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Marine litter is a recognized environmental problem, which has been subject to many research studies, monitoring and international legislations with the goal to improve the state of the marine ecosystem. The aim of my thesis was to study if debris on the Swedish west coast has changed during the past five years (2011-2015), and to make an overview of how the marine ecosystem and the organisms in general are affected by marine litter. I hypothesized that the amount of coastal litter would have decreased as a response to the taken measures. I investigated debris on three beaches on the Swedish west coast during February 2015; Grönevik, Gröderhamn and Edshultshall. At each beach seven randomly selected one meter squares were searched for litter. Estimates for the entire beaches were compared to the investigations performed by the OSPAR (Oslo and Paris conventions) organization during 2011-2014. In difference to my expectations none of the observed litter objects showed any decrease during the study period.  Statistical analyzes instead indicated that two litter objects originating from the sea have increased, i.e. fish nets and plastic ropes, while the other seven objects observed did not show any significant up- or downward trends over time.  My literature survey showed that litter is a large problem for the marine environment and that many animals suffer severely and often dies when plastic litter is consumed and mistaken as food items. The cost for maintaining the marine environment in condition is estimated to be high.

The microbial Population of stream leaf litter was examined during the fall and winter of 1976 in Bell Creek, Delaware County, Indiana. Nylon-mesh bags containing leaves were placed in the creek and allowed to become colonized by bacteria and fungi. Of special interest was the enumeration and identification of cellulolytic anaerobic bacteria. This study revealed the presence of these bacteria in all sample cases. These bacteria were generally identified as belonging to the genus Clostridium. Two species of cellulolytic pseudomonads were also isolated. Non-cellulolytic bacteria belonging to the genera Flavobacterium and Beijerinckia were isolated. These aerobic organisms may function indirectly in cellulose degradation by removing toxic byproducts or growth limiting factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in effectiveness of four unmanned interpretive devices, which were: 1) a visual shock display, 2) a written brochure, 3) written signs, and 4) an automated audiovisual presentation. These technique types have only been sparsely studied in the past with regard to their comparative efficacy. Examination of the differences in relative effectiveness was warranted to help establish guidelines for future interpretive technique design and utilization.The four techniques, along with a control, were compared two at a time using aluminum can litter/recycling as the concept being interpreted. The number of aluminum cans recovered from park trash containers during each treatment period was used to evaluate the techniques. The comparison between each set of techniques was made using a z-statistic for a large sample, normal population. The number of cans purchased prior to park visitation was also analyzed with this same statistic to determine if this outside factor had any influence on the data.Of the four unmanned interpretive techniques tested, the written sign and the visual shock display were significantly more effective at interpreting the concept than were the written brochure, automated audiovisual program or the control. The written sign and the visual shock display were equally effective, while the automated audiovisual program and the written brochure were not significantly more effective than a control. Cans purchased prior to park visitation had no detectable effect on these results. Also, rainfall and temperature patterns showed no correlation with the data.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2006. / "August, 2006." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, 1987. / Typescript. Copies of two papers co-authored by the author, in back cover pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-143).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1997? / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-148).