Orientador: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Antônio de Pádua Sousa / Banca: João Luis Zocoler / Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel / Banca: Helton Rogério Mazzer / Resumo: A irrigação localizada tem como características principais a economia e um alto grau de uniformidade de distribuição de água. A irrigação localizada por gotejamento tem como componente principal os gotejadores que se encontram inseridos nas linhas laterais de gotejamento e são os grandes responsáveis pela economia de água e pela uniformidade de distribuição de água. Contudo, apesar dessas vantagens, esse sistema é também suscetível a uma série de fatores que alteram seu funcionamento, afetando a uniformidade de distribuição de água, conseqüentemente prejudicando a cultura, refletindo no lucro do produtor. Um desses fatores que afetam o funcionamento dos emissores é o depósito de partículas provenientes da água utilizada para irrigação. Essas partículas influenciam na variação da perda de carga mangueira da mangueira gotejadora. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a perda de carga em três modelos de mangueiras gotejadoras, duas com emissores coaxiais e uma com emissores nãocoaxiais, encontradas comercialmente em três condições distintas, quando novas, após 500 horas de uso com uma água rica em ferro e com emissores totalmente entupidos. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de ensaios de equipamentos de irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo. Primeiramente foram executados ensaios para obtenção do diâmetro interno, espessura da parede, área da seção do tubo com emissor inserido e vazão média das mangueiras gotejadoras, com base nas normas ISO 9261:2004 e NBR 12:02.08-21/1986, características essas importantíssimas, pois influenciam diretamente na perda de carga das mangueiras gotejadoras. Com base nesses ensaios, verificou-se que os valores encontrados e suas variações estavam dentro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main characteristics of localized irrigation are the economy and high uniformity of water distribution. In drip irrigation the main component are the emitters placed on the side of drip lines largely responsible for saving water, and the uniformity of water distribution. Despite these advantages, this system is also susceptible to a number of factors that affect its operation, affecting the uniformity of water distribution, causing damage to the culture, reflecting the profit of the producer. One of those factors that affect the operation of the emitters is the deposit of particles from the water used for irrigation. These particles cause wear of the walls of the drip lines and emitters and can lead to clogging. This study aimed to evaluate the head loss in three models of drip lines commercially available in three different conditions, when new, after 500 hours of use with rich iron water, and with clogged emitters. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory testing of irrigation equipment at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" - Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo. First tests were performed to obtain the constructive characteristics of drip lines, based on ISO 9261:2004 and NBR 12:02.08-21/1986, all important characteristics that affects directly the pressure drop of drip lines. Based on these results, it was found that the values and their variations were within the values established by standard, showing good quality in the manufacture of these drip lines. After that, the main head loss and local head loss in sites established in the sidelines of these drip lines were obtained. Based on these results it was found that the equations showed in the literature still needs adjustments with respect to the conditions that were subjected the drip lines. It was found that the non-coaxial... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In the manufacturing industry, parts are created with high demands on their mechanical properties. To avoid surface defects, components are over-dimensioned and then machined to the desired size. This will give rise to material waste and extra processing steps. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate methods to repair these surface defects without the need of over-dimensioning. In this thesis work, different strategies for localized electrochemical deposition have been investigated with respect to their ability to perform local repair of surface defects. The concepts that have been studied include the application of a microanode, a confined bath, and of liquid marbles. The different methods were tested and the process parameters were optimized to achieve good quality deposits at sufficient growth rates. The best deposits were then further characterized with respect to grain size distribution, crystal orientation and surface quality. The ability to repair a surface defect was also studied along with the possibility of producing thicker deposits. The confined bath method was the most promising concept. At a current density of 3.5 A/dm2, a good quality deposit was achieved. The crystal orientations proved to be random and the average grain size was 115 ± 61 nm. A surface defect with a depth of 33.0 µm and a width of 19.8 µm was successfully repaired using this local deposition method. However, the technique needs further development for the desired application in manufacturing industry.

