The amount of available biomass feedstock and associated cost components were analyzed to determine the potential increase in energy capacity of two existing combined heat and power plants in Mississippi. The amount of corn stover and forest logging residue within a 10-mile radius can satisfy the existing requirements of CHP plants in Scott (1 MW) and Washington counties (5 MW). Transporting feedstock within a smaller source area had lower transportation costs, but higher total unit cost than the two other source buffer scenarios. However, capital costs associated with higher plant capacities were significantly higher and plant expansion may not be economically advantageous. Increasing the CHP capacity from 1 MW to 2 MW in Scott county and 5 MW to 10 MW in Washington county might be a sustainable approach by drawing feedstock from a smaller area and at lower utilization rates, while keeping transportation costs low.

Orientador: Marcos Antonio de Rezende / Banca: José Roberto C. Saglietti / Banca: Marcos Vinícius Rodrigues / Resumo: A crise de combustíveis derivados de petróleo a partir do ano de 1970 levou as empresas brasileiras a avaliar a viabilidade econômica de aproveitamento inteligente e racional de resíduos industriais como insumos energéticos, até então descartados em seus processos de fabricação. A segurança da economia brasileira impõe medidas de aproveitamento mais eficaz do combustível e exige providências para intensificar a utilização de outras fontes energéticas e abundantes, (Pêra 1990). Os custos da energia podem ser reduzidos pelo emprego de combustíveis mais econômicos e de produtos residuais Andritz (1997). Em industrias de produção de chapas de fibras de madeira, o Eucalyptus grandis é utilizado como fonte de matéria prima e também como combustível (biomassa) para geração de energia térmica em forma de vapor, água quente e ar quente. A possibilidade do aproveitamento da casca de Eucalyptus para a geração de energia nessa unidade industrial, foi que motivou a realização deste trabalho, que teve os seguintes objetivos: a) quantificar as cascas geradas nas etapas de movimentação de toras e preparação de cavacos de madeira; b) avaliar a viabilidade técnico-econômica para aproveitamento das cascas como combustível necessário à geração de energia térmica. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na empresa Duratex S.A., unidade fabril localizada no município de Botucatu no Estado de São Paulo, onde foram analisados os locais e as quantidades de geração de resíduos, cascas, bem como a verificação de seu poder calorífico e sua respectiva umidade. Foi analisada a necessidade energética da unidade fabril, sob o aspecto de energia térmica. Através dos índices de consumo da empresa foram determinadas as quantidades e os tipos de combustíveis utilizados na produção de calor e vapor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The oil derivated fuel crisis, in the beginning of 1970, conduced the Brazilian companies to evaluate the economic viability of intelligent and rational utilization of industrial residues as energetic fuels, until then discarded in its manufature processes. According to Pera (1990), the security guard of the Brazilian economy imposes ways of more efficient use of fuel and demands steps to intensify the use of other abundant energy sources. Following Andritz (1997), the costs of the energy can be reduced by the use of more economic fuels and residual products. In Duratex S/A, industry located in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, the Eucalyptus grandis is mostly used as raw material source and also as fuel (biomass) for thermal energy generation in form of steam, hot water and hot air. The possibility to use Eucalyptus barks to generate energy at this industrial unit, is that motivated the accomplishment of this work, which contains the following objectives: a) to quantify the amount of barks generated at log handling and wood chips preparison steps; b) to evaluate the technical and economic viability to use barks as necessary fuel to generate thermal energy. The research was developed in Duratex S/A, a manufacturing unit located in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, where the places and the amounts of bark and residues generation had been analyzed, as well as the verification of its calorific power and its respective humidity. The energy needs of this manufacturing unit was analyzed under the thermal energyþs aspect. Through the indices of control of the company, the amounts and the types of fuels used to produce heat and steam demanded by the process had been determined. The main results show that the implantation of the proposed alternative to use forest residues to produce steam, represents an investment of R$ 850.500,00 (US$ 386.590,00). The main conclusion of this... