Šio darbo tikslai – ištirti paprasčiausius fraktalus, išnagrinėti fraktalų savybių realizavimo ir fraktalų atvaizdavimo Logo priemonėmis galimybes, sudaryti fraktalų dėstymo mokiniams metodiką naudojant Logo. Šiems tikslams įgyvendinti iškeliami darbo uždaviniai – užrašyti matematinius fraktalų sudarymo algoritmus Logo kalba bei pateikti keletą fraktalų realizavimo Logo kalba pavyzdžių. Darbą sudaro dvi dalys. Pirmojoje pateikiamas fraktalų apibrėžimas, jų savybės, trumpa fraktalų istorija, detaliau nagrinėjami žinomi fraktalai – Julijaus ir Mandelbroto aibės. Antrojoje dalyje nagrinėjamos fraktalų vaizdavimo Logo priemonėmis galimybės, pateikiami Logo programų fraktalams kurti pavyzdžiai. Darbe ištirta, kaip modeliuojami fraktalai bei pateikta keletas programų Logo kalba fraktalams sudaryti. Programos antrojoje darbo dalyje pateikiamos nuosekliai, nuo paprasčiausių programėlių supažindinti su rekursija iki sudėtingesnių algoritmų įvairiems fraktalams sudaryti, taip pasiūlant glaustą fraktalų mokymo naudojant Logo metodiką. Nagrinėjant fraktalus susipažįstama su koordinačių sistemomis, sveikųjų skaičių aritmetika, begalybės sąvoka, lavinami skaičiavimo ir braižymo įgūdžiai. Fraktalus gali nagrinėti įvairaus amžiaus mokiniai. Perteikiant fraktalus paprasta ir visiems lengvai perprantama Logo kalba, kartu yra ugdomi algoritmavimo, programavimo ir darbo su kompiuteriu gebėjimai. Sudėtingiems fraktalams sudaryti Logo priemonės nėra racionalios dėl lėto programų darbo atliekant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The goal of this master's degree thesis is to analyze properties and generation algorithms of simple fractals and to implement these algorithms into Logo programming language suggesting methodology of teaching fractals using Logo in schools and providing some examples of Logo programs for fractal generation. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part provides basic theory on fractals. It begins with a simple explanation of what a fractal is using examples of self-similarity and recursive process and going into a more mathematical definition of fractals, introduced by B. Mandelbrot. After a brief history of fractals, a more in-depth analysis of Mandelbrot and Julia sets, the two well-known fractals arising from very simple sequences of complex numbers defined by the relation z_{n+1} = z_n^2 + c is given. The last chapter of the first part points out the reasons how fractals are useful and why they should be taught at school – fractals are fun; fractals are beautiful; anyone can play with them; fractals promote curiosity; computers, when used to explain fractal theory, enhance learning. The second part focuses on using Logo to generate fractals. It provides a few Logo programs of various complexity ranging from simple recursive functions to handling operations with complex numbers. Examples of Logo programs include generation of fractal trees, Koch snowflake and Sierpinski gasket, implementation of chaos game and iterated function systems, and manipulating complex numbers... [to full text]

