Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala University, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-253) and index.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santini_gt_me_assis.pdf: 2671152 bytes, checksum: c85e6af2ecd0c18094758b31423fc4d2 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A presente dissertacao de mestrado visa a um estudo analitico de parte da obra de Alvares de Azevedo e de parte dos textos da recepcao critica sobre este autor, com o proposito de apontar uma possivel consciencia literaria do poeta na elaboracao de sua producao artistica. Ou seja, o que se pretende neste trabalho e retomar parte da fortuna critica da obra alvaresiana, observando as conclusoes levantadas pelos estudiosos e, quando possivel, estabelecer nosso juizo sobre os assuntos desenvolvidos por eles, bem como realizar uma leitura, analise e critica dos seguintes textos: os prefacios de Lira dos Vinte Anos – com uma maior enfase no prefacio a segunda parte deste livro e alguns poemas – e os ensaios “Literatura e Civilizacao em Portugal”, “Alfredo de Musset / Jacques Rolla” e “George Sand / Aldo o Rimador”. Com isso, a nossa preocupacao e desenvolver um trabalho de natureza critica acerca da obra de Alvares de Azevedo, a fim de ressaltar a consciencia do fazer literario presente nos escritos deste poeta. Deste modo, buscamos abarcar nao so a observacao de uma coerencia entre o poeta e critico, mas tambem a constatacao de um procedimento critico explicito em sua propria obra, que contribuiu para nortear o desenvolvimento e organizacao de seu projeto literario e de sua concepcao de poetica. / The present dissertation aims an analytic study of part of Alvares de Azevedo’s work and of part of the texts of criticism reception about this author, with the intention of showing the poet’s possible literary conscience in the elaboration of his poetical works. In other words, our purpose in this dissertation is to approach part of the criticism reception of Alvares de Azevedo’s work, observing the conclusions pointed by the critics and, when possible, to establish our judgement about the subjects developed by them, as well as to carry out a reading, analysis and criticism of the texts: the prefaces of Lira dos Vinte Anos – emphasizing the preface of the second part of this book and some poems – and the essays “Literatura e Civilizacao em Portugal”, “Alfredo de Musset / Jacques Rolla” and “George Sand / Aldo o Rimador”. In addition, our concern is to develop a critical study about Alvares de Azevedo’s work, in order to emphasize the conscience of the literary process in the texts of this poet. This way, we search to comprise not only the observation of coherence between the poet and the critic, but also the observation of an explicit critical procedure in his own literary work, which contributed to guide the development and organization of his literary project and of his conception of poetics.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Velloso Cairo / Banca: Marcos Antônio Moraes / Banca: Laura Beatriz Fonseca de Oliveira / Banca: Márcio Roberto Pereira / Banca: Patrícia Peterle Figueiredo Santurbano / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese consiste em estabelecer um panorama da crítica sobre Macunaíma, por meio do cotejamento do material, constituído em sua maioria de ensaios e resenhas sobre a obra no período de 1928 a 1954, com ênfase para a delimitação dos pontos em comum abordados pelos articulistas, no intuito de posicionar os artigos em questão como integrantes de uma fase embrionária da crítica, de cunho impressionista, na qual o crítico procura captar as sensações despertadas pelo fluir constante da leitura, carregado de um subjetivismo alicerçado nas impressões pessoais sem recorrer, necessariamente, a um pressuposto teórico condizente à obra estudada. Da leitura dos pronunciamentos críticos, percebemos que estes se alternavam ora sobre o autor, ora sobre a obra, detectamos, então, que o enfoque estabelecido pelos críticos variava, especialmente sobre três aspectos de Macunaíma - a linguagem, o gênero/movimento literário, e a caracterização do personagem. Deste modo, a partir destas vertentes, alicerçamos este trabalho o qual revela no primeiro capítulo a construção da crítica de Macunaíma tal qual a visão de um caleidoscópio que nos permite visualizar uma imagem diferente a cada olhar, dependendo da movimentação dos cristais, da luminosidade, do giro, do foco... Nesse sentido, Macunaíma é um caleidoscópio cujo conteúdo se permite variar conforme a leitura que dele se faz. No capítulo seguinte, a partir dos apontamentos anteriores, buscamos comprovar nossa tese de que as produções desta fase foram construídas pela visão impressionista do crítico e constatamos que os recursos utilizados por esses pioneiros, sem dúvida, abriram espaço para o surgimento de novas correntes críticas, acompanhadas de um suporte teórico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was