Pharmaceutical preparations of quinine (injection solutions), sulfanilamide, aminophenazone, barbital (tablets), caffeine, phenobarbital (dragee), and theophylline (suppositories) about seventy years old were analyzed using RP-HPLC. Samples were quantified by HPLC-UV and UV-spectrophotometry. Products of degradation were identified using HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS. Conditions of separation were optimized. The samples of quinine injection solutions consist of 92% or 87% of declared quinine content. Quinotoxine has been identified as the product of quinine degradation. The quantification of theophylline in suppositories and caffeine in dragee did not show any degradation after more than 67 years from their manufacturing. Decrase of potent amount (decrase about 8-22 %) were found in drugs containing sulfanilamide, barbital, phenobarbital and aminophenazone. Products of degradation of these pharmaceuticals were not found.

The thesis deals with the issue of stability of voltage reference based on LTZ1000(A) integrated circuit. At the beginning are specified main parameters of voltage references in terms of stability. The work presents distribution references by architecture and by method of connection to the circuit. Work compares some references of Analog Devices and Linear Technology companies. In work is described voltage reference LTZ1000(A) and its circuits from datasheet. Listed are the main factor that influence the stability of reference, such as temperature, PCB design, Zener diode bias current, airflow and choice of circuit components. Given the description of a design module with the 7 V, 5 V and 10 V output. Made was three samples of PCB. Listed are results from long-term drift and temperature drift measures.