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Cette thèse présente un framework pour le logo spotting appliqué à repérer les logos à partir de l’image des documents en se concentrant sur la catégorisation de documents et les problèmes de récupération de documents. Nous présentons également trois méthodes de matching par point clé : le point clé simple avec le plus proche voisin, le matching par règle des deux voisins les plus proches et le matching par deux descripteurs locaux à différents étapes de matching. Les deux derniers procédés sont des améliorations de la première méthode. En outre, utiliser la méthode de classification basée sur la densité pour regrouper les correspondances dans le framework proposé peut aider non seulement à segmenter la région candidate du logo mais également à rejeter les correspondances incorrectes comme des valeurs aberrantes. En outre, afin de maximiser la performance et de localiser les logos, un algorithme à deux étages a été proposé pour la vérification géométrique basée sur l’homographie avec RANSAC. Comme les approches fondées sur le point clé supposent des approches coûteuses, nous avons également investi dans l’optimisation de notre framework. Les problèmes de séparation de texte/graphique sont étudiés. Nous proposons une méthode de segmentation de texte et non-texte dans les images de documents basée sur un ensemble de fonctionnalités puissantes de composants connectés. Nous avons appliqué les techniques de réduction de dimensionnalité pour réduire le vecteur de descripteurs locaux de grande dimension et rapprocher les algorithmes de recherche du voisin le plus proche pour optimiser le framework. En outre, nous avons également mené des expériences pour un système de récupération de documents sur les documents texte et non-texte segmentés et l'algorithme ANN. Les résultats montrent que le temps de calcul du système diminue brusquement de 56% tandis que la précision diminue légèrement de près de 2,5%. Dans l'ensemble, nous avons proposé une approche efficace et efficiente pour résoudre le problème de spotting des logos dans les images de documents. Nous avons conçu notre approche pour être flexible pour des futures améliorations. Nous croyons que notre travail peut être considéré comme une étape sur la voie pour résoudre le problème de l’analyse complète et la compréhension des images de documents. / This thesis presents a logo spotting framework applied to spotting logo images on document images and focused on document categorization and document retrieval problems. We also present three key-point matching methods: simple key-point matching with nearest neighbor, matching by 2-nearest neighbor matching rule method and matching by two local descriptors at different matching stages. The last two matching methods are improvements of the first method. In addition, using a density-based clustering method to group the matches in our proposed spotting framework can help not only segment the candidate logo region but also reject the incorrect matches as outliers. Moreover, to maximize the performance and to locate logos, an algorithm with two stages is proposed for geometric verification based on homography with RANSAC. Since key-point-based approaches assume costly approaches, we have also invested to optimize our proposed framework. The problems of text/graphics separation are studied. We propose a method for segmenting text and non-text in document images based on a set of powerful connected component features. We applied dimensionality reduction techniques to reduce the high dimensional vector of local descriptors and approximate nearest neighbor search algorithms to optimize our proposed framework. In addition, we have also conducted experiments for a document retrieval system on the text and non-text segmented documents and ANN algorithm. The results show that the computation time of the system decreases sharply by 56% while its accuracy decreases slightly by nearly 2.5%. Overall, we have proposed an effective and efficient approach for solving the problem of logo spotting in document images. We have designed our approach to be flexible for future improvements by us and by other researchers. We believe that our work could be considered as a step in the direction of solving the problem of complete analysis and understanding of document images.

Os logos de televisão são uma das mais importantes estratégias criadas e registradas pelas emissoras de televisão para proteger o conteúdo produzido e distribuído por elas. Cada logo é único, gerando robustez e segurança ao processo de medição de audiência de televisão. Estes logos podem ser considerados uma marca d\'água, que em alguns casos identificam não só a emissora, mas também o tipo de conteúdo que está sendo veiculado. Por exemplo, alguns canais mudam o logo de semitransparente para opaco quando há uma transmissão ao vivo. No reconhecimento de logos em tempo real utilizando-se sistemas embarcados, torna-se necessário o uso de técnicas que reduzam o processamento e o armazenamento de dados. Neste trabalho estudamos os principais métodos envolvidos em reconhecimento de imagens encontrados na literatura. Verificamos o uso do logo em outras aplicações, e desenvolvemos uma solução viável, técnica e economicamente. Aplicamos a técnica proposta em dados previamente gravados, e também em situações em tempo real, onde não se tem o controle do tipo de vídeo ao qual será veiculado. Avaliamos o novo método proposto e sua melhoria ao longo do processo, demonstrando a sua viabilidade. Apresentamos resultados comparativos entre o primeiro paper publicado e os novos métodos. / Television logo is one of the most important strategies used by the broadcasting companies to claim and protect the contents created and broadcasted by them. Each logo is unique, yielding robustness and security to the measurement of television audience. These logos can be considered as visible watermarks, and in some cases can identify the kind of broadcasted content, besides identifying the broadcasting company. For instance, some broadcasting company changes the logo\'s type from semitransparent to opaque to identify a live broadcast. For real time logo recognition using embedded systems, it is necessary to reduce the amount of processing and the memory storage. In this work, we describe the methods involved in logo recognition found in the literature. We verify the use of logos in other applications, and developed a technically and economically viable solution to recognize television logos in real time.