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanchezsantiago_fl_me_botfca.pdf: 1305355 bytes, checksum: ff3e84a9438d4e0250e74cf60b406555 (MD5) / A crise de combustíveis derivados de petróleo a partir do ano de 1970 levou as empresas brasileiras a avaliar a viabilidade econômica de aproveitamento inteligente e racional de resíduos industriais como insumos energéticos, até então descartados em seus processos de fabricação. A segurança da economia brasileira impõe medidas de aproveitamento mais eficaz do combustível e exige providências para intensificar a utilização de outras fontes energéticas e abundantes, (Pêra 1990). Os custos da energia podem ser reduzidos pelo emprego de combustíveis mais econômicos e de produtos residuais Andritz (1997). Em industrias de produção de chapas de fibras de madeira, o Eucalyptus grandis é utilizado como fonte de matéria prima e também como combustível (biomassa) para geração de energia térmica em forma de vapor, água quente e ar quente. A possibilidade do aproveitamento da casca de Eucalyptus para a geração de energia nessa unidade industrial, foi que motivou a realização deste trabalho, que teve os seguintes objetivos: a) quantificar as cascas geradas nas etapas de movimentação de toras e preparação de cavacos de madeira; b) avaliar a viabilidade técnico-econômica para aproveitamento das cascas como combustível necessário à geração de energia térmica. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na empresa Duratex S.A., unidade fabril localizada no município de Botucatu no Estado de São Paulo, onde foram analisados os locais e as quantidades de geração de resíduos, cascas, bem como a verificação de seu poder calorífico e sua respectiva umidade. Foi analisada a necessidade energética da unidade fabril, sob o aspecto de energia térmica. Através dos índices de consumo da empresa foram determinadas as quantidades e os tipos de combustíveis utilizados na produção de calor e vapor... / The oil derivated fuel crisis, in the beginning of 1970, conduced the Brazilian companies to evaluate the economic viability of intelligent and rational utilization of industrial residues as energetic fuels, until then discarded in its manufature processes. According to Pera (1990), the security guard of the Brazilian economy imposes ways of more efficient use of fuel and demands steps to intensify the use of other abundant energy sources. Following Andritz (1997), the costs of the energy can be reduced by the use of more economic fuels and residual products. In Duratex S/A, industry located in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, the Eucalyptus grandis is mostly used as raw material source and also as fuel (biomass) for thermal energy generation in form of steam, hot water and hot air. The possibility to use Eucalyptus barks to generate energy at this industrial unit, is that motivated the accomplishment of this work, which contains the following objectives: a) to quantify the amount of barks generated at log handling and wood chips preparison steps; b) to evaluate the technical and economic viability to use barks as necessary fuel to generate thermal energy. The research was developed in Duratex S/A, a manufacturing unit located in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, where the places and the amounts of bark and residues generation had been analyzed, as well as the verification of its calorific power and its respective humidity. The energy needs of this manufacturing unit was analyzed under the thermal energyþs aspect. Through the indices of control of the company, the amounts and the types of fuels used to produce heat and steam demanded by the process had been determined. The main results show that the implantation of the proposed alternative to use forest residues to produce steam, represents an investment of R$ 850.500,00 (US$ 386.590,00). The main conclusion of this... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The objective of this research was to determine how genetics and nutrient availability influence C cycling in intensively managed southern pine forests. This work consisted of a two year field and a complimentary one year greenhouse study each split into above- and below-ground pools and fluxes. Both the greenhouse and field experiment showed differences between contrasting genotypes in gas exchange parameters and C partitioning patterns, but genetic by nutrient availability interactions were only observed in the field. In the field study, some genotypes were better able to tolerate nutrient limitations due to more favorable canopy architecture and lower N demand. Our results clearly show that contrasting ideotypes have the potential to respond differently to differences in nutrient availability in terms of biomass partitioning, leaf physiology, and leaf biochemistry (Chapter 3). Both experiments showed short-term improvements to soil physical and chemical properties, which have been shown to correlate with higher site quality. In both the greenhouse and field experiment, we concluded that increased C loss by way of total soil CO₂ efflux (FS) made up only a small percent total C incorporated as LR. Short-term results led us to conclude that combining LR treatments and planting of genotypes with low nutrient demand or high nutrient use efficiency may increase soil organic matter (SOM) while avoiding loss of stem volume from nutrient immobilization. Data from our field study showed a strong genotype by soil amendment interaction for FS over all sampling dates with the relative importance of contributing factors (heterotrophic or root respiration) also changing (Chapter 5). Overall, logging residue incorporation increased total system C gain per ha more than did fertilization alone, but there were differences between genotypes planted (Chapter 6). Data from the field experiment show that although LR incorporation did not decrease overall net primary productivity, it did decrease biomass partitioning to merchantable products (main stem) depending on genotype. These data underline the importance of matching appropriate genotypes to specific site conditions and silvicultural prescriptions. / Ph. D.