The mining industry contributes to enormous amounts of waste all over the world, which places high demands on tailings dams. In Sweden, there are strict regulations regarding the management and treatment of tailings dams, but some dams that were built before these regulations existed still pose a threat to the environment. Lilla Bredsjön in Dalarna, Sweden, is an example of an old tailings dam that has not been treated properly. Boliden, which is the owner of the dam, and the county board of Dalarna are currently in meetings regarding the responsibilities of old polluted sites in Garpenberg, where Lilla Bredsjön is included. This study aims to investigate possible remediation measures of the dams at Lilla Bredsjön in order to achieve long- term stability upon closure of the facility. Lilla Bredsjön is 350 000 m2 large and contains three impoundments; dam 1 to the east, dam 2 to the south and dam 3 to the north. Dam 1 is seven meters at its highest point whereas dam 2 and 3 both are three meters high. All of the dams are classified to a consequence level of 3, meaning that the consequences in case of a failure would be negligible. They are built using the centerline method with impermeable cores of moraine. The tailings are partly covered with sludge mixed with biomass ash, but no proper closure method have been implemented. A geotechnical investigation was conducted to obtain more information about the geometry, construction and foundation of each dam. It could be observed that dam 1 consisted of a moraine core and support fill, both constructed using the Christmas tree principle. Dam 2 consisted of a coarse and fine filter in the upstream part of the dam, whereas the rest of the dam consisted of a moraine core. Dam 3 consisted of tailings and a moraine core, and was like dam 1 also constructed using the Christmas tree principle. The downstream slopes of all dams are moreover very steep with slope angles of approximately 34o. Seepage and stability calculations were therefore performed in the software GeoStudio. In GeoStudio, two different analysis tools were used; SEEP/W to calculate seepage and SLOPE/W to calculate slope stability. Four hydraulic load cases were analyzed in the calculations: present conditions, flooded conditions, potential maximum seepage and present conditions with lower permeability of the tailings. The result shows that all of the dams are unstable in their present con- ditions, both with original and lower permeability of the tailings, as well as at flooded conditions. The required safety factor is however fulfilled at potential maximum seepage. The stability highly depends on the pore pressure inside the dams, which in turn depends on the choice of closure method. Based on the result from the stability calculations it can be concluded that if a dry cover is chosen as the closure method, it will probably be enough to reinforce the existing dams to achieve long-term stability. If, on the other hand, a raised groundwater level is chosen, more extensive solutions in terms of for example completely new impoundments directly downstream of the existing ones are most likely needed. Before a decision regarding the closure method is taken, it is hence very difficult to come to a conclusion regarding suitable remediation measures of the dams. / Gruvindustrin bidrar med enorma mängder avfall över hela världen, vilket ställer höga krav på gruvdammar. I Sverige finns det strikta förordningar gällande hanteringen och efterbehandlingen av gruvdammar, men en del dammar som byggdes innan dessa förordningar existerade utgör fortfarande ett hot mot miljön. Lilla Bredsjön i Dalarna är ett exempel på en gammal gruvdamm som inte blivit efterbehandlad tillräckligt. Boliden, som äger dammen, har möten med Länsstyelssen Dalarna angående ansvarsförhållanden gällande gamla förorenade områden i Garpenberg där även Lilla Bredsjön ingår. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka möjliga efterbehandlingsmetoder av dammarna vid Lilla Bredsjön för att uppnå långtidsstabilitet i samband med nedläggning av anläggningen. Lilla Bredsjön är 350 000 m2 stor och består av tre uppdämningar; damm 1 i öst, damm 2 i söder och damm 3 i norr. Damm 1 är sju meter som högst medan damm 2 och 3 båda är tre meter höga. Samtliga dammar är klassificerade till konsekvensklass 3, vilket betyder att konsekvenserna i händelse av ett dammbrott är försumbara. Dammarna är byggda med uppåtmetoden och har tätkärnor av morän. Magasinet är delvis täckt med slam utblandat med biobränsleaska, men ingen riktig efterbehandling har utförts. En geoteknisk undersökning genomfördes för att erhålla mer information om geometrin, konstruktionen och grundläggningen av varje damm. Det observerades att damm 1 består av en tätkärna av morän samt stödfyllning som båda konstruerades med julgransprincipen. Damm 2 består av ett grov- och finfilter i uppströmsdelen av dammen medan resten av dammen består av en tätkärna av morän. Damm 3 består av anrikningssand och en tätkärna av morän, och var liksom damm 1 konstruerad med julgransprincipen. Nedströmsslänterna på alla dammar är väldigt branta med en vinkel på ungefär 34o. Genomströmnings- och stabilitetsberäkningar genomfördes därför i programmet GeoStudio. I GeoStudio användes två olika verktyg; SEEP/W för att beräkna genomströmning och SLOPE/W för att beräkna släntstabilitet. Fyra olika hydrauliska belastningsfall analyserades i beräkningarna: normalfallet, överdämning, dimensionerat läckage och normalfallet med lägre permeabilitet på anrikningssanden. Resultatet visar på att samtliga dammar är instabila i deras nuvarande skick, beräknat på normalfallet med både ursprunglig och lägre permeabilitet på anrikningssanden, samt vid överdämning. Den erforderliga säkerhetsfaktorn är däremot uppfylld vid dimensionerat läckage. Stabiliteten är starkt beroende av portrycket inuti dammarna, vilket i sin tur är beroende av vilken efterbehandlingsmetod som väljs för magasinet. Baserat på resultatet från stabilitetsberäkningarna kan det konstateras att om torrtäckning väljs som efterbehandlingsmetod så räcker det förmodligen med att förstärka nuvarande dammar för att uppnå långtidsstabilitet. Om, å andra sidan, en förhöjd grundvattennivå väljs behövs med största sannolikhet en mer omfattande lösning, till exempel helt nya dammar direkt nedströms de nuvarande. Innan ett beslut gällande efterbehandlingsmetod av magasinet har tagits är det alltså väldigt svårt att dra en slutsats gällande den mest lämpliga efterbehandlingsmetoden av dammarna.

Polyethylenvinylacetat (EVA) ist das in der kristallinen Silizium Photovoltaik am häufigsten eingesetzte Einbettmaterial. Aufgrund der Applikation von Solarmodulen unterliegt das Polymer Alterungsmechanismen, die zu Änderungen oder Verlust wichtiger Eigenschaften führen können. Folge sind typische Fehlerbilder wie Delamination oder Yellowing, die zu Leistungsverlusten oder Modulausfällen führen können. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von Umweltparametern (Temperatur, Feuchte, UV-Strahlung) und Stabilisatoren auf die Alterung von EVA-Folie zu untersuchen und damit einen Beitrag zur Identifikation der zugrundeliegenden Fehlermechanismen zu liefern. Dazu wurden sowohl Folien mit definierter und variierender Additivierung als auch kommerzielle Folien künstlichen Bewitterungstests unterzogen und die Änderungen verschiedener Eigenschaften analysiert. Dazu zählt die Haftung an der Grenzfläche EVA-Glas, das Transmissionsverhalten und die Farbänderung der Folie. Darüber hinaus wurden alterungsbedinge Änderungen an der chemischen Struktur von EVA und den Stabilisatoren mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie und GC/MS-Messungen erfasst. Bei den untersuchten Additiven handelte es sich um ein organisches Peroxid (Vernetzer), einen Haftvermittler auf Silanbasis, einen UV-Absorber aus der Gruppe der Hydroxybenzophenone, ein Arylphosphit als Antioxidant und einen bi-funktionellen Stabilisator, das sogenannte HALS (hindered amine light stabilizer). Im Rahmen der Arbeit ist es gelungen Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhänge zwischen der Folienadditivierung und dem Auftreten verschiedener Fehlerbilder zu identifizieren. Darüber hinaus war es möglich eine Folienzusammensetzung zu definieren, die die bestmögliche Stabilität beim Einsatz von EVA als Einbettmaterial bieten sollte.