Os logos de televisão são uma das mais importantes estratégias criadas e registradas pelas emissoras de televisão para proteger o conteúdo produzido e distribuído por elas. Cada logo é único, gerando robustez e segurança ao processo de medição de audiência de televisão. Estes logos podem ser considerados uma marca d\'água, que em alguns casos identificam não só a emissora, mas também o tipo de conteúdo que está sendo veiculado. Por exemplo, alguns canais mudam o logo de semitransparente para opaco quando há uma transmissão ao vivo. No reconhecimento de logos em tempo real utilizando-se sistemas embarcados, torna-se necessário o uso de técnicas que reduzam o processamento e o armazenamento de dados. Neste trabalho estudamos os principais métodos envolvidos em reconhecimento de imagens encontrados na literatura. Verificamos o uso do logo em outras aplicações, e desenvolvemos uma solução viável, técnica e economicamente. Aplicamos a técnica proposta em dados previamente gravados, e também em situações em tempo real, onde não se tem o controle do tipo de vídeo ao qual será veiculado. Avaliamos o novo método proposto e sua melhoria ao longo do processo, demonstrando a sua viabilidade. Apresentamos resultados comparativos entre o primeiro paper publicado e os novos métodos. / Television logo is one of the most important strategies used by the broadcasting companies to claim and protect the contents created and broadcasted by them. Each logo is unique, yielding robustness and security to the measurement of television audience. These logos can be considered as visible watermarks, and in some cases can identify the kind of broadcasted content, besides identifying the broadcasting company. For instance, some broadcasting company changes the logo\'s type from semitransparent to opaque to identify a live broadcast. For real time logo recognition using embedded systems, it is necessary to reduce the amount of processing and the memory storage. In this work, we describe the methods involved in logo recognition found in the literature. We verify the use of logos in other applications, and developed a technically and economically viable solution to recognize television logos in real time.

Šis darbas yra apie Logo vizualines galimybes, jų taikymą. Apžvelgiama vizualizavimo prasmė, vizualizavimas senų senovėje – piešiniai ant uolų, mokykloje – interaktyvi lenta, šiandieniniame gyvenime – kelio ženklai, vaizdinės instrukcijos, kiekviename žmogaus žingsnyje. Išanalizuotos Logo vizualinės galimybės, aprašyta Pieštuvė, aptarta Logo programuojama grafika, vizualinio programavimo prasme įvertinti 10 metų Logo olimpiados pasiekimai. Palygintos tarpusavyje programos: Pieštuvė ir Paint, Pieštuvė ir LogoMotion, Logo ir FreePascal, išskirti jų privalumai ir trūkumai. Darbo metu buvo sukurta programa koordinačių plokštumos mokymui(si). Šios programos, kurioje yra keturios užduotys, mokymosi laiko užtenka vienai pamokai. Mokiniai nuosekliai atlikdami užduotis mokosi jiems sunkiai suprantamą temą "Koordinačių plokštuma". Atliktas eksperimentinis programos tyrimas mokyklose šeštose klasėse. Šis darbas buvo aprašytas, padarytos išvados, parašyta santrauka, pateiktas apžvelgtos literatūros sąrašas. / This work is about Logo visual possibilities and their application. The work provides the review of visualization significance, visualization in foretime – drawings on walls, at school – interactive board, in modern life – road signs, visual instructions, which occur in every step of a human life. Logo visual possibilities were analyzed, Pieštuvė was described, Logo programmed graphics was discussed, Logo Olympiad achievements over 10 years were assessed in the meaning of visual programming. The following programmes were compared: Pieštuvė and Paint, Pieštuvė and LogoMotion, Logo and FreePascal, their advantages and disadvantages were distinguished. During the work, a programme for teaching/learning coordinate plane was designed. The programme, which includes four tasks, is enough to study in one lesson. Performing the tasks coherently, students learn the topic "Coordinate plane", which is difficult for them to understand. Experimental programme survey was carried out at schools with sixth-formers. This work has been described, conclusions have been made, a summary has been written, and the literature list has been provided.