carried out to provide an overall view of the critique about Macunaíma, by comparing the relevant material published about it, mostly composed of essays and reviews written from 1928 to 1954, laying emphasis on the raising of issues shared by literary reviewers, aiming at classifying such papers as components of an initial phase of the peculiarly impressionistic criticism, in which the critic tries to grasp the feelings aroused by the constant flow of reading, full of a subjectivity based on personal impressions, without necessarily resorting to theoretical presuppositions suitable for the work under study. Based on the reading of such critiques, one manages to notice that they were focused now on the author, now on the work itself, and so we found out that the focus brought up by the critics varied, mainly in relation to three inherent features of Macunaíma - language, literary genre/movement, and the character's depiction. Thus, based on such developments, we carried out this research which in its first chapter presents the construction of the criticism prompted by Macunaíma precisely as the view provided by a kaleidoscope which allows us to visualize a different image at every glance, depending on the movement made by crystals, on light incidence, on turn, on focus… In that sense, Macunaíma is a kaleidoscope whose contents may vary according to the interpretation put on it. In the following chapter, based on the previously collected annotations, we tried to prove our thesis showing that the papers produced in this phase were developed according to the critic's impressionistic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Este trabalho analisa os prefácios aos livros Lira dos vinte anos, O conde Lopo e Macário, do escritor romântico Álvares de Azevedo (1831 1852), buscando discernir e sistematizar os pressupostos básicos do pensamento crítico presente nesses textos. Visando contextualizar as discussões ali promovidas em face do debate romântico no Brasil e no exterior, a pesquisa recorre também a outros ensaios críticos do autor para o esclarecimento de questões levantadas pelos prefácios e, eventualmente, a alguns de seus poemas e a outras de suas obras. O cotejo entre os textos do corpus propiciou a reconstrução de uma rica tessitura de referências bibliográficas, especialmente francesas, caso de Théophile Gautier, e portuguesas, como Lopes de Mendonça, às quais o autor constantemente se volta. Essa tessitura explicita um vasto horizonte de leituras, que vai muito além de Byron e Musset, fontes mais recorrentes entre os românticos da segunda geração brasileira, projetando a figura eminente do crítico literário que já se entrevia em Azevedo, mesmo nos seus primeiros ensaios. O distanciamento dos esforços nacionalistas, principal objetivo da maioria dos críticos e escritores brasileiros no oitocentos, permitiu que Azevedo se vinculasse a uma outra concepção de crítica literária, de origem alemã, elaborada sobretudo pelos irmãos Schlegel e por Novalis. Essa aproximação, que pode ter ocorrido tanto por via direta, quanto por meio de traduções francesas, portuguesas, ou mesmo, inglesas, fez com que Álvares de Azevedo se posicionasse de maneira distinta da de seus contemporâneos em relação a sua própria composição e a dos autores mencionados ao longo dos prefácios e ensaios. / This research investigates the prefaces to the books Lira dos vinte anos, O conde Lopo and Macário, by the Romantic writer Álvares de Azevedo (1831-1852). Its purpose is to devise and systematize the fundamental conjectures of the critical thinking found in these texts. With a view to contextualizing the discussions they provide in parallel with the Romantic debate taking place both in Brazil and abroad, this research makes use of yet other critical essays by the author in order to elucidate questions raised in the prefaces and, occasionally, in some of his poems and other works. Confronting the texts from the corpus made it possible to reconstitute a rich array of bibliographic references, especially French and Portuguese, as Théophile Gautier and Lopes de Mendonça, to which the author constantly turns. Such an array evinces a vast horizon of readings that goes far beyond Byron and Musset the most common sources among the Brazilian second generation of Romantics projecting the eminent figure of the foreseeable literary critic in Azevedo even in his primitive essays. His distancing from nationalist struggles, major goal of the majority of Brazilian critics and writers during the 1800s, allowed Azevedo to relate to another conception of literary criticism, one of German origin, designed mainly by the Schlegel brothers and Novalis. Such approximation, which may have taken place through both direct contact and French, Portuguese or even English translations, made Álvares de Azevedo take a different stand from that of his contemporaries regarding his own production and that of the authors mentioned throughout his prefaces and essays.