The dissertation focused on the analysis of twenty historical remains of pharmaceutical substances and pharmaceutical preparations dating to the 18th and 20th century by liquid and gas chromatography with UV-spectrometric or mass spectrometric detection. The analytical approach was chosen with regards to the age and pharmaceutical forms of the analyzed historical remain. The authenticity of the sample was verified by identifying the active ingredients, their possible degradation products and other excipients by tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation of some analytes was also studied by tandem mass spectrometry. The stability of historical pharmaceutical preparations from the 20th century was assessed on the basis of a decrease in the concentration of active substances compared to the content declared by the manufacturer or, in case of historical pharmaceutical remains from the 18th century, on the basis of active substance concentrations determined in the historical residue and current reference material. A multi-analytical approach combining five analytical methods, the results of which complement each other, was used to analyze the historical remains of ointments. While the active substances identified in ipecacuanha were found to be partially degraded, they were completely degraded in senna...

An elaboration on how to construct a spillway for closure for a large tailings pond completely enclosed by embankments, leading to a situation where construction in bedrock is not possible is presented with the following conclusion. A stepped spillway arrangement constructed with granite blocks will require of large blocks for being stable, and will require of filters that are not always considered functional in long-term perspective. It is presented an analysis of the overall stability of the structure proposed and of the stability of its individual blocks.  In addition, it will be impossible to design a vegetated channel that remains stable, without silting and without erosion, over thousand years without maintenance.

Prediction and control methodologies for ground deformation due to underground mining (commonly referred to as mine subsidence) provide engineers with the means to minimize negative effects on the surface. Due to the complexity of subsidence-related movements, numerous techniques exist for predicting mine subsidence behavior. This thesis focuses on the development, implementation, and validation of numerous enhanced subsidence prediction methodologies. To facilitate implementation and validation, the improved methodologies have been incorporated into the Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS), a computer program based primarily on the influence function method for subsidence prediction. The methodologies include dynamic subsidence prediction, alternative model calibration capability, and enhanced risk-based damage assessment. Also, the influence function method is further validated using measured case study data. In addition to discussion of previous research for each of the enhanced methodologies, a significant amount of background information on subsidence and subsidence-related topics is provided. The results of the research presented in this thesis are expected to benefit the mining industry, as well as initiate ideas for future research. / Master of Science

This dissertation develops and analyzes several techniques for improving channel estimation and tracking performance in distributed multi-input multi-output (D-MIMO) wireless communication systems. D-MIMO communication systems have been studied for the last decade and are known to offer the benefits of antenna arrays, e.g., improved range and data rates, to systems of single-antenna devices. D-MIMO communication systems are considered a promising technology for future wireless standards including advanced cellular communication systems. This dissertation considers problems related to channel estimation and tracking in D-MIMO communication systems and is focused on three related topics: (i) characterizing oscillator stability for nodes in D-MIMO systems, (ii) the development of an optimal unified tracking framework and a performance comparison to previously considered sub-optimal tracking approaches, and (iii) incorporating independent kinematics into dynamic channel models and using accelerometers to improve channel tracking performance. A key challenge of D-MIMO systems is estimating and tracking the time-varying channels present between each pair of nodes in the system. Even if the propagation channel between a pair of nodes is time-invariant, the independent local oscillators in each node cause the carrier phases and frequencies and the effective channels between the nodes to have random time-varying phase offsets. The first part of this dissertation considers the problem of characterizing the stability parameters of the oscillators used as references for the transmitted waveforms. Having good estimates of these parameters is critical to facilitate optimal tracking of the phase and frequency offsets. We develop a new method for estimating these oscillator stability parameters based on Allan deviation measurements and compare this method to several previously developed parameter estimation techniques based on innovation covariance whitening. The Allan deviation method is validated with both simulations and experimental data from low-precision and high-precision oscillators. The second part of this dissertation considers a D-MIMO scenario with $N_t$ transmitters and $N_r$ receivers. While there are $N_t imes N_r$ node-to-node pairwise channels in such a system, there are only $N_t + N_r$ independent oscillators. We develop a new unified tracking model where one Kalman filter jointly tracks all of the pairwise channels and compare the performance of unified tracking to previously developed suboptimal local tracking approaches where the channels are not jointly tracked. Numerical results show that unified tracking tends to provide similar beamforming performance to local tracking but can provide significantly better nullforming performance in some scenarios. The third part of this dissertation considers a scenario where the transmit nodes in a D-MIMO system have independent kinematics. In general, this makes the channel tracking problem more difficult since the independent kinematics make the D-MIMO channels less predictable. We develop dynamics models which incorporate the effects of acceleration on oscillator frequency and displacement on propagation time. The tracking performance of a system with conventional feedback is compared to a system with conventional feedback and local accelerometer measurements. Numerical results show that the tracking performance is significantly improved with local accelerometer measurements.