When the first Starbucks opened in 1971, not even the founders expected that just two decades later, it would become one of the strongest international corporations. Starbucks has experienced unprecedented growth and unfathomable success. The company grew from 17 stores in the company’s founding years to approximately 17,000 stores across 55 countries just 40 years later.1 According to the corporate website, the Starbucks mission is “to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time”.2 In order to fulfill their mission statement, Starbucks has to mold their company to align with the ever-changing consumer interests. Starbucks has continued to use its logo as the symbol of change in the company’s product base. Over the years, Starbucks’s brand name has consistently strengthened and was a determinant factor in the company’s unparalleled success. The corporation’s first major logo change in 1987 reflected the move away from a main-street coffee shop and into a more modern espresso bar that offered a broader array of products. The company’s second major logo change occurred in 1992 when Starbucks had their initial public offering on the NASDAQ stock exchange.3 Finally, this thesis will examine the impacts of Starbucks most recent logo change in 2011, and will conclude that better accounting methods must be created to quantify the value of a strong brand like Starbucks. 1 "Year in Review: Fiscal 2011." Starbucks Global Responsibility Report – Goals and Progress 2011. Starbucks Corporation. Web. 2 Feb. 2012. . 2 Starbucks Corporation. "Our Mission". Starbucks Home Page. 28 Feb 2012. Web. . 3 Schultz, Howard, and Joanne Gordon. Onward: How Starbucks fought for its life without losing its soul. New York, NY: Rodale, 2011. 1-11.

Detta examensarbete på 22,5 hp är en del av mekatronikingenjörsutbildningen vid Karlstads universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Valmet AB (tidigare Metso AB) i Hagfors som tillverkar och säljer malsegmentslitdelar för pappersindustri och massaindustri.Projektet behandlar en av de tre formmaskiner som finns på företaget, kallad M01. Formningsmomentet är grunden till gjutresultatet av produkterna och i dagsläget är det för stora variationer på kvalitetsutfall, delvis orsakat av för många frihetsgrader i hur maskinen opereras. Målet är att komma fram till en automatiserad lösning av utstötning av skalhalvor, hålla en jämnare nivå i sandkassen genom nivåmätning samt minska spill vid påfyllningen av sand.En tryckvakt och en ultraljudsgivare användes för att kunna mäta maskinens tillstånd och som styrning användes en extern PLC, Siemens LOGO! utöver den ordinarie PLC:n som används.Resultatet blev en prototyp som tillsammans med ett antal nya sensorer kan göra testmätningar och tillfälligt styra maskinen för att få en anvisning om det kan vara en bra lösning i framtiden. Lösningen ska senare kunna utvecklas fullt ut med bättre sensorer och dess funktioner ska kunna implementeras i den ordinarie PLC:n för att användas i samtliga formmaskiner.Alla lösningar fick inte fullt önskvärt resultat men de är ändå ett steg i rätt riktning. Skalen släpper inte lättare men en automatiserad utstötningsfunktion har tagits fram och kan användas som ett komplement för att underlätta för operatören. Lösningen har även lett till att det har blivit minskat spill samt att tiden för sandpåfyllning numera kan styras genom nivåmätning. Dock måste den startas manuellt i varje tillverkningscykel. / This degree project of 22.5 hp is part of the Mechatronics Engineering education at Karlstad University. The client is Valmet AB (formerly Metso AB) in Hagfors, which manufactures and sells grinding segments for the paper and pulp industry.The project highlights one of the three formwork machines at the company, called M01. The formwork is the basis to the molding results of the products and in the current situation it is of great variability in quality outcomes, partly caused by too many degrees of freedom in how the machine operated. The goal is to come up with an automated solution for ejection of shell halves, maintain a more stable level of sand in the sandbag through level measurements and reduce spillage during filling of sand.A pressure sensor and an ultrasonic sensor have been used to measure the state of the machine and to control an external PLC, Siemens LOGO addition to the ordinary PLC has used.The result was a prototype that together with a number of new sensors can make test measurements and temporarily control the machine to get a hint about if it could be a good solution in the future. The solution could later be fully developed with better sensors and its features implemented into the regular PLC to be used in any formmachine.All the solutions were not fully desirable but they are still a step in the right direction. The shells doesn’t let go easier but an automated ejection program has been developed and that be used as a supplement and assist the operator. The new solution has also led to reduced waste, and that the time for sand filling is now controlled through level measurements. However, it must be started manually in each production cycle.

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