This thesis closely analyses the linguistic forms of aspects of non-royal charters produced c.1066-c.1250 in the north-east of England and the south-east of Scotland, namely, consent, joint grants, separate confirmations, inheritance language, leaseholds and warranty. This study identifies the preferred forms of each studied aspect as well as variants, developments and alternatives and analyses them according to a clear chronological framework and other potential causal factors such as the status and gender of participants, location and grant type. Additionally, the spread of linguistic patterns throughout the studied region, Stringer's “diplomatic transplant”, is examined. Firstly, the charter underwent tremendous development across this period of study becoming trusted evidence of landholding transactions routine at most levels of society and subjected to sophisticated scrutiny by legal professionals in landholding disputes. Secondly, charter language was introduced, modified or abandoned according to many influences, e.g. the emergence of early Common Law systems in both Scotland and England, the rise of the legal profession and the growth in written culture evidenced partly through the spread of monastic houses and increasing trust in the written word. Indeed, the introduction of significant legal reforms – in England from the 1160s and in Scotland during the second quarter of the thirteenth century – are repeatedly revealed to be the point at which linguistic patterns became noticeably more settled and variants became much rarer. Notably, the fact that the language patterns of the Northumberland houses better mirror the patterns seen in south-east Scotland demonstrates the contrast in the level of bureaucratic organisation against the neighbouring shires of Durham and Yorkshire. Thirdly, this thesis highlights the existence of preferred linguistic forms by individual religious houses, religious orders, families or groups of people within localities or larger geographical regions. In particular, religious houses were especially influential in the widespread adoption of some forms of language. Overall, developments and changes to charter language were streamlined, revised or modified with the dual aims of providing greater clarity and thus maximum legal protection; before legal reform the latter was much more dependent upon familial and seignorial ties, a factor reflected in the greater variety of linguistic forms.

This thesis explores the relationship between lordship and landholding in Anjou, from c.1000 to c.1150, focussing specifically on the effects of power upon that relationship. I consider questions central to lordship: how closely connected was lordship with control of land; to what extent was the exercise of seignorial power characterised by the use of force; what influence, if any, did legal norms have upon the exercise of power? I address these questions over four chapters. In chapter 1, I focus on the consent of lords to grants of land, emphasising the close relationship between lordship and landholding. Chapter 2 looks at claims for services lords brought on their tenants of ecclesiastical lands, and highlights the remedies contemporaries possessed against lordly heavy-handedness. In chapter 3, I explore lordship from the perspective of the tenant by outlining warranty of land, and suggest that warranty ensured the tenant considerable security of tenure. Chapter 4 rounds off the thesis through a detailed discussion of five cases, which I use to elucidate the workings of