1. OH-FS wurden in vitro hergestellt, um als Standardsubstanzen zur gaschromato-graphischen Identifizierung von OH-FS in Pflanzenmaterial eingesetzt zu werden. 2. Für die Untersuchung der Oxylipin-Gehalte in A. thaliana wurden der virulente Pst-Stamm DC3000 sowie der avirulente Stamm avrRPM1 verwendet, um die kompatible Interaktion mit der inkompatiblen Interaktion vergleichen zu können. Die Konzentrationen der Oxylipine sowie SA wurden innerhalb einer Versuchsdauer von 60 h verfolgt. Dabei wurden PPF1 sowie 12- und 16-OH-FS, als Vertreter der nicht-enzymatisch entstandenen Oxylipine, 9- und 13-OH-FS, sowohl als enzymatisch als auch nicht-enzymatisch entstandene Oxylipine, sowie JA und deren Vorstufe OPDA als enzymatisch gebildete Phytohormone untersucht. Es wurden monophasische Konzentrationsanstiege, bei allen untersuchten Substanzen, in der kompatiblen Interaktion ermittelt, wohingegen die Konzentrationsanstiege in der inkompatiblen Interaktion biphasisch waren. In beiden Interaktionen wurden nach 48 bis 60 h Konzentrationsmaxima der freien sowie der veresterten OH-FS und PPF1 nachgewiesen, ein früher Konzentrationsanstieg nach 5 bis 10 h konnte ausschließlich in der inkompatiblen Interaktion ermittelt werden. Die gleichzeitige Akkumulation von 9-, 10-, 12-, 13, 15- und 16-OH-FS und PPF1 deutet auf eine parallel ablaufende Oxylipin-Synthese durch enzymatische, Photo-oxidative und über freie Radikale vermittelte Prozesse hin. Die Akkumulation veresterter OH-FS und PPF1 erfolgte in beiden Interaktionen 5 bis 12 h früher als die Konzentrationsanstiege der freien OH-FS und PPF1. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Hypothese, dass nicht-enzymatische Oxylipine in Membranen gebildet werden können und anschließend vermutlich durch eine Lipase frei gesetzt werden. In der inkompatiblen Interaktion konnte ein erstes frühes Konzentrationsmaximum von JA und OPDA nach 5 h beobachtet werden, während späte Maxima in beiden Interaktionen nach 24 bis 36 h erfolgten. Somit akkumulierten die OH-FS und PPF1 in der inkompatiblen Interaktion zeitgleich mit den Jasmonaten nach 5 h. 3. Bei einer Kälteexposition von A. thaliana bei 4°C über 2 h wurde jeweils ein 3,3-facher Konzentrationsanstieg der freien und der veresterten enzymatisch gebildeten 13-OH-FS nachgewiesen. Darüberhinaus wurde ein 4,6-facher Anstieg der enzymatisch entstandenen 9-OH-FS ermittelt. Die nicht-enzymatisch gebildeten 12- und 16-OH-FS zeigten dagegen keine signifikanten Konzentrationsanstiege über die basalen Konzentrationen hinaus. Die angewendeten Stressbedingungen bewirken demnach ausschließlich eine enzymatische Bildung von OH-FS in A. thaliana. 4. Zur Untersuchung der OH-FS-Synthese in der inkompatiblen Interaktion in Abhängigkeit von der bei der Pflanzenanzucht eingesetzten Lichtstärke wurden A. thaliana bei Licht und in Dunkelheit mit Pst avrRPM1 infiziert. Nach 10 h wurde eine 1,1- bis 3,7-fach stärkere Bildung der freien sowie eine 2,0- bis 3,4-fach stärkere Akkumulation der veresterten 9-, 10-, 12-, 13, 15- und 16-OH-FS bei den Pflanzen ermittelt, die bei Licht angezogen wurden. Die Lichtintensität, der Pflanzen während der Infektion mit Pst ausgesetzt sind, hat demnach große Bedeutung für die Entstehung enzymatisch und nicht-enzymatisch gebildeter OH-FS. Ein 4,9-facher Anstieg veresterter 15-OH-FS, ein Marker für eine photooxidative OH-FS-Entstehung, auch bei Dunkelheit widersprach der Hypothese, dass 15-OH-FS ohne Lichteinwirkung nicht gebildet werden können und deutet auf eine bisher unbekannte Licht-unabhängige Entstehung von 1O2 bzw. von 15-OH-FS hin. 5. Die Bestimmung von OH-FS in Blättern und Wurzeln von unbehandelten A. thaliana-Pflanzen ergab eine 13- bis 31-fach höhere Konzentration veresterter 9-, 10-, 12-, 13- und 16-OH-FS in den Blättern. Darüberhinaus wurde eine 111-fach höhere Konzentration von veresterten 15-OH-FS in Blättern im Vergleich zu Wurzeln nachgewiesen. 15-OH-FS wurden als selektiver Marker für eine Photo-oxidative OH-FS-Bildung durch 1O2 verwendet. Mit 0,57 µg/g TG kommt 15-OH-FS allerdings auch im Wurzelgewebe vor, was einen Hinweis darauf darstellt, dass neben einem Licht-abhängigen Hauptweg auch ein Licht-unabhängiger Entstehungsmechanismus von 15-OH-FS bzw. 1O2 existiert. Alternativ wäre es denkbar, dass ein Transport von 15-OH-FS von den Blättern in die Wurzeln stattfindet. 