No description available.

Organic cation transporters (OCTs) play a pivotal role in the absorption, tissue distribution, and excretion of a diverse array of substances, and currently the nature of the biochemical interactions between substrate and OCTs are unknown. Therefore, identifying which amino acid residues are critical for OCT-substrate interactions is of central importance to understanding and predicting interactions between drugs and OCTs. A three-dimensional (3-D) homology model of human OCT3 was generated using the crystal structure of a high affinity phosphate transporter from Piriformospora indica (PiPT) as template, and putative binding pocket for the prototypical hOCT3 ligand 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) was identified through docking studies. Five residues, Phe36, Val40, Trp358, Glu451 and Asp478, were identified as potentially mediating hOCT3-MPP+ interactions, and confirmed through in vitro studies. Additionally, 3-D homology modeling of the functional hOCT3 mutant Val40Leu, and all non-functional hOCT3 mutants, indicated changes in binding pocket architecture consistent with weakening of ligand-transporter interactions. Docking of structurally divergent hOCT3 substrates indicated binding interactions in the same general region as that identified for MPP+, albeit with mostly unique residues. Interspecies differences were explored by generating 3-D homology models for rat and murine Oct3. Results from docking studies using compounds exhibiting vastly different binding affinities (Km or IC50) towards the OCT3/Oct3 orthologs were consistent with varying strength in ligand-transporter binding pocket interactions. Finally, a series of novel compounds exhibiting anti-depressant-like activity was screened for OCT interaction in vitro, and demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on OCTs for many of the compounds.

Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) provides several orders of magnitude of NMR signal enhancement by converting the much larger electron spin polarization to nuclear spin polarization. Polarization occurs at low temperature (1.4K) and is followed by quickly dissolving the sample for room temperature NMR detection. DNP is generally applicable to almost any small molecules and can polarize various nuclei including 1H, 19F and 13C. The large signal from DNP enhancement reduces the limit of detection to micromolar or sub-micromolar concentration in a single scan. Since DNP enhancement often provides the only source for the observable signal, it enables tracking of the polarization flow. Therefore, DNP is ideal for studying chemical processes. Here, quantitative tools are developed to separate kinetics and spin relaxation, as well as to obtain structural information from these measurements. Techniques needed for analyzing DNP polarized sample are different from those used in conventional NMR because a large, yet non-renewable hyperpolarization is available. Using small flip angle pulse excitation, the hyperpolarization can still be divided into multiple scans. Based on this principle, a scheme is presented that allows reconstruction of indirect spectral dimensions similarly to conventional 2D NMR. Additionally, small flip angle pulses can be used to obtain a succession of scans separated in time. A model describing the combined effects of the evolution of a chemical process and of spin-lattice relaxation is shown. Applied to a Diels-Alder reaction, it permitted measuring kinetics along with the effects of auto- and cross-relaxation. DNP polarization of small molecules also shows significant promise for studying protein-ligand interaction. The binding of fluorinated ligands to the protease trypsin was studied through the observation of various NMR parameter changes, such as line width, signal intensity and chemical shift of the ligands. Intermolecular polarization transfer from hyperpolarized ligand to protein can further provide information about the binding pocket of the protein. As an alternative to direct observation of protein signal, a model is presented to describe a two-step intermolecular polarization transfer between competitively binding ligands mediated through the common binding pocket of the protein. The solutions of this model relate the evolution of signal intensities to the intermolecular cross relaxation rates, which depend on individual distances in the binding epitope. In summary, DNP provides incomparable sensitivity, speed and selectivity to NMR. Quantitative models such as those discussed here enable taking full advantage of these benefits for the study of chemical processes.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16886号 / 工博第3607号 / 新制||工||1545(附属図書館) / 29561 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 濵地 格, 教授 森 泰生, 教授 白川 昌宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Ma thèse comporte deux volets: d’une part, le développement de ligands ciblant les protéines antiapoptotiques et d’autre part, l’étude par RMN des protéines CGC impliquées dans la biosynthèse de la congocidine, métabolite secondaire chez Streptomyces.La famille de protéines Bcl-2 est impliquée dans un des processus clé de la mort cellulaire programmée, appelée l’apoptose mitochondriale. Elle se divise en membres anti-apoptotiques (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1) et pro-apoptotiques (Bak, Bax et les «BH3»).Ces molécules vont réguler l’apoptose en maintenant ou non l’intégrité de la membrane mitochondriale. En réponse à un signal de stress, les «BH3» neutralisent les antiapoptotiques et activent les pro-morts, leur permettant de former des pores sur la membrane mitochondriale. Ce phénomène aboutit au relargage du cytochrome c dans le cytosol et à l’activation de la cascade des caspases dont la finalité est la destruction de la celluleLa pertinence de l’étude des Bcl-2 s’observe de manière croissante depuis les années 1990. En effet, une surexpression des membres pro-survie de cette famille (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, BFL1 etc...) a été observée dans de nombreux cancers. Suite à ce constat, cibler ces molécules est devenue une piste prometteuse en cancérologie par le développement d’inhibiteurs des protéines pro-survie, l’objectif étant de restaurer l’apoptose dans les cellules tumorales.Dans cette perspective, différentes stratégies thérapeutiques ont été imaginées:(i) la thérapie génique avec l’Oblimersen, un ADN antisens développé par Genta, qui inhibe l’expression de la Bcl-2. Néanmoins, les résultats précliniques sont décevants.(ii) l’utilisation de peptides (ou peptidomimétiques) imitant les sentinelles «BH3» comme antagonistes de l’interaction Bcl-xL/Bak. Il faut souligner le concept des «stappled peptides», permettant la stabilisation des hélices par cyclisation des chaînes latérales. Si certaines de ces molécules synthétisées semblent très actives, aucune n’est encore en étude clinique.(iii) le développement de petites molécules non peptidiques, issues d’un criblage systématique in vitro ou in silico et se caractérisant par une grande variété structurale. Parmi ces molécules, certaines sont synthétiques comme l’ABT-737 et l’ABT-263 élaborés par les laboratoires Abbott, grâce à la méthode d’assemblage des fragments (fragment-based drug design) aidée par des études SAR by NMR (structure activity relationship). D’autres sont issues de produits naturels comme le (R)-Gossypol, le TW-37, la sanguinarine ou l’Obatoclax. En 2008, 11 composés étaient en phase préclinique ou clinique et les résultats pour certains d’entres eux semblaient plus prometteurs que pour l’Oblimersen.Ces stratégies ont permis de mettre au point un certain nombre de composés ciblant les protéines anti-apoptototiques. Si certains de ces composés sont actuellement en phase de tests cliniques, les plus prometteurs (ABT) ont démontré une efficacité uniquement vers certains des protéines anti-apoptotiques laissant place à un phénomène d’échappement des cellules cancéreuses.Un criblage réalisé à l’ICSN par l’équipe de F. Guéritte (Pôle Substances Naturelles Plantes) a permis d’identifier une nouvelle classe de molécules ayant une affinité de l’ordre du μM pour Bcl-xL. Parmi ces composés, deux présentent une attractivité d’un point de vue structural qui rend faisable leur synthèse chimique:(i) la meiogynine A, un sesquiterpène dimère de structure originale isolé des écorces de Meiogyne cylindrocarpa, une plante de Malaisie.(ii) le drimane, un sesquiterpène isolé en grandes quantités du genre zygogynum, une espècede Nouvelle-Calédonie.Ainsi, des collaborations ont été établies au sein de l’ICSN, réunissant diverses expertises (chimie, biologie, physicochimie et modélisation) afin de dégager les synergies souhaitables.Dans la perspective de la conception rationnelle d’analogues aux propriétés améliorées ciblant l’ensemble des membres anti-apoptotiques de la famille Bcl-2, ma contribution est de choisir les cibles biologiques (Bcl-xL et Mcl-1), de les obtenir pures et marquées en isotopes stables afin de réaliser par RMN et modélisation moléculaire une étude structurale des complexes protéines/ligands et de définir un modèle d’interaction.Le deuxième volet de ma thèse, à dominante fondamentale, a pour objectif de caractériser par RMN les médiateurs enzymatiques d’une voie de biosynthèse d’un métabolite secondaire, la congocidine issue des bactéries Streptomyces Ambofaciens.La congocidine présente des propriétés antivirales et anticancéreuses de par sa capacité à se fixer à l’ADN. Cependant, du fait de sa forte toxicité, cette molécule ne peut pas être utilisée directement à des fins thérapeutiques.L’analyse des groupes de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse de la congocidine a mis en évidence 24 gènes. Seuls certains intermédiaires réactionnels ont été identifiés. Cependant, le rôle précis des produits de ces gènes n’est pas encore bien défini.Ainsi, en collaboration avec l’équipe de JL Pernodet à l’Université d’Orsay, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux enzymes en particulier intervenant dans la synthèse de la congocidine, les protéines CGC-10 et CGC-19.L’objectif de cette collaboration est d’utiliser la spectroscopie RMN couplée à la modélisation moléculaire sous contraintes expérimentales afin de déterminer la structure de ces deux protéines. Nous souhaitons apporter des informations sur l’éventuelle présence de motifs structuraux au sein de ces protéines afin de mieux comprendre leur fonction et de définir à quel moment de la voie de biosynthèse elles interviennent.Concernant la protéine CGC-10, nous avons conçu un plasmide optimisé que nous avons fait synthétiser. Le gène obtenu a été cloné dans un vecteur d’expression choisi par nos collaborateurs (pQE30).Concernant la protéine CGC-19, nous allons en décrire les étapes d’expression et de purification qui nous ont permis d’enregistrer l’ensemble des expériences 3D-triple résonnance nécessaires à la détermination de la structure de la protéine. De plus, il a été mis en évidence la présence d’une modification post-traductionnelle de type phosphopanthéténylation au sein de cette protéine. Nous avons produit l’enzyme responsable de cette modification, la sfp, afin de pouvoir effectuer la réaction et suivre l’effet de la modification sur les spectres RMN de la protéine et donc sur la structure.Ce projet, qui s’inscrit dans une perspective de recherche à plus long terme, a pour objectif de caractériser précisément le mécanisme de production de la congocidine. A travers cette démarche, il s’agit de combiner la biologie moléculaire (modification en amont les gènes) à la chimie afin d’obtenir des molécules différentes aux propriétés améliorées et non toxiques. / My PhD thesis contains two parts: development of ligands against anti-apoptotic proteins and structural study of CGC proteins involved in the biosynthesis of congocidine, a Streptomyces Ambofaciens secondary metabolite.The first project concerns the NMR study of the interactions between the anti-apoptotic proteins and two potential ligand candidates, the Meiogynine and the Drimane. These two terpenoïds, identified from ICSN’s chemical library screening against the Bcl-xL protein, have shown a significant inhibiting activity, thus opening promising perspectives for the treatment of cancer cells overexpressing anti-apoptotic proteins. In fact, as these compounds are considerably smaller than the binding site, our objective is to introduce modifications (such as elongation of their structure, functionalization with hydrophilic groups etc.) that may improve their binding properties as well as their delivery and bioavailability.Following to the successful recombinant expression and purification, necessary to obtain labelled targets (15N/13C), our preliminary NMR studies suggested a rather universal action of our candidates, capable to bind not only to