Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2002. / Adviser: David L. Kaplan. Submitted to the Dept. of Biotechnology Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-221). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2004. / Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 6, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keywords: Collision; Automotive; Properties; Failure; Ligament. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-47).

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

L’analyse 3D du mouvement humain repose généralement sur un ensemble d’hypothèses permettant de modéliser et d’approcher la complexité du corps humain. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de s’affranchir des hypothèses les plus classiques (liaisons simples et parfaites de type rotule ou pivot) dans les calculs de cinématique et de dynamique inverse allant jusqu'à l'estimation des forces musculo-tendineuses. La première partie de la thèse traite de la cinématique articulaire du genou à l’aide de modèles cinématiques « géométriques » représentant les structures anatomiques par des éléments simples (sphère, plan, barre). Ces modèles apparaissent sous la forme de contraintes lors des calculs de cinématique (effectués notamment par optimisation multi-segmentaire). Le travail réalisé a consisté à introduire des ligaments déformables par l’utilisation de méthodes de pénalités pour la gestion de cescontraintes. Il a été montré que ces méthodes, utilisées avec un modèle géométrique générique, permettaient une amélioration de l’estimation de la cinématique du genou in-vivo basée sur des marqueurs cutanés (par rapport aux autres méthodes classiques) en introduisant des couplages articulaires physiologiques. La flexibilité des méthodes permet également d’envisager lapersonnalisation des modèles. La seconde partie se penche sur la dynamique du membre inférieur en étudiant l’influence des actionspassives des structures péri-articulaires durant la marche. Le travail a consisté en une étude locale et une étude globale de ces actions. L’étude locale a montré que l’influence des moments passifs ligamentaires reste limitée sur les forces musculo-tendineuses et les forces de contact articulaire. L’étude globale a montré que les moments passifs de l’ensemble des structures péri-articulaires ontune contribution substantielle aux moments moteurs durant la marche et que les modèles de moments passifs ligamentaires disponibles dans la littérature ne sont pas fiables. L’ensemble de ces développements cherche, à terme, à permettre une approche multi-échelle de la modélisation du membre inférieur. Dans cette optique, la modélisation articulaire proposée (avec desliaisons qui ne sont plus ni simples ni parfaites) permet un couplage plus adapté entre les différentes modélisations (de type multi-corps rigides articulés et éléments finis). / The main objective of this work is to overcome the most classical hypotheses used in kinematics (lower pair mechanical joints) and inverse dynamics computation (joints without resistance) including the estimation of muscular forces. Kinematics is addressed in the first part of the thesis by using “geometric” kinematic models consisting in simple elements (sphere, plane, shaft) modeling the anatomical structures. These models correspond to constraints in the kinematic computation (especially in multi-body optimization). The work consisted in introducing deformable ligaments by using a penalty-based method. It has beenshowed that this method used with a generic geometric model improved the estimation of the knee kinematics from the skin markers, when compared to more classical methods, and introduce physiological couplings between the degrees of freedom. Model personalization is also considered thanks to the flexibility of the method. The influence of the passive structure actions during gait is studied in the second part of the thesis. The work consisted in a local and a global study of those actions. The local study showed that the influence on the joint contact and musculo-tendon forces of the ligament passive moments is limited. The global study showed that the passive moments of the whole peri-articular structures contribute to the motor moments during gait and that the passive ligament moments available in the literature are not appropriate. The long term objective of those studies is to develop a multi-scale approach of the lower limb modeling. The proposed articular modeling (with more complex joints) allows a better interaction between the different scales of modeling (rigid multi-body vs. finite elements).