Os modos vibracionais localizados dos pares H-H-, D-D- e H-D- em KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl e NaCl foram estudados para diversas configurações. As frequências dos modos infravermelho ativos determinados experimentalmente mostram boa concordância com o modelo de dois osciladores harmônicos acoplados. A largura de linha para os diferentes modos nos cristais examinados é discutida. A dependência com a temperatura da largura de linha para os modos transversais T1 e T2 no sistema KCl+ H- H-, indica que o alargamento das mesmas é devida ao \"mecanismo de decomposição\", no qual dois fônons são criados. Estes fônons são devidos ao decaimento do modo localizado em fase num fônon acústico da rede e num fônon localizado fora de fase. Propriedades gerais, como a lei de Ivey e diversas outras particularidades dos halogenetos alcalinos estudados são apresentadas / The localized vibrational modes of H-H-, D-D- and H-D- in KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl and NaCl were studied for different pair configurations. The measured frequencies of the infrared active modes were found to be in good agreement with a model of two coupled harmonic oscillators. The line width for different modes in the salts studied is discussed. The temperature dependence for the transversal modes T1 and T2 of the line width for the H- H- pairs in KCl indicates that the broadening of these lines is due to the \"decomposition mechanism\", that generates two phonons. The generated phonons due to the decay of the localized phonon that corresponds to the out of phase vibration of the H- H- pair. The general properties, as the Ivey law and several particulars of the properties in the alkali-halides studied are presented

Submitted by KAROLINE MASO DOS REIS null (karol.mazzo6@gmail.com) on 2017-03-20T13:16:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Karoline_Maso_dos_Reis.pdf: 1005977 bytes, checksum: f47d40d873464a065d6892ce5e68a6c3 (MD5) / Rejected by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-22T13:21:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by KAROLINE MASO DOS REIS null (karol.mazzo6@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T00:00:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Karoline_Maso_dos_Reis.pdf: 1561143 bytes, checksum: a96dd6f917463095d83e367b00fef73b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T16:36:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_km_me_jabo.pdf: 1561143 bytes, checksum: a96dd6f917463095d83e367b00fef73b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T16:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_km_me_jabo.pdf: 1561143 bytes, checksum: a96dd6f917463095d83e367b00fef73b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / A caracterização da distribuição de água por tubo gotejador é imprescindível para a irrigação. E, a falta de conhecimento desse fator leva a impactos econômicos e ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição e vazão de um tubo gotejador em condição de irrigação superficial e subsuperficial. Utilizou-se o tubo gotejador Drip Net PCTM AS 16150, com delineamento experimental no esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da combinação de 5 profundidades de submersão do tubo gotejador (0; 10; 20; 30 e 40 cm) e 5 pressões de entrada da água no tubo gotejador (49, 98, 147, 196 e 245 kPa). O menor coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição obtido foi de 95,55% e o menor coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen, 96,37%, sendo classificados como excelentes de acordo com Merriam e Keller (1978) e Mantovani (2002), respectivamente. O coeficiente de variação de fabricação ficou dentro da regulamentação, ABNT NBR ISO 9261, sendo menor que 7%. As vazões em subsuperfície apresentaram-se mais próximas da vazão nominal do tubo gotejador do que a vazão em superfície, indicando bom desempenho do tubo gotejador para irrigação em subsuperfície. / The characterization of the water distribution by dripping tube is essential for irrigation. And, lack of knowledge of this factor leads economic and environmental impacts. The objective of this research was to evaluate the uniformity of distribution and flow of a dripper tube in surface and subsurface irrigation conditions. The Drip Net PCTM AS dripping tube 16150 was used, with experimental design in a 5 x 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of 5 submersion depths of the dripper tube (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 m) and 5 inlet pressures of the water in the dripper tube (49, 98, 147, 196 and 245 kPa). The lowest coefficient of uniformity of distribution was 95.55% and the lowest coefficient of uniformity of Christiansen, 96.37%, being classified as excellent according to Merriam and Keller (1978) and Mantovani (2002), respectively. The coefficient of variation of manufacturing was within the regulation, ABNT NBR ISO 9261, being less than 7%.The subsurface flow rates were closer to the nominal flow rate of the dripping tube than to the surface flow rate, indicating a good performance of the drip tube in subsurface.