Although many might consider Jane Austen to be outdated and clichéd, her work retains an undying appeal. During the last decade the English-speaking world has experienced an Austen renaissance as it has been treated to a number of film and television adaptations of her work, including Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Mansfield Park and Sense and Sensibility. Film critics such as Bill De Lapp (1996) and Sherry Dean (1996) have commented on the phenomenal response these productions received and have been amazed by Austen’s ability to compete with current movie scripts. The reasons for viewers and readers enjoying and identifying with Austen’s fiction are numerous. Readers of varying persuasions have different agendas and hence different views and interpretations of Austen. This thesis follows a gynocritical approach and applies a feminist point of view when reading and discussing Austen. Austen’s novels - Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, and Persuasion – are re-read and reevaluated from a feminist perspective in order to call attention to Austen’s awareness of women’s second-class position in her society. Women’s experiences in Austen’s time are compared to women’s experiences in society today in order to illustrate, in some way, the tremendous progress the feminist movement has made. In addition, by examining what Austen reveals about the material reality of women in her time, it is possible to explore the legacy that modern women have inherited. Literary critics such as André Brink (1998), Claudia Johnson (1988), and Gilbert and Gubar (1979) believe Austen to create feminist awareness in her novels. There are critics, however, who do not view Austen as necessarily feminist in her writing. Nancy Armstrong writes in Desire and Domestic Fiction (1987) that Austen’s objective is not a critique of the Abstract iv old order but rather a redefinition of wealth and status. In Culture and Imperialism (1993) Edward Said implicates Austen in the rationale for imperial expansion, while Barbara Seeber argues in “The Schooling of Marianne Dashwood” (1999) that Austen’s texts should be understood as dialogic. Others, such as Patricia Beer (1974), believe Austen’s fiction primarily to be about marriage since all her novels end with matrimony. My own reading of Austen takes into consideration her social milieu and patriarchal inheritance. It argues that Austen writes within the framework of patriarchy (for example by marrying off her heroines) possibly because she is aware that in order to survive as a woman (writer) in a male-favouring world and in a publishing world dominated by men, her critique needs to be covert. If read from a feminist perspective, Austen’s fiction draws our attention to issues such as women’s (lack of) education, the effects of not being given access to knowledge, marriage as a patriarchal institution of entrapment, and women’s identity. Her fiction reveals the effects of educating women for a life of domesticity, and illustrates that such an education is biased, leaving women powerless and without any means of self-protection in a male-dominated world. Although contemporary women in the Western world mostly enjoy equal education opportunities to men, they suffer the consequences of a legacy which denied them access to a proper education. Feminist writers such as Flis Henwood (2000) show that contemporary women believe certain areas of expertise belong to men exclusively. Others such as Linda Nochlin (1994) reveal that because women did not have access to higher education for so many years, they failed to produce great women artists like Chaucer or Cézanne. Austen’s fiction also exposes the economic and social system (of which education constitutes a major part) for enforcing marriage and for enfeebling women. In addition, it illustrates some of the realities and pitfalls of marriage. While Austen only subtly refers to Abstract v women’s disempowerment within marriage, contemporary feminist scholars such as Germaine Greer (1999) and Arnot, Araújo, Deliyanni, and Ivinson (2000) explicitly warn women that marriage is a patriarchal institution of entrapment and that it often leaves women feeling unfulfilled. The issue of marriage as a patriarchal institution has been thought important and has been addressed by feminists because it contributes to women’s powerlessness. Feminist scholars today find it imperative to expose all forms of power in order to eradicate women’s subordination. bell hooks comments in Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (2000) on the importance of revealing unfair power relations in order to eliminate oppression of any kind. Austen does not necessarily express the wish to eradicate forms of power or oppression in her novels. Yet, if we read her work from a feminist point of view, we are made aware of the social construction of power. From her fiction we can infer that male power is enshrined in the very structure of society, and this makes us aware of women’s lack of power in her time. Austen’s novels, however, are not merely novels of powerlessness but of empowerment. By creating rounded women characters and by giving them the power to judge, to refuse and to write, Austen challenges the stereotyped view of woman as either overpowering monster or weak and fragile angel. In addition, her novels seem to question women’s inherited identity and to suggest that qualities such as emotionality and mothering are not natural aspects of being a woman. Because she suggests ways in which women might empower themselves, albeit within patriarchal parameters, one could argue that she contributes, in a small way, to the transformation of existing power relations and to the eradication of women’s servile position in society.