6. Eine Untersuchung der Gehalte an OH-FS und PPF1 in NahG-, lsd1-, atrbohD- und atrbohF-Mutanten ergab 48 h nach Infiltration von Pst avrRPM1 keine signifikanten Unterschiede im Vergleich zu den Pflanzen des jeweiligen Wildtyps Col-0 und WS. Unter den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen bewirken die genetischen Defekte der untersuchten Mutanten keine veränderte Akkumulation enzymatisch sowie nicht-enzymatisch gebildeter Oxylipine. / 1. To obtain reference-substances for the identification of OH-FA in plant material by GC-MS, OH-FA were made in vitro. 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids were formed from linoleic acid, 9- and 13-hydroxy-octadecatrienoic acids from -linolenic acid by LOX-catalized reaction. 2. In order to compare the concentrations of oxylipins in A. thaliana during compatible and incompatible interaction, a virulent Pst-strain DC3000 and an avirulent strain avrRPM1 were utilized. The concentrations of oxylipins and salicylic acid were investigated within 60 h after inoculation. F1-phytoprostanes, 12- and 16-OH-FA were used as markers for non-enzymatically formed oxylipins. Concentrations of 9- and 13-OH-FA, either enzymatically or non-enzymatically formed, were measured as well as phytohormones, jasmonic acid and its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. Within the compatible interaction an increase of the amount of all measured compounds was observed. In contrast, during incompatible interaction the increases of all measured substances was seperated into two phases. In both interactions, free and esterified OH-FA- and PPF1-concentrations exhibited maxima after 48 to 60 h, an early increase after 5 to 10 h was exclusively found in the incompatible interaction. The concurrent accumulation of 9-, 10-, 12-, 13, 15- und 16-OH-FA und PPF1 indicates that enzymatically, Photo-oxidative, and free-radical catalyzed synthesis of oxylipins takes place simultaneously. In both interactions the accumulation of esterified OH-FA and PPF1 occurred 5 - 12 h earlier than the increase of the concentrations of free OH-FA and PPF1. These results confirm the hypothesis that oxylipins are formed non-enzymatically from lipids inside cell membranes and are subsequently released by lipases. An early increase of JA- and OPDA-concentrations after 5 h was found in the incompatible interaction, while late maxima occurred in both interactions after 24 to 36 h. Therefore, OH-FA- and PPF1-accumulation took place at the same time as the increase of jasmonates after 5 h. 3. When A. thaliana plants were chilled for 2 h at 4°C an 3,3-fold incrceased formation of both, the enzymatically formed free and esterified 13-OH-FA was detected. The amount of enzymatically formed free 9-OH-FA increased 4,6-fold. In contrast, the amount of non-enzymatically formed 12- and 16-OH-FA did not increase significantly indicating that the applied mild stress conditions triggered exclusively enzymatical OH-FA-formation. 4. In order to get information about OH-FA-formation with regard to light intensity A. thaliana was infected by Pst avrRPM1 and cultivated either in the dark or in the light. When plants were cultivated in the light after 10 h an 1,1- to 3,7- fold increased formation of free and an 2,0- to 3,4-fold increased accumulation of esterified 9-, 10-, 12-, 13-, 15- und 16-OH-FA could be detected. Therefore, the light intensity during an infection with Pst avrRPM1 is an important factor for the formation of enzymatically as well as non-enzymatically formed OH-FA in planta. The 4,9-fold increase of esterified 15-OH-FA (a marker for photooxidative formation of OH-FA) in the dark contradicted the hypothesis that its formation is impossible without the impact of light. In contrast the accumulation of 15-OH-FA in the dark points to a light-independent 1O2- and subsequent 15-OH-FA-formation by a so far unknown mechanism. 5. Determination of the concentrations of OH-FA in leaves and roots of untreated plants of A. thaliana showed 13- to 31-fold higher amounts of esterified 9-,10-, 12-, 13 und 16-OH-FA in the leaves. Moreover, the amounts of esterified 15-OH-FA exceeded in leaves by the factor 111 in comparison to roots. 15-OH-FA was used as a selective marker for Photo-oxidative formation of OH-FA by 1O2. Though, 15-OH-FA occurred to an amount of 0,57 µg/g (dry weight) in roots as well. This indicates that, apart from an primarily used light depending mechanism, a second path for the formation of 15-OH-FA respectively 1O2 exists which does not depend on light strength. An alternative explanation could be the transport of 15-OH-FA from leaves to roots. 6. Compared to the wildtype plants no significant differences in the increase of OH-FA and PPF1 could be detected in NahG-, lsd1-, atrbohD and atrbohF-mutants 48 h after infiltration of Pst avrRPM1. Under the utilized conditions the genetic defects of the analyzed mutants did not cause a modified accumulation of both, enzymatically and not enzymatically formed oxylipins.

