mixed gender population. The nutrient intakes of 60 members of Surf Lifesaving Australia were measured. Nineteen, who were professional lifeguards completed a FFQ. Thirty lifesavers and 11 surf ironmen each completed the FFQ, a seven-day weighed food diary and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple choice questions. There were significant differences between the three groups in age and activity with ironmen being significantly younger (mean age 22.9yrs) and significantly more physically active (mean 134mins/day) than either lifesavers (mean age, 31.3yrs, mean activity 46min/day) or lifeguards (mean age 35.8yrs, mean activity 65min/day). There were no significant differences in these parameters between lifesavers and lifeguards. The seven-day food diary revealed significant differences in nutrient intake between lifesavers and ironmen. Lifesavers consumed 1 1,807kJ, 125g protein (1.6g/kg) and 327g carbohydrate (4.Og/kg) while ironmen consumed 14,69/kJ, 1519 protein (1.9g/kg) and 4629 carbohydrate (5.6g/kg). Lifesavers and ironmen exceeded the RDIs for all vitamins and minerals measured. The seven day food diary demonstrated significant differences between the lifesavers and ironmen in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, thiamin, niacin, calcium and iron. When the nutrient analysis data set for the FFQ was checked this method of dietary assessment was found to be unreliable as greater than 20 per cent of subjects were identified as being under-reporters. Lifesavers and ironmen both had good scores on the nutritional knowledge questionnaire and were able to identify groups of foods as being rich sources of fat, fibre, protein and iron. Ironmen were better able to answer questions specifically related to sport nutrition. All three groups meet the current recommendations for daily physical activity. Lifesavers and ironmen meet the current recommendations for, protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intake and consume alcohol at levels within the current health guidelines. Ironmen have the highest carbohydrate intake which meets the current general health recommendations but consume less than the current special recommendations of sport nutritionists while lifesavers consume only 44% of energy as carbohydrate. These results suggest that while the both lifesavers and ironmen consume a relatively healthy diet only the surf ironmen could possibly be considered nutritional icons.

Rip currents present a severe hazard to water users worldwide, resulting in over 100 drownings and thousands of lifeguard rescues annually. This thesis examines the demographics of who is effected by rip currents in the UK, what activity they are undertaking, when and where incidents occur, how much the public know, what people have experienced, and how best to educate them. Analysis of 7909 rip current lifeguard rescues (16777 people) across the UK between 2006-2013 highlighted the most at risk group, and subsequent target audience for education, to be male teenagers aged between 13-17 years old (n=2906, 17%). Geographically, the highest incidents occurred on the beaches in the Southwest of England (n=6911, 87%). Incidents mostly occurred outside of lifeguard flagged areas (n=4302, 54%) and mainly involved those using bodyboards (n=5290, 52%). Through the analysis of 407 public beach-based rip current and beach safety questionnaires, it was established that beach users have a poor understanding of rip currents (n=263, 65%) but a good perception of the beach safety flags (n=389, 96%). People with greater knowledge were typically educated by a lifeguard, enter the sea more frequently or have been caught in rip currents themselves. The experiences of 553 people caught in rip currents were analysed using an online questionnaire. The gender split was 69% male (n= 382) to 31% female (n= 171), indicating that males are caught in rip currents more than females. Swimming directly to shore against the rip followed an initial panic (n=108, 34%) for most people caught in a rip. Swimming parallel to the beach was the most remembered, advised, utilised, and promoted safety message. Respondents advocated the use of lifeguards to disseminate rip current safety messages. A new and unique rip current education programme was developed from the synthesis of these results. A lifeguard delivered a pilot programme to 185 teenagers in three schools and two community groups in the Southwest of England. This interactive pilot consisted of exercises using videos, photographs, news reports, and a swimming machine. Levels of rip current knowledge were evaluated before and after, and at regular intervals, to assess knowledge retention. The short-term effects after 3 months were positive, showing statistically significant (p < 0.0005) improvements in mean knowledge levels. This thesis provides a new contribution to the expanding field of social and behavioural rip current research. The development of a unique rip current education programme presents an alternative method for increasing public awareness, and supports the worldwide prevention of rip current incidents and fatalities.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-04-20T14:12:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Maria Moura Mesquita.pdf: 2439163 bytes, checksum: c76b50f5fcc2289fd228dfaeead0829e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T14:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Maria Moura Mesquita.pdf: 2439163 bytes, checksum: c76b50f5fcc2289fd228dfaeead0829e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / This study aims to describe and analyze the work of professionals working in SAMU 192, located in the Midwest Region of Brazil, and its impact on the subjectivity of workers based on the categories of Work Psychodynamics. The research was performed within the qualitative perspective, descriptive case study modality and action research. The empirical procedure took place in three stages, the first of which was visits to the field of research, documentary analysis and constitution of demand. In the second, three collective clinical listening sessions were held with 14 workers (six physicians, three nurses, two ambulance drivers, three ambulance motorbikers) who provide advanced support service. The speeches were recorded and transcribed, the verbalizations were submitted to the clinical analysis of the work proposed by Dejours. The categories of analysis defined a priori were: work organization and subjective mobilization. To guarantee the validity of the collected material, we used the triangulation of data made by three researchers. In the third step, the data were validated with the participants of the research. The results indicate that the organization of the prescribed work of SAMU 192 adopts norms and procedures linked to the logic of productivity (greater number of services, for the lowest cost and time, within a quality standard), being disconnected from the needs, desires and expectations of the workers and real activities. There are aspects related to working conditions that hinder the development of work activities, such as: impairment of the full functionality of some mobile units due to lack of maintenance, which exposes teams and patients to possible accidents; the lack of materials and equipment required for the procedures; the number of vehicles and equipment available, which is insufficient to meet the population’s demand; the physical structure provided, which offers little comfort to the work group rest time. The management of labor in the SAMU 192, in turn, also contributes to the intrapsychic conflicts of the workers, especially when: it hires an unprepared worker to perform as a lifeguard; it allows disorganizes employees at work; it does not involve workers in decision-making and change processes; it ceases to invest in effective communication; it does not establish the collective space for discussion. It is noteworthy that SAMU 192 public managers in Brazil have budgetary restrictions that make it difficult to guarantee quality care and to promote a healthy work environment for workers. The social relations of work between coworkers, peers and management are shown to be healthy. Workers feel satisfied with their activities, perceive the social usefulness of their own work, feel recognized for their dedication to work and for the results obtained (survival of the victim). The results indicate that workers experience pleasure and suffering at work and use strategies of individual (psychic) defenses, as well as individual and collective operative strategies to face suffering and get to work. Operative strategies, in many situations, avoid possible physical and / or verbal aggression. In addition, signs of mental and physical illness were identified in some participants. The adoption of the theoretical-methodological approach of Work Psychodynamics was adequate to investigate the work of these professionals. It is believed that this research contributes significantly to the advances in studies related to SAMU 192 in Brazil from the Work Psychodynamics. / Este estudo se propõe a descrever e analisar o trabalho dos profissionais que atuam no SAMU 192, instalado na Região Centro Oeste do Brasil, e seu impacto na subjetividade dos trabalhadores com base nas categorias da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. A pesquisa foi realizada dentro da perspectiva qualitativa, modalidade estudo de caso descritivo e pesquisa ação. O procedimento empírico ocorreu em três etapas, sendo que na primeira foram feitas visitas ao campo de pesquisa, análise documental e constituição da demanda. Na segunda, foram realizadas três sessões de escuta clínica coletiva com 14 trabalhadores (seis médicos, três enfermeiras, dois condutores socorristas de ambulância, três condutores socorristas de motolância) que fazem atendimento de suporte avançado. As falas foram gravadas e transcritas, as verbalizações foram submetidas à análise clínica do trabalho proposta por Dejours. As categorias de análise definidas a priori foram: organização do trabalho e mobilização subjetiva. Para garantir a validade do material coletado, recorreu-se à triangulação de dados feita por três pesquisadoras. Na terceira etapa, procedeu-se a validação dos dados com os participantes da pesquisa. Os resultados indicam que a organização do trabalho prescrita do SAMU 192 adota normas e procedimentos ligados à lógica da produtividade (maior número de atendimentos, pelo menor custo e tempo, dentro de um padrão de qualidade), estando desconectada das necessidades, desejos e expectativas dos trabalhadores e das atividades reais. Existem aspectos ligados às condições de trabalho que dificultam o desenvolvimento das atividades laborais, tais como: o comprometimento da funcionalidade plena de algumas unidades móveis por falta de manutenção, o que expõe equipes e pacientes a possíveis acidentes; a falta de materiais e equipamentos necessários aos procedimentos; o número de viaturas e equipes disponíveis, que se apresenta ser insuficiente para atender à demanda da população; a estrutura física disponibilizada, que oferece pouco conforto ao repouso dos grupos de trabalho. A gestão do trabalho no SAMU 192, por sua vez, também contribui para os conflitos intrapsíquicos dos trabalhadores, sobretudo, quando: contrata trabalhador despreparado para atuar na função de socorrista; permite trabalhadores desorganizados no trabalho; não envolve os trabalhadores nas tomadas de decisões e nos processos de mudanças; deixa de investir em comunicação eficaz; não institui o espaço coletivo de discussão. Ressalta-se que os gestores públicos do SAMU 192, no Brasil, possuem restrições orçamentárias que dificultam a garantia de um atendimento de qualidade e a promoção de um ambiente de trabalho saudável aos trabalhadores. As relações sociais de trabalho entre colegas, pares e direção mostram-se saudáveis. Os trabalhadores se sentem satisfeitos com as atividades realizadas, percebem a utilidade social do próprio trabalho, sentem se reconhecidos pela dedicação ao trabalho e pelos resultados obtidos (sobrevida da vítima). Os resultados sinalizam que os trabalhadores vivenciam prazer e sofrimento no trabalho e utilizam estratégias de defesas (psíquicas) individuais, e também estratégias operatórias individuais e coletivas para enfrentarem o sofrimento e conseguirem trabalhar. As estratégias operatórias, em muitas situações, evitam possíveis agressões físicas e/ou verbais. Além disso, identificou-se sinais de adoecimento mental e físico em alguns participantes. A adoção da abordagem teórico-metodológica da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho se mostrou adequada para investigar o trabalhar desses profissionais. Acredita-se que esta pesquisa contribui de forma significativa com os avanços nos estudos relacionados ao SAMU 192 no Brasil a partir da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho.