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LIGHTING STRATEGIES FOR NIGHTTIME CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ON ROADWAYSFranklin Vargas Davila (12466701) 27 April 2022 (has links)
<p>Over the last two decades, an increasing number of highway construction and maintenance projects in the United States have been completed at night to avoid or mitigate traffic congestion delays. Working at night entails several advantages, including lower traffic volumes at night, reduced impact on local businesses, more freedom for lane closures, longer possible work hours, lower pollution, cooler temperatures for equipment and material, and fewer overall crashes due to lower traffic volumes at night. Although nighttime roadway operations may minimize traffic disruptions, there are several safety concerns for motorists passing by and for workers in the nighttime work zone. For instance, just in 2019, there were 842 work zone fatalities reported in the United States, with 48% of these being associated with fatalities on night shifts. Additionally, 70% of these fatalities involved drivers/occupants under the age of 50. Moreover, improper lighting arrangements or excessive lighting levels produced by temporary lighting systems installed at the job site could cause harmful levels of glare for the traveling public and workers leading to an increase level of hazards and crashes in the vicinity of the work zone. </p>
<p>To address the issue of glare, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate and quantify glare at work zones. Most of these studies were limited to the determination of disability glare levels of lighting systems (balloon lights and light towers) with a metal-halide type light source by using the veiling luminance ratio (<em>VL ratio</em>) as a criterion for limiting disability glare. However, deeper evaluation of the effects of driver’s age on the veiling luminance ratio, and the use of energy-efficient lighting systems which employ light-emitting diode (LED) type light sources were not performed.</p>
<p>This thesis focuses on determining and evaluating disability glare on nighttime work zones as a step towards developing appropriate lighting strategies for improving the safety of workers and motorists during nighttime highway construction and maintenance projects. Disability glare is the glare that impairs our vision of objects without necessarily causing discomfort and it can be evaluated using the veiling luminance ratio (<em>VL ratio</em>). In this study, disability glare values were determined by using lighting data (vertical illuminance and pavement luminance measurements) from testing 49 lighting arrangements. Two LED balloon lights, a metal-halide light tower, and an LED light tower were utilized for the field lighting experiments. The disability glare level evaluation examines the effects of mounting height, power output, rotation angle, and aiming angle of luminaires on the veiling luminance ratio values (which is a criterion for limiting disability glare). </p>
<p>The analysis of the disability glare values revealed four major findings regarding the roles played by the mounting height, power output, lighting system orientation, aiming angles of luminaries, and driver’s age on disability glare levels as follows: (i) an increase in mounting heights of both balloon lights and light towers resulted in lower veiling luminance ratio values (or disability glare); (ii) compared to the "perpendicular" and "away" orientations, orienting the light towers in a "towards" direction (45 degrees) significantly increases the disability glare levels of the lighting arrangement; (iii) increasing the tilt angles of luminaires of the portable light towers resulted in an increase in veiling luminance ratio values; (iv) for balloon lights, at observers ages over 50, <em>VL ratio</em> values were found to be greater than the maximum recommended; (v) for LED light towers oriented towards the traffic, at driver’s ages over 40, <em>VL ratio</em> values exceed the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommended value; and (vi) for metal-halide light towers oriented towards the traffic, at driver’s ages over 50, <em>VL ratio</em> values exceed the IES recommended value. The results from this research study can provide State Transportation Agencies (STAs) and roadway contractors with a means to improve glare control strategies for nighttime work.</p>
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Lichtauskopplung aus LEDs mittels MetallnanoteilchenGöhler, Tino 17 December 2010 (has links)