Thesis advisor: Jianmin Gao / My graduate research career has focused on studying the principles that underlie molecular recognition, which include protein folding, protein-membrane interactions, structural preoranization for target binding and non-covalent interactions. This thesis will present an overview of this work through three different projects. I) Synthetic receptors for target binding in water. Molecular interactions in water provide the foundation for life. More specifically, the interactions between one or more molecules, through hydrogen bonding, π-effects, hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic interactions, all play a significant role essential to biological processes. This chapter will present an overview of supramolecular chemistry in water, with a focus on small molecule receptor “warheads” that target biomolecules of interest. The discussion will then move towards the ability to preorganize these “warheads” on a scaffold to improve their potency towards a target. The fundamental principles discussed in this section will provide a foundation for the following chapter in this thesis.II) Understanding Phosphatidylserine Recognition Using the Model cLac Peptide. The plasma membrane serves as a defining feature of the cell membrane, acting as a barrier for material exchange between a cell and its local environment. More importantly, membrane lipids are involved in mediating numerous cell-signaling events and acting as receptors to recruit proteins that carry out a specific function. Due to the important role that lipids play, it is highly desirable to develop affinity ligands for the diverse range of lipid headgroup structures on a cell membrane. Although prevalent, proteins have intrinsic limitations due to their size, low stabilities and slow clearance rates. This chapter will focus on the model peptide, cLac, which was previously developed as an affinity ligand for phosphatidylserine recognition. We will focus on understanding the key properties that contribute to PS selectivity and affinity, then attempt to improve this scaffold through structural preorganization. III) A prolinomycin-based scaffold for developing functional peptides. Nature has evolved proteins to bind cell-signaling molecules with exquisite affinity and specificity, making molecular recognition an essential part of biology. It has been a highly sought after goal within the chemistry field to be able to mimic the structure and function of certain proteins with smaller molecules, such as peptides. Specifically, cyclic peptides are showing promise as therapeutic agents due to their high proteolytic stabilities, faster clearance rates and ease of synthesis compared to proteins. One challenge, however, is that peptides generally do not possess the ability to properly fold and display their side chains for target binding, as proteins do. In this chapter, I will present a prolinomycin-based scaffold, which can fold in the presence of K+ ions to preorganize its side chains for target binding. Moreover, the focus will be on the structural aspects of this cyclic peptide, along with proof-of-concept studies demonstrating its ability to recognize a target under physiological conditions. The findings in this study will be useful in developing peptide-based tools that recognize various targets. IV) Dissecting the energetic consequences of fluorinating a protein core. Proteins have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutic agents due to their superior properties over small molecules in the clinic. Some of the key advantages include their large surface areas and highly defined structures, which allow them to perform very specific functions that are generally not reproducible with traditional small molecule scaffolds. In addition, proteins possess the ability to properly fold under physiological conditions through precise, noncovalent interactions between their side chain residues. Perhaps the most relevant interactions arise from aromatic side chains, which can interact in a variety of ways to help proteins fold. In this chapter, we will focus on the model protein, VHP35, which contains a hydrophobic core of three interacting Phe residues, to study the effects of fluorination on an edge-face interaction. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Thesis advisor: David R. Burgess / Cytokinesis is the final step in cell division, culminating in the formation of two daughter cells from a single mother cell. Previous studies from our lab have shown that lipid rafts are dynamic during cytokinesis in sea urchin embryos, migrating into the ingressing cleavage furrow then moving back outwards towards the poles prior to abscission. Here, I quantitated the mobility of GM1, a ganglioside enriched in lipid rafts, using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). Despite previous observations of raft movement during cell division, I have found lipid rafts to be immobile throughout the cell cycle. Lipid raft stability is dependent on the activity of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), most likely due to the dramatic reorganization of actin filaments upon MLCK inhibition. While further investigating the immobility of lipid rafts during cytokinesis using confocal microscopy, I have found that new membrane is added to the cell poles during anaphase, causing the plasma membrane to expand coincident with the constriction of the contractile ring. This membrane addition is dependent on actin and astral microtubules and occurs significantly earlier during mitosis than membrane addition at the furrow. The membrane that is added at the polar regions is compositionally distinct from the original cell membrane in that it is devoid of GM1, a component of lipid rafts. I also found that Rab11 vesicles are trafficked to the polar plasma membrane during the time of this new membrane event, suggesting that the growth of the plasma membrane at the cell poles during cell division is not due to stretching as previously thought, but due to the addition of new membrane through exocytosis. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Thesis advisor: Thomas N. Seyfried / Mitochondria are the key regulators of the bioenergetic state of the cell. Damage to mitochondrial protein, DNA, or membrane lipids can result as the cause or affect of disease pathology. Regardless, this damage can impair mitochondrial function resulting in a decreased ability to produce ATP to support cellular viability. This thesis research examined the mitochondrial lipidome by shotgun lipidomics in different populations of C57BL/6J (B6) brain mitochondria (non-synaptic and synaptic) and correlated lipid changes to differences in electron transport chain (ETC) activities. Furthermore, a comparison was made for non-synaptic mitochondria between the B6 and the VM mouse strain. The VM strain has a 1.5% incidence of spontaneous brain tumors, which is 210 fold greater than the B6 strain. I determined that differences in the brain mitochondrial lipidome existed in the VM strain compared to the B6 strain, likely corresponding to an increased rate of spontaneous brain tumor formation. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome in the CT-2A, EPEN, VM-NM1, and VM-M3 brain tumors compared to their syngeneic controls mouse strains, C57BL/6J (B6) and VM mice, was examined to determine if mutations existed in experimental brain cancer models. No pathogenic mtDNA mutations were discovered that would likely cause a decrease in the mitochondrial functionality. A novel hypothesis was devised to examine the tumor mitochondrial lipidome to determine if quantitative or molecular species differences existed that could potentially alter the functionality of the ETC. Brain tumor mitochondria were examined from tumors grown in vivo as well as in vitro. Numerous lipid differences were found in the mitochondria of brain tumors, of which the most interesting involved the unique molecular speciation of cardiolipin. ETC activities were significantly decreased in the primary ETC complexes which contribute protons to the gradient as well as the linked complexes of brain tumor mitochondria compared to controls. Taken together, it is likely that differences in the mitochondrial lipidome of brain tumors results in severe impairment of the mitochondria’s ability to produce ATP through the ETC. This research has provided a new understanding of the role of mitochondrial lipids in brain as well as brain cancer and offers an alternative explanation for metabolic dysfunction in cancer. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The present view of the lipid metabolism of tumors appears to be, as stated by Gore and Popjak (32) and Gore (11), that tumors in general lack the capacity to utilize acetate for the biosynthesis of lipids. The results of Medes et al. (12), Busch (13), and Busch and Baltrush (14), lend support to the view expressed by Gore and Popjak. However, evidence to the contrary, namely that the lipid metabolism in tumors is not impaired, also exists. In this regard the results of Trew and Begg (16), Jablonski and Olson (17), Olson et al. (54), and Haven (19,20) are of special significance. The lack of agreement in the results of various investigators was attributed by Henderson and LePage (15) to differences between the tumors studied, but it was felt that the discrepancies in the results could also be attributed to differences in the conditions of incubation, the importance of which was emphasized by Busch (27) [TRUNCATED]. / 2031-01-01

