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Lifestyle and dietary predictors of total fat intake (%kcal) were examined, to identify groups potentially at risk of hypercholesterolemia. In 1987, 301 Montreal adults were sampled by random digit dialing. A diet history and lifestyle habits were recorded. Mean total fat intake (%kcal) was 34.75% ($ pm$6.23). Principal Components Analysis identified specific dietary patterns. Regression analyses indicated that the first 4 food factors were associated with total fat intake (%kcal p $<$ 0.01). Household size was inversely related to total fat (%kcal); 0.8% less kcal from fat for each additional member of the household (p $<$ 0.01). Females had 2.8% more kcal from fat than males (p $<$ 0.01). The number of fast food meals consumed per week was positively associated with outcome when age was considered (p $<$ 0.05). BMI and education level were not associated with total fat (%kcal). Smoking was associated with intake of higher fat foods (p $<$ 0.01). These predictors can identify groups in the population who may be at increased cardiovascular risk.

An evaluation of the impact of the nutritional program "Mangeons en coeur" was conducted with 64 participants in this program. The two study objectives were to measure any changes in the dietary intake of program participants and to evaluate the performance of a food habits questionnaire in evaluating change in fat intake at the individual level. The dietary evaluation by the diet history indicated no change in the total intake of lipids (31% of energy as lipids) over the course of the program. Comparisons of the total lipid intake as measured by the diet history and food habits questionnaire indicated significant correlations at both baseline and at the end of the program.

The present study explored whether African American women's level of dietary fat intake could be predicted by the variables of food preferences and preparation methods, support for healthy eating from family and friends, attitudes toward health, and acculturation. The present study also explored whether African American women's level of dietary fat intake could be predicted by the variables of food preferences and preparation methods, support for healthy eating from family and friends, and attitudes toward health, as moderated by acculturation.Information was obtained from five hundred and nintey nine African American females between the ages of eighteen and forty four. The women were recruited from a Midwestern univeristy, an undergraduate and graduate chapter of an African American sorority, two African American professional organizations, and through the snowball method. Particpants completed a Demographic Questionnaire, The Eating Behavior Patterns Questionnaire, The African American Acculturation Scale Short Form, The Health Attitudes Scale, The Social Support Scale, and The Eating Patterns Subscale on the Eating Habits Questionnaire. The data was collected via hardcopy and InQsit, an online survey program.Numerous preliminary tests were run to screen the data for outliers, linearity, and multicollinearity. Then, two forced entry multiple regressions were performed. In the first analysis, the overall model was a significant predictor of dietary fat intake. African American women's preferred foods, positive and negative support from friends, overallconcern for health, and intentions to adopt positive health practices are significant predictors of their level of dietary fat intake. In fact, these variables acccounted for almost half of the amount of variance in dietary fat intake. The second model was not significant and acculturation was not a significant predictor or moderator of dietary fat intake. Although acculturation was proven to be influential to dietary behaviors in African Americans in previous literature, the findings were not confirmed in this study.Multiple possibilies may explain the lack of significant findings between level of acculturation and dietary fat intake. The women in the current study were of a higher educational and income status than women in previous studies indicating significant findings. This difference in education and income, among other factors, may account for the difference in significant findings. The information gained in this study can be used to develop pschoeducational and treatment programs aimed at helping African American women prevent or treat health problems associated with poor eating habits. Several research implications are also noted. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Despite the recognition that culturally diverse groups of children in low income areas are at elevated risk for future health problems, no dietary/nutritional studies have been reported on this population. Children aged 9-12 were sampled from schools selected on the basis of a poverty index and ethnicity. Nutritional information (24-hour recall, heights and weights) indicated children were growing well but a high proportion were overweight. A comparison of reported energy intake to calculated BMR indicated that overweight children under-estimated their intakes. Mean intakes met the Canadian RNIs except for calcium in 10-12 year old girls. Nutrient intake was related to family size, income and ethnic origin. Validation of two alternative tools to measure fat intake proved unsuccessful. In conclusion, dietary intake for these school children was adequate for all nutrients except calcium in 10-12 year old girls, but for approximately 40% of children, intake exceeded energy requirements.

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have long been advocated as potential weight-lowering agents or potential tools in the treatment and prevention of human obesity. These statements have been made after findings from human and animal trials that consumption of MCT increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation compared to long chain triglycerides (LCT). In addition, animal studies have resulted in lower body weight gain and smaller fat depots when animals were fed MCT compared to those fed LCT. However, long-term controlled trials studying the effects of consumption of MCT in humans have not been conducted and the longest trial to date, 14 d of duration, has shown that the effect of MCT on energy expenditure may be transient. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether, in controlled feeding conditions, consumption of MCT for 4 wk would lead to differences in energy expenditure and substrate oxidation versus consumption of an isocaloric diet rich in LCT. Furthermore, our aim was to establish whether consumption of MCT for 4 wk would lead to greater changes in body composition than would LCT consumption. We conducted two randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trials involving overweight women and men to test our objectives. A secondary objective was to examine the potential satiating effect of MCT, and this was tested in men. Finally, a third objective was to determine whether, when combined with phytosterols and flaxseed oil, MCT consumption would result in different blood lipid profile compared to LCT. Nineteen healthy overweight women and 24 healthy overweight men participated in two separate randomized controlled trials to test these objectives. Energy expenditure and body composition were assessed at the beginning and end of each experimental phases, which differed only in the type of fat included in the controlled diets. Blood samples were also taken at baseline and endpoint of each phase to determine plasma lipid concentrations. Result

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The relationship of meal planners' nutrition attitudes and knowledge to their fat and fiber intakes and to the intakes of 2-5 year-old children in their households were examined using data from USDA's 1989-91 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and corresponding Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS). Selected households (N=478) provided 24-hour diet recalls. Data on meal planners' attitudes and knowledge were used to create variables that represented the constructs of a modified Health Belief Model. The relationships of these variables to the percent of calories from fat and to fiber density of foods consumed at home and of total food consumed by meal planners and children were analyzed using multiple regression. Several of the attitude-knowledge variables were significantly related to meal planners' fat and fiber intakes. The variables did not have a significantly different relationship with children's intakes, except for taste which was inversely related to children's fiber intakes. Although the relationship of meal planners' attitudes and knowledge was not significantly different with children's intakes than with meal planners' intakes, the constructs were not significantly related either, except for knowledge which was significantly related to less at-home fat consumption by children. Results indicate weak support for the gatekeeper theory; meal planners' nutrition knowledge and attitudes appear more operational in their diets than in the diets of their young children. / Master of Science