Bcl-xL but also to the other major anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. Titration experiments revealed significant perturbations of the HSQC protein NMR spectra with the progressive disappearance of several protein HN and ligand signals, confirming dissociation constants at the µM region for both targets. However, the intermediate chemical exchange NMR regime observed, associated with the weak ligand solubility, poses severe difficulties for the structural elucidation of the complexes by classical NMR methods.In this work alternative approaches for the localisation of the ligands in the hydrophobic cleft of both target proteins will be presented.Oligopyrroles are secondary metabolites synthesized by Streptomyces bacteria. This family of natural products, composed by one or more pyrrole-2-carboxamide groups is characterized by a variety of biological activities such as antiviral, antitumor and antibiotic functions.One of the best-known metabolites is the congocidine, extensively studied due to its capacity to bind into the minor groove of the DNA double helix, with strong sequence specificity. However, because of its strong toxicity, this molecule cannot be directly used for therapeutic purposes.The analysis of the groups of genes involved in congocidine biosynthesis brought to light 24 genes, but their precise role is not yet well defined. We were particularly interested in two enzymes: the proteins called CGC-10 and CGC-19. For the recombinant expression of the first one, we designed an optimized insert which was cloned in an expression vector pQE30.Concerning CGC-19, the stages of expression and purification, which allowed us to obtain doubly-labeled protein, as well as the 3D NMR experiments for spectral assignment and structure elucidation, will be discussed.Furthermore, we were interested in the holo- state of this protein obtained through a post-traductional modification (phosphopanthéténylation). To this, we produced the enzyme responsible for this modification, Sfp, carry out the reaction in vitro and follow the effect of the modification at the NMR spectra.

The embryonic stem cell (ESC) microenvironment contains various localized physical and biochemical cues to direct cell fate. Current approaches for microenvironmental regulation rely on restricting cell behaviour to control endogenous signals such as secreted ligands. This report presents a microfluidic device that can directly manipulate the removal of autoregulatory ligands from culture and control the activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (Stat3) in ESCs. Specifically, the response of Stat3 was measured under diffusive and convective mass transfer regimes. A Brownian dynamics algorithm was also developed to simulate ligand transport and predict cellular response under these conditions. Stat3 activation under perfusion culture was found to depend on flow rate and axial distance in the flow direction. Long-term perfusion also allowed for the formation of a sustained gradient of Stat3 activation that led to selective loss of ESC pluripotency. These results demonstrate the utility of microfluidic culture for stem cell bioengineering applications.

The embryonic stem cell (ESC) microenvironment contains various localized physical and biochemical cues to direct cell fate. Current approaches for microenvironmental regulation rely on restricting cell behaviour to control endogenous signals such as secreted ligands. This report presents a microfluidic device that can directly manipulate the removal of autoregulatory ligands from culture and control the activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (Stat3) in ESCs. Specifically, the response of Stat3 was measured under diffusive and convective mass transfer regimes. A Brownian dynamics algorithm was also developed to simulate ligand transport and predict cellular response under these conditions. Stat3 activation under perfusion culture was found to depend on flow rate and axial distance in the flow direction. Long-term perfusion also allowed for the formation of a sustained gradient of Stat3 activation that led to selective loss of ESC pluripotency. These results demonstrate the utility of microfluidic culture for stem cell bioengineering applications.

No description available.