The formation, phase ordering, and evolution has been studied in lipid and liquid crystal (LC) colloidal aqueous mixtures as a function of LC concentration and thermal history. The lipid used was 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) while the liquid crystal was pentylcyanobiphenyl (5CB). POPC is a naturally occurring lipid in eukaryotic cell membranes and mimics many of the properties of human cell walls. 5CB is a polar liquid crystal that exhibits a thermodynamically stable orientationally ordered (nematic) state at room temperature. Colloidal dispersions were made at various 5CB and POPC concentrations in water and studied via optical microscopy (phase contrast, confocal, florescence, and cross-polarizing) to probe phase order and evolution as well as by calorimetry to study phase transformations. Very large vesicles (larger than 100 micrometers) were observed to form that appear to use the phase separated 5CB droplets as scaffolds. Also, there appears a unique promotion of dye (used to image the lipid bilayers) crystallization within liquid crystal domains well above room temperature.

Agentes com propriedades antimicrobianas e antifúngicas são nanoencapsuladas em nanopartículas tendo em vista aumentar os efeitos contra as infecções microbiológicas causadas por Aspergillus ssp. e Staphylococcus aureus. Dentre os sistemas veiculares para entrega de fármacos as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico se destacam e tem sido largamente estudadas devido aos seus potenciais terapêuticos. Neste estudo desenvolvemos e caracterizamos as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico revestidas com quitosana para assim associar efeitos antimicrobianos, do fármaco e de material de revestimento das nanocápsulas. Para tanto, encapsulamos a dapsona nas nanocápsulas com o propósito obter sua dupla atividade antimicrobiana, associada à da quitosana, material de revestimento. Posteriormente, as nanocápsulas contendo dapsona e revestidas com quitosana foram secas pela técnica de spray-drying a fim de desenvolver uma plataforma tecnológica para a obtenção de produtos intermediários e finais, para futuras aplicações pulmonares ou tópicas dos pós de nanocápsulas. As formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico e as com dapsona revestidas com fosfatidilcolina e polissorbato 80 e fosfatidilcolina, polissorbato 80 e quitosana apresentaram distribuição unimodal. Por meio da microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foi possível observar a coroa hidrofilica das nanocápsulas constituida de estruturas micelas. Os resultados demonstraram uma redução de até dez vezes na concentração de dapsona quando nanoencapsulada em sistema nanoestruturado revestidos com fosfatidilcolina, polissorbato 80 e quitosana em comparação com a administração da dapsona em solução para efeitos antibacterianos. As formulações de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico sem o fármaco revestidas com fosfatidilcolina, polissorbato 80 e quitosana também inibiram o crescimento bacteriano e fúngicos quando a quitosana foi administrada nas concentrações relativas. O efeito da quitosana demostrou elevado potencial para inibir o crescimento bacteriano e fúngico. Os pós das nanocápsulas contendo dapsona revestidas com quitosana e secas com leucina apresentaram produtos intermediários para futuras aplicações biológicas, tanto para via respiratória quanto para via tópica a fim coibir as infecções causadas pelos microorganismos. / Agents with antimicrobial and antifungal properties were encapsulated into nanoparticles in order to improve the effects against microbial infections caused by Aspergillus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the carriers for drug delivery systems of the lipid core nanocapsules have been widely studied because of their therapeutic potential. In this study we have developed and characterized the lipid core nanocapsules coated with chitosan thus to associate antimicrobial effects of the drug to nanocapsules of the coating material. To this end, dapsone was encapsulated into the nanocapsules in order to obtain a double antimicrobial activity, associated