Polyethylenvinylacetat (EVA) ist das in der kristallinen Silizium Photovoltaik am häufigsten eingesetzte Einbettmaterial. Aufgrund der Applikation von Solarmodulen unterliegt das Polymer Alterungsmechanismen, die zu Änderungen oder Verlust wichtiger Eigenschaften führen können. Folge sind typische Fehlerbilder wie Delamination oder Yellowing, die zu Leistungsverlusten oder Modulausfällen führen können. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von Umweltparametern (Temperatur, Feuchte, UV-Strahlung) und Stabilisatoren auf die Alterung von EVA-Folie zu untersuchen und damit einen Beitrag zur Identifikation der zugrundeliegenden Fehlermechanismen zu liefern. Dazu wurden sowohl Folien mit definierter und variierender Additivierung als auch kommerzielle Folien künstlichen Bewitterungstests unterzogen und die Änderungen verschiedener Eigenschaften analysiert. Dazu zählt die Haftung an der Grenzfläche EVA-Glas, das Transmissionsverhalten und die Farbänderung der Folie. Darüber hinaus wurden alterungsbedinge Änderungen an der chemischen Struktur von EVA und den Stabilisatoren mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie und GC/MS-Messungen erfasst. Bei den untersuchten Additiven handelte es sich um ein organisches Peroxid (Vernetzer), einen Haftvermittler auf Silanbasis, einen UV-Absorber aus der Gruppe der Hydroxybenzophenone, ein Arylphosphit als Antioxidant und einen bi-funktionellen Stabilisator, das sogenannte HALS (hindered amine light stabilizer). Im Rahmen der Arbeit ist es gelungen Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhänge zwischen der Folienadditivierung und dem Auftreten verschiedener Fehlerbilder zu identifizieren. Darüber hinaus war es möglich eine Folienzusammensetzung zu definieren, die die bestmögliche Stabilität beim Einsatz von EVA als Einbettmaterial bieten sollte.

Historical pharmaceutical preparations analyzed in this thesis were a senna extract more than 200 years old, an ointment "Naso-Merfen" 75 years old, and an ointment "Sulfathiazol" 42 years old. The active substances in the analyzed samples were sennosides A and B (senna extract), ephedrine and menthol (the ointment "Naso-Merfen"), and sulfathiazole (the ointment "Sulfathiazol"). The senna extract was analyzed by RP-HPLC and HPLC-MS. Separation conditions were optimized, especially for separation of the sennoside A and B enantiomers. The active substances were not detected in the sample. One degradation product and substances characteristic for senna were identified. Their presence in the historical and contemporary sample was compared. Detailed ESI− -MSn fragmentation mechanisms of sennoside A and B have been proposed. The sample of the ointment "Naso-Merfen" was analyzed by HILIC-UV, HPLC-MS, GC-MS, and AAS. Separation conditions were optimized. The active substances were quantified. Degradation products of the active substances were not detected in the sample. The sample of the ointment "Sulfathiazol" was analyzed by RP-HPLC and HPLC-MS. Separation conditions were optimized. The active substance was quantified. Degradation products of the active substance were not detected. The authenticity of...