Dans le contexte énergétique actuel, les pouvoirs publics s’engagent à réduire la consommation des énergies fossiles et à développer le marché des énergies renouvelables afin de diminuer les émissions de CO2 et de faire face à la raréfaction des sources d’énergie fossile. La demande en bois-énergie, notamment de plaquettes forestières, est appelée à s’accroître dans les années à venir. Afin d’augmenter la production forestière une exploitation des résidus de coupe de diamètre inférieur à 7 cm, appelés rémanents forestiers, est envisagée. De plus, pour compenser la perte de matière organique exportée avec les rémanents, une compensation minérale sous forme de cendres provenant des chaufferies est envisagée. Cependant, l’impact de telles pratiques de gestion sur les écosystèmes forestiers tempérés ne sont que très peu étudiés. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient donc d’étudier l’impact d’un export des rémanents forestiers et d’une compensation par les cendres sur la biocénose du sol à différentes échelles et de tenter d’identifier des indicateurs biologiques pouvant mettre en lumière les perturbations de l’écosystème créées par ces gestions. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la macrofaune et de la mésofaune du sol à une échelle régionale puis nationale a permis de mettre en avant l’importance de l’essence dominante (hêtre ou chêne) dans la réponse du macrofaune à l’export de rémanents. Cette partie a aussi montré que l’export de la totalité des rémanents et de la litière a un impact négatif sur toute la communauté de la faune du sol et que l’apport de cendres ne compensait pas, voire aggravait, l’effet de l’export de rémanents. Dans un second temps, une étude en mésocosme d’un double gradient de quantité de rémanents et de cendres a mis en avant l’importance de la fertilité minérale du sol dans la réponse de l’interface sol-végétation. Dans un sol neutre, l’export des rémanents ou l’apport de cendres ne présentait pas d’impact sur l’interface sol-plante au contraire du sol acide. De plus, dans le sol acide, une importante modification structurelle de la communauté microbienne a été mise en avant lors du mélange entre les rémanents et les cendres. Pour finir cette étude a permis de mettre en lumière les ordres des Lithobiomopha et des Geophilomorpha comme potentielles sources de bioindicateurs des perturbations des réseaux trophiques dans le cadre d’une gestion des rémanents ou d’un apport de cendres / In the current contextof energetic transition, public policies commit to reduce fossil fuel consumption and develop renewable energies in order to reduce CO2 emission. Woody biomass can be one of the solutions in order to increase the share of renewable energu ressources in energetic mix. In order to increase woody biomass production, an export of logging residues (under 7 cm of diameter) is investigated. Furthermore, in order to offset th export of organic matter with logging residue, mineral compensation by wood ash application is investigated. Nevertheless, the effect of such management practices on temperate forest ecosystem were understudied. The aims of this thesis were to study the impact of logging residues management intensity and wood ash offset on soil biota and to investigate potential bioindicators of disturbance led by these practices. First, the study on macrofauna and mesofauna at various scales (regional then northen French) highlited the importance of tree species (oak or beech) the response of soil biota to logging residue export. Furthermore, this first part showed a strong negative impact on the whole soil community when logging residues and litter were exported and wood ash application did not compensate the impacts of logging residues export on macro and mesofauna. Second, a mesocosm study with a cross-gradient of logging residue and wood ash input highlighted the importance of mineral fertility in the response of soil-plant interface. In neutral soil, logging residue export or wood ash application did not impact soil-plant interface, conversely to acidic soil. Furthermore, in acidic soil, a strong structural disturbance of microfloral assemblage was showed when logging residue and wood ash were added together. Third, this thesis highlighted Litobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha orders as potential sources of bioindicators of disturbance of trophic networks in logging residue export and wood ash offset context of forest management practices