<p>The identification and quantification of protein-protein interactions in large scale is critical to understanding biological processes at a systems level. Current approaches for the analysis of protein -protein interactions are generally not quantitative and largely limited to certain types of interactions such as binary and strong binding interactions. They also have high false-positive and false-negative rates. Described here is the development of and application of mass spectrometry-based proteomics metehods to detect and quantify the strength of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions in the context of their interaction networks. Characterization of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions can directly benefit diseased state analyses and drug discovery efforts. </p><p>The methodologies and protocols developed and applied in this work are all related to the Stability of Unpurified Proteins from Rates of amide H/D Exchange (SUPREX) and Stability of Protein from Rates of Oxidation (SPROX) techniques, which have been previously established for the thermodynamic analysis of protein folding reactions and protein-ligand binding interactions. The work in this thesis is comprised of four parts. Part I involves the development of a Histidine Slow H/D exchange protocol to facility SURPEX-like measurements on the proteomic scale. The Histidine Slow H/D exchange protocol is developed in the context of selected model protein systems and used to investigate the thermodynamic properties of proteins in a yeast cell lysate. </p><p>In Part II an isobaric mass tagging strategy is used in combination with SPROX (i.e., a so-called iTRAQ-SPROX protocol) is used to characterize the altered protein interactions networks associated with lung cancer. This work involved differential thermodynamic analyses on the proteins in two different cell lines, including ADLC-5M2 and ADLC-5M2-C2. </p><p>Parts III and IV of this thesis describe the development and application of a SPROX protocol for proteome-wide thermodynamic analyses that involves the use of Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acid in cell Culture (SILAC) quantitation. A solution-based SILAC-SPROX protocol is described in Part III and a SILAC-SPROX protocol involving the use of cyanogen bromide and a gel-based fractionation step is described in Part IV. The SILAC-SPROX-Cyanogen bromide (SILAC-SPROX-CnBr) protocol is demonstrated to significantly improve the peptide and protein coverage in proteome-wide SPROX experiments. Both the SILAC-SPROX and SILAC-SPROX-CnBr porotocols were used to characterize the ATP binding properties of yeast proteins. Ultimately, the two protocols enabled 526 yeast proteins to be assayed for binding to AMP-PNP, an ATP mimic. A total of 140 proteins, including 37 known ATP-binding proteins, were found to have ATP binding interactions.</p> / Dissertation

L'étude des interactions non-covalentes et des relations structure-fonction est à la base de la compréhension des systèmes biologiques. La MS supramoléculaire est une technique de choix pour l’étude des interactions protéine/protéine ou protéine/ligand. Dans le cadre d'études qualitatives ou quantitatives, pour chaque système étudié, les conditions expérimentales et les paramètres instrumentaux ont été optimisés pour conserver le complexe en phase gazeuse (1). L'objectif principal de ce travail est de caractériser le site nucléotidique de hPEBP1 et de contribuer à la découverte de molécules anti-métastases. Sur le plan fonctionnel, une activité enzymatique de hPEBP1 n'a pas pu être mise en évidence. Pour ce projet, une méthode MS de détermination de KD de complexes à faible affinité, plus précise et ne nécessitant par l'utilisation d'un ligand de référence a été développée (2). Une recherche des déterminants structuraux d'un ligand optimal de hPEBP1 a été réalisée par criblage de composés issus d’une synthèse raisonnée basée sur la structure des nucléotides FMN et GTP et par la détermination de leur KD (3). Les criblages ont montré que les critères structuraux indispensables pour la liaison sont la présence d’un groupement chargé ou donneur d’électrons, d’une structure apparentée à une base azotée et d’un cycle additionnel. Une part importante de l’affinité est liée au caractère hydrophobe du ligand. Certains ligands de synthèse ont montré une activité inhibitrice de l’invasion des lignées tumorales. / The study of noncovalent interactions and structure-function relationships provides the basis for the understanding of biological systems. Supramolecular MS is a favored technique to dissect protein/protein or protein/ligand interactions. In the context of qualitative or quantitative studies, experimental conditions and instrumental parameters have been optimized for each system to preserve the noncovalent complex in the gas-phase (1). The main objective of this work is to characterize the nucleotide site of hPEBP1 and to contribute to the discovery of antimetastatic molecules. Functionally, a catalytic activity for hPEBP1 could not be detected. For this project, an original MS method to more accurately determine KD for low-affinity complexes without a reference ligand was developed (2). Structural features of an optimal hPEBP1 ligand were determined by screening compounds based on FMN and GTP nucleotides in the context of a rational design approach, using KD determination to rank affinities (3). Screening highlighted that the essential structural requirements for binding hPEBP1 consist in a charged group or an electron donor, a structure related to a cyclic nitrogenous base and an additional cycle. A significant part of the affinity depends on the hydrophobic nature of the ligand. Some of the synthesized nucleotide analogs are active as inhibitors of invasion in tumor cell lines.