This thesis re-engages the work of the distinguished literary critic, Geoffrey H. Hartman as a means of interpreting postmodern literature. Contemporary literary criticism has acknowledged the value of Hartman’s work in thinking about contemporary culture but, until now, there have not been any attempts to apply his interpretative methods to the reading of postmodern fiction. By identifying some of Hartman’s main concerns and drawing on his revisions of his theory, this thesis offers a case study of a selection of postmodern texts, which are characteristic of the challenges that postmodern literature presents. The postmodern literary text becomes challenging for literary interpretation through its extreme experimentation and by textually transgressing traditional forms of narration. The postmodern text’s incorporation of images, its attention and use of assonance, and its itinerate, indiscriminate assemblage of diverse creative expressions complicates the interpretive task. I aim to show how Hartman’s critical contribution can inform the reading of the postmodern text but also, how the consideration of the postmodern highlights the significance of Hartman’s theoretical work. I begin by developing the complexities that the consideration of postmodern literature and Hartman’s critique present and relate the authors and texts that become the focus of this investigation in the chapters that follow. Chapter 2 considers the relationship of the postmodern text to its use of illustrations and images and explores what this relationship manifests for the nature of the postmodern. Chapter 3 draws on Hartman’s understanding of literary interpretation as the listening for different meanings of the word, with particular attention to the typographical manifestations of the dissemination of meaning in the creation of the postmodern novel. Chapter 4 examines the implications of the postmodern rejection of iii modernist concerns, in literary interpretation and postmodern theory and the effects of the postmodern condition on the development of identity and historical consciousness. Chapter 5 focuses more closely on the problems of narrative orientation and direction that develop through typographical experimentation and relates these concerns to the challenge of following Hartman’s intellectual progressions in his critical contributions. The final chapter of this thesis explores the nature and role of the contemporary critical essay in the postmodern condition and the future of literature.

The present study focuses on the analysis of the changes of Franz Kafka's reception in the Czech context before World War II, i. e. on the analysis of Czech translations and critical reflections in Czech language of his works. The study is divided into two symmetrical (in time) parts: the first one focuses on Kafka's reception in his lifetime (1909-1922), the second one on the reception after his death (1924-1939). In the first part, translations of Kafka's office publications are analyzed in the context of their origin, Kafka's part (as an author) in the formation of the original texts as a source for their translation and set in the context of his belletristic works; in the prosopographically oriented analysis the aim is further focused on the reception of Kafka's belletristic texts in his lifetime and on different strategies of translation by authors who translated his texts into Czech during his lifetime (Milena Jesenská, Milena Illová, Jaroslav Dohnal), Kafka's responses and how they are reflected in his work. The analysis in the second part is structured mainly according to the tendencies of reception whose focus shifts gradually from expressionist to surrealistic interpretations; the analysis of gradual changes of Kafka's image in the Czech press which reflects the changing reception of his...

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This study of the development of Howells's theory of fiction and the extent of its expression in his own novels involves a study of the development of his literary tastes. In order to arrive at an understanding of Howells's critical views as expressed in his own fiction, his literary notices and critical essays will be studied concurrently with his novels.

This thesis is a study of Joseph Addison's literary criticism as found in The Spectator.