A espécie asinina (E. asinus) teve sua origem há milhares de anos, se desenvolvendo a partir de um tronco comum ao do eqüino doméstico que conhecemos. Vem passando por um processo adaptativo, apresentando características distintas, quando os observamos em diversas partes do planeta. Na região nordeste do Brasil, desenvolve um papel fundamental, influenciando diretamente na renda das famílias locais. Tendo em vista o grande número de afecções locomotoras e a falta de cuidados a que estão submetidos, realizou-se um estudo anatômico e radiográfico da região distal de seus membros torácicos, buscando-se subsídios a prática clínica e cirúrgica dedicada a esses animais, bem como a compreensão de sua maior resistência a lesões locomotoras, quando comparado ao eqüino. A avaliação anatômica revelou características musculares semelhantes as já descritas para eqüinos. O exame radiográfico evidenciou lesões severas, caracterizadas por osteíte podal e áreas de reabsorção óssea e remodelamento na margem solear, associadas à rotação da falange distal. Ainda na avaliação radiográfica, caracterizaram-se os principais vasos arteriais dessa região através de técnica angiográfica. Não se observou correlação entre o ângulo de inclinação da muralha do casco e falange distal, com a área de secção transversal dos tendões dos músculos flexores. As maiores secções transversais para o tendão flexor digital superficial, profundo e interósseo, mostraram coincidência com os pontos de maior estresse articular, caracterizando, assim, a resistência dos asininos à lesões nestas estruturas em seu aparelho locomotor. / The asinine species was originated thousands of years ago from the same branch of the domestic equine. The asinine have been undergoing to a great adaptation resulting in different characteristics of each population of asinine around the world. In the northeast region of Brazil, they play an essential role in the income of the local families. Due to a large number of locomotor disorders and a lack of professional care, an anatomic and radiographic study of the distal forelimb region of the asinine was carried out in order to gather information to improve the clinical and surgical practice in this species, and to explain the less susceptibility to locomotor disorders compared to equines. The anatomical study showed that asinine have similar muscular characteristics already described for equines. The radiographic exam showed severe lesions, characterized by pedal osteitis, bone reabsorption areas and remodelling of sole margin associated to the distal phalanx rotation. The radiographic study also showed the characterization of the main arterial vessels. No significant correlation was observed between the angle of the hoof wall and the angle of the distal phalanx with the cross section area of the flexor tendons. The larger cross section areas of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon and interosseus tendon were coincidental with the great articular stress, explaining the greater resistance of the asinines to lesions in those structures of their locomotor apparatus.

Orientador: Márcia Rita Fernandes Machado / Banca: Sheila Canevese Rahal / Banca: Carlos Roberto Teixeira / Banca: Bruno Watanabe Minto / Banca: Taís Harumi de Castro Sasahara / Resumo: A descrição morfológica da paca pode facilitar sua exploração econômica racional e preservação da espécie. Além disso, devido ao interesse dos pesquisadores por novos modelos experimentais de cirurgia, em especial para reconstrução das estruturas do joelho, objetivou-se com o presente estudo, descrever a anatomia do joelho da paca. Neste contexto, a articulação do joelho foi dissecada para identificar as estruturas presentes; foi verificada a ocorrência de tecido ósseo nos meniscos, e realizada análise histológica e ultraestrutural dos ligamentos colaterais e meniscos. No joelho da paca foram identificados os ligamentos cruzados cranial e caudal; o ligamento meniscofemoral; os ligamentos colaterais lateral e medial; os ligamentos meniscotibiais craniais dos meniscos medial e lateral; o ligamento meniscotibial caudal do menisco medial; o ligamento patelar; a patela; os ossos sesamóides do músculo gastrocnêmio lateral e medial, e os meniscos lateral e medial. Os ligamentos colaterais são constituídos por feixes de fibras colágenas arranjadas paralelamente e com trajeto ondulado. Os fibroblastos formavam fileiras paralelas às fibras colágenas, dos ligamentos colaterais, com citoplasma imperceptível à avaliação por microscopia de luz, mas, em análise ultraestrutural verificou-se vários prolongamentos citoplasmáticos. Os meniscos destes animais são fibrocartilaginosos e apresentam na região cranial uma ossificação. As estruturas presentes no joelho da paca assemelham-se aos dos animais domésticos, roedores e lagomorfos. Os ligamentos colaterais e os meniscos são estruturalmente semelhantes aos ligamentos e meniscos do joelho dos animais domésticos, roedores e lagomorfos. Porém, o menisco da paca apresenta lúnula / Abstract: Paca morphological description may facilitate their rational economical exploitation and specie preservation. The researches interest by novel surgical experimental models, focus specially by joint stifle reconstruction, also motivated the present study in describing the anatomy of the paca stifle. In this context, the stifle joint was dissected in order to identify the structures. It was observed tissue bone in meniscus and the histological and ultrastructural analysis of collateral ligament and menisci were performed. The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments; the meniscofemoral ligament; the lateral and medial collateral ligaments; cranial meniscotibial ligaments of the medial and lateral menisci; caudal meniscotibial ligament of the medial meniscus; patellar ligament; patella, the lateral and medial sesamoid bones of the gastrocnemius muscle and the lateral and medial menisci. The collateral ligaments are composed of crimp collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel. The fibroblasts were aligned with the collagen fibers. The cytoplasm was unable to be noticed by light microscopy, but ultrastructural analysis showed a large amount of citoplasmatic projections. The menisci of these animals are fibrocartilaginous with bone tissue cranially. The paca stifle joint structures are similar to the domestic animals, rodents and lagomorphs. Collateral ligaments and menisci are structurally similar to the domestic animals, rodents and lagomorphs. However the paca meniscus has lunula / Doutor

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-148).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. / Prepared for: Dept. of Biomedical Engineering. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 149-157.