Der externe Wirkungsquerschnitt von auf AlGaAs/InGaAlP basierenden Leuchtdioden (LEDs) ist auf Grund von Totalreflexion infolge des hohen Brechungsindex des Halbleitermaterials (n=3...4) beschränkt. Auf die Oberfläche der LED aufgebrachte metallische Nanoteilchen (MNT) können jedoch als Dipolstreuer genutzt werden, um so die Emission der LED zu vergrößern. In dieser Arbeit wurden zunächst einzelne Goldnanoteilchen verschiedener Größe auf einer solchen Leuchtdiode in zwei verschiedenen Der externe Wirkungsquerschnitt von auf AlGaAs/InGaAlP basierenden Leuchtdioden (LEDs) ist auf Grund von Totalreflexion infolge des hohen Brechungsindex des Halbleitermaterials (n=3...4) beschränkt. Auf die Oberfläche der LED aufgebrachte metallische Nanoteilchen (MNT) können jedoch als Dipolstreuer genutzt werden, um so die Emission der LED zu vergrößern. In dieser Arbeit wurden zunächst einzelne Goldnanoteilchen verschiedener Größe auf einer solchen Leuchtdiode in zwei verschiedenen Umgebungsmedien untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich eine deutliche Verstärkung der Emission, falls die Dipolresonanz des MNT bei kürzeren Wellenlängen im Vergleich zur LED-Emission liegt. Für den Fall, dass die Dipolresonanz mit der Emission überlappt oder bei größeren Wellenlängen liegt, kommt es zu einer Abschwächung. Numerische Berechnungen zeigen, dass dabei die Stärke der Quadrupolmode, welche zusätzliche Absorption hervorruft, sowie eine Rotverschiebung der Dipolresonanz bei Anregung oberhalb des kritischen Winkels der Totalreflexion eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Maskentechnik, der Fischer-Pattern-Nanolithographie, können Arrays von MNT hergestellt und anschließend die MNT in Form und Größe manipuliert werden. Die zunächst dreieckige Form der Partikel führt zu einer Abschwächung der Emission, welche sich aber durch Umwandlung der MNT in Kugeln zu einer Emissionsverstärkung wendet. Dabei kann Licht, welches sonst im Substrat gefangen wäre, durch plasmonische Streuung ausgekoppelt werden. Eine Untersuchung ähnlicher Strukturen auf einem hochbrechenden, transparenten Substrat (GaP) zeigt, dass die Lage der plasmonischen Resonanzen stärker vom Abstand der Partikel abhängt, als gewöhnlich zu erwarten wäre.:1 Eigenschaften metallischer Nanoteilchen
2 Untersuchung der Lichtauskopplungsverstärkung einzelner Metalnanoteilchen auf der LED
3 Regelmäßig angeordnete metallische Nanoteilchen - Herstellung und Verstärkungseigenschaften
4 Manipulation der Größe metallischer Nanopartikel
5 Eigenschaften eines Arrays metallischer Nanopartikel auf einem hochbrechenden Substrat
6 Abschlussdiskussion / The external quantum efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on AlGaAs/InGaAlP is limited by total internal reflection because of the high refractive index (typically between 3 and 4) of the semiconductor. Metal nanoparticles (MNP) deposited on the surface of the LED can be used as dipole scatterers in order to enhance the emission of the LED. In this thesis, first, single gold nanoparticles of various sizes deposited on such an LED were investigated. A clear enhancement is detected as long as the dipole plasmon resonance of the particle is at a shorter wavelength than the LED emission. If the plasmon resonance coincides with the LED emission or is at a larger wavelength, the enhancement turns into suppression. Numerical simulations indicate that this latter effect is mainly caused by the particle quadrupole resonance producing extra absorption.
Arrays of MNPs can be produced by a special mask technique called \"Fischer pattern nanolithography\" and manipulated in shape and size by additional steps. Originally, the MNPs produced by this technique are triangular in shape and turn out to suppress the LED emission. After transformation of the particles to spheres, a clear enhancement was detected. Light that would otherwise remain trapped inside the substrate is coupled out by resonant plasmonic scattering. Investigations on analogous structures on a transparent high-index material (GaP) indicate a stronger coupling between the particles than expected on the basis of literature data.:1 Eigenschaften metallischer Nanoteilchen
2 Untersuchung der Lichtauskopplungsverstärkung einzelner Metalnanoteilchen auf der LED
3 Regelmäßig angeordnete metallische Nanoteilchen - Herstellung und Verstärkungseigenschaften
4 Manipulation der Größe metallischer Nanopartikel
5 Eigenschaften eines Arrays metallischer Nanopartikel auf einem hochbrechenden Substrat
6 Abschlussdiskussion
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