to the chitosan coating material. Subsequently, the nanocapsules containing dapsone and coated with chitosan were dried by spray-drying technique in order to develop a technological platform to obtain intermediates and final products for future pulmonary or topical application of nanocapsules powders. The lipid core nanocapsules with and without dapsone coat with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl choline and polysorbate 80, polysorbate 80, and chitosan showed unimodal distribution. By transmission electron microscopy it was possible to observe the crown of hydrophilic nanocapsules consisting of micellar structures. The results showed a reduction of up to ten times the concentration of dapsone when nanocoated in nanostructured system coated with phosphatidylcholine, polysorbate 80 and chitosan compared to administration of dapsone in solution for antibacterial effects.The lipid core nanocapsule formulations without drug coated with phosphatidylcholine, polysorbate 80, chitosan also inhibit bacterial and fungal growth when chitosan was administered in relative concentrations. The effect of chitosan demonstrated high potential to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth.The powder of nanocapsules containing dapsone coated with chitosan and dried with leucine showed intermediate products for future biological applications, for both the airway and topically to prevent infections caused by microorganisms.

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This work identifies transcription factors (TF) controlling triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and accumulation in plant tissues. TAG plays vital role in plants and are used by humans. Most plants accumulate oil in the seed, but some species accumulate oil in other tissues. The Wrinkled1 (WRI1) TF has been shown to regulate oil accumulation in multiple species and tissues. Here, four WRI homologues in avocado were identified, their phylogeny was examined and three of them were cloned into expression vectors for further characterization. However, WRI1 likely does not act alone in regulation of TAG accumulation in plants. Additional candidate TFs were identified by using transcriptome data from a variety of species, and cloned into expression vectors. Future studies will be able to use this information to better understand regulation of TAG accumulation, which will allow increased oil accumulation in plants for various human uses.

Pulmonary surfactant is a critical surface-active substance consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPtdCho) and key apoproteins that are produced and secreted into the airspace from alveolar type II epithelial cells. Deficiency of the surfactant leads to severe lung atelectasis, ventilatory impairment, and gas-exchange abnormalities. The generation of DPPtdCho in cells occurs via two integral routes: the de novo and remodeling pathways. The interplay between these pathways has not been investigated. Overexpression of the remodeling enzyme, acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1), in epithelia decreases de novo PtdCho synthesis without significantly altering cellular phospholipid mass; this occurs through increased degradation of cholinephosphotransferase (CPT1), the terminal enzyme of the de novo pathway. CPT1 is degraded by multi-ubuiquitination and trafficking via the lysosomal pathway. When expressed in lung epithelia, CPT1 mutants harboring arginine substitutions at multiple carboxyl-terminal lysine residues exhibited proteolytic resistance to effects of LPCAT1 overexpression. Cellular expression of these CPT1 mutants also restores de novo PtdCho synthesis to levels normally observed in lung epithelia. Further studies demonstrate that the SCF (Skip-Cullen-F-box) ubiquitin E3 ligase component, β-TrCP, was sufficient to degrade CPT1. Similar to CPT1, LPCAT1 levels are also regulated at the level of protein stability. However, LPCAT1 is a polyubiquitinated enzyme processed within the proteasome. Similar to CPT1, β-TrCP is the putative E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit responsible for LPCAT1 ubiquitination. β-TrCP appears to dock and ubiquitinate LPCAT1 within its amino-terminus. Collectively, these observations indicate the presence of cross-talk between the phospholipid remodeling and de novo pathways; this involves tight regulation by site-specific ubiquitination of indispensable regulatory enzymes catalyzed by SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase members that mechanistically provide homeostatic control of cellular phospholipid content.