<p>The aims of the thesis were to</p><p>• explore whether radical prostatectomy is beneficial compared with watchful waiting in survival and disease progression</p><p>• find possible effect modifiers</p><p>• evaluate a protocol of multiple biopsies and investigate if men with previous benign prostate biopsies are a group at risk for later prostate cancer</p><p>• inquire into patients’ and clinicians’ experiences of randomization in order to find out what made this study possible to conduct, and thereby contribute to improve randomization in the future</p><p>The background material was a large randomized clinical trial, the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group Study Number 4, or SPCG-4, which was open for inclusion from February 1989 through December 1999. It comprised 695 men in Sweden, Finland and Iceland who had localized prostate cancer and were randomized to either radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting. </p><p>After a mean follow-up time of 6.2 years the first analyses, according to intention-to-treat, showed that radical prostatectomy reduced disease specific mortality, risk of metastases and risk of local progression but did not statistically significantly reduce overall mortality. </p><p>The second analyses confirmed our earlier findings and furthermore, at ten years, radical prostatectomy also statistically significantly reduced overall mortality. Age appeared as an independent effect modifier that will be further investigated.</p><p>A total of 547 men, with a suspicion of prostate cancer that had undergone multiple biopsies, and whose biopsies had benign histology were later compared with the background population to evaluate whether they were a group at risk of developing prostate cancer. Within six years of follow-up, there was no increased risk of prostate cancer.</p><p>Patients as well as clinicians used individual strategies to cope with the situation. The randomizing clinician has to understand the patient’s strategy and his expectations in order to individualize the information accordingly.</p>

The aims of the thesis were to • explore whether radical prostatectomy is beneficial compared with watchful waiting in survival and disease progression • find possible effect modifiers • evaluate a protocol of multiple biopsies and investigate if men with previous benign prostate biopsies are a group at risk for later prostate cancer • inquire into patients’ and clinicians’ experiences of randomization in order to find out what made this study possible to conduct, and thereby contribute to improve randomization in the future The background material was a large randomized clinical trial, the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group Study Number 4, or SPCG-4, which was open for inclusion from February 1989 through December 1999. It comprised 695 men in Sweden, Finland and Iceland who had localized prostate cancer and were randomized to either radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting. After a mean follow-up time of 6.2 years the first analyses, according to intention-to-treat, showed that radical prostatectomy reduced disease specific mortality, risk of metastases and risk of local progression but did not statistically significantly reduce overall mortality. The second analyses confirmed our earlier findings and furthermore, at ten years, radical prostatectomy also statistically significantly reduced overall mortality. Age appeared as an independent effect modifier that will be further investigated. A total of 547 men, with a suspicion of prostate cancer that had undergone multiple biopsies, and whose biopsies had benign histology were later compared with the background population to evaluate whether they were a group at risk of developing prostate cancer. Within six years of follow-up, there was no increased risk of prostate cancer. Patients as well as clinicians used individual strategies to cope with the situation. The randomizing clinician has to understand the patient’s strategy and his expectations in order to individualize the information accordingly.

<p>This dissertation proposes a new working model of reductionism for biology and a new concept of the gene based on the new reduction model. My project aims to help biologists and philosophers understand what reductionism in biology really is, or, should be. Historical debates about reductionism testify us that the classical reduction model, i.e., Ernest Nagel's bridge-law model, offers us neither an appropriate ontological reductionism nor a reductive explanation about biological phenomena. Casting doubts on the received view of the layered hierarchical model of ontology, I suggest that many interesting biological properties be construed as second-order functional properties and their first-order realizers. Providing for reduction finely-analyzed biological properties, I offer a new model for reductionism in biology - localized functional reductionism - which evolved from Jaegwon Kim's view of reductionism presented for the problems of mental causation. </p><p>My localized functional reductionism shows that a localized functional property is reduced to its base/structural property. I emphasize that researchers in biology do not deal with abstract general properties but always localized, structure-specific biological properties. A localized functional property and the structure-specific biological property as its base property are what we are interested in and this is what makes biological properties appropriate for research and meaningful for philosophical discussion. The localized functional reduction model, which is actually a case of token reduction model, integrates the fine-grained ontological hierarchies of both macro/micro-levels and higher/lower-orders, and it also synthesizes functional reductionism and token identity thesis. In my localized functional reductionism, functional biological properties are not eliminated but they exist with their own causal powers and true explanatory powers. </p><p>I also argue that the gene, construed as a second-order functional property, must be understood as gene expression network-specific. The gene, when it is realized on a given occasion, is reduced to, and is identical with, one of its genomic realizers on the given occasion, that is, the gene expression network. A new dynamic approach to the concept of the gene as the gene expression network vindicates reductionism.</p> / Dissertation

In recent years, the Surface Plasmon Polariton effect has played an important role for entering the Nano-world. When the metallic materials reach the nanometer level, many special characteristics show up. As the progress of advanced technology development, the equipments which can be operated in nano grade level are more stabilized. Many special surface Plasmonic properties have been discovered through the measurements. This research is to focus on using the Surface Plasmon coupling to excite colloidal quantum dots and observing the emissive behavior of quantum dots. The experiments of changing the distance between the quantum dots and the metal film were performed. The blinking effect disappeared when the quantum dots are very close to the metal film. It showed that some other mechanism is competing with Auger recombination in the quantum dots. The lifetime modification and emission intensity were measured when one quantum dot was placed near a silver cube. The coupling between the surface Plasmon polariton and the quantum dot was discussed.

This study collected relevant data of construction sites between January 1990 and December 2011 to estimate the emission factors of various construction projects for Kaohsiung City using Jhang¡¦s equations. The emission factors of various construction projects are as follows: about 0.121 kg/m2/month for reinforced concrete construction, about 0.141 kg/m2/month for steel constructed buildings, 0.228 kg/m2/month for road (tunnel) works, 0.126 kg/m2/month for bridge works, 0.101 tons/ha/month for regional construction projects, and 0.223 kg/m2/month for others. Based on these emission factors, the total fugitive dust emissions for 2,011 construction projects is estimated to be about 22,087.98 tons, and the exposure of per unit area to the fugitive dust pollution is approximately 11.98 ton/km2/month. The total fugitive dust emissions of 2,011 construction projects is estimated about 10528.14 tons (based on Kaohsiung City construction information database). According to the Department of Land, Kaohsiung City Government, Kaohsiung city is 27.8 kilometers from south to north, 10.4 kilometers from west to east, and the administrative area is 153.6029 square kilometers. The exposure of per unit area to the fugitive dust pollution is about 5.71 ton/km2/months.

In this work, the structural and optical properties of metal nanoparticles fabricated on various substrates have been investigated. The particles were fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL) and dewetting of a thin metal film. The advantages and disadvantages of these two fabrication techniques are discussed by considering the properties of the nanoparticles and the applicability to large area substrates. Being a practical fabrication method, dewetting can be applied to any substrate with either small or large surfaces. For comparison between different sample types, some process parameters such as film thickness, annealing temperature and duration were fixed during the whole study. Gold (Au) and silver (Ag) were preferred for nanoparticle formation because of their superior optical properties for solar cell applications. We used silicon (Si), silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and indium tin oxide (ITO) on glass, and textured Si as the substrate for the particle formation. These substrates are commonly used in solar cell technology for different purposes. The formation of the metal nanoparticles, their size and size distribution were monitored by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). We performed a dimension analysis on the SEM images using a program called Gwyddion. We observed that the substrate type greatly affects particle mean size, suggesting a dependence of the dewetting process on the interface properties. Moreover, the effect of the annealing temperature was found to be a function of the substrate type. Scattering measurements have been carried out in order to observe the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) conditions. The effect of the particle size and the dielectric environment was observed as a shift in the plasmon resonance peak position along the wavelength axis. As expected from the theory, the resonance peaks shift to longer wavelengths with increasing particle size and dielectric constant. In order to compare the experimental results with the theory, Mie theory was applied to calculate the plasmon resonance peaks. We obtained fairly well agreement between the experimental and theoretical results. In this study, nanoparticles were assumed to be in contact with more than one medium, namely air and the underlying substrate. Finally, we have reached a successful methodology and knowledge accumulation for the metal particle formation on variety of substrates by the dewetting technique. It is clear that this knowledge can form basis for the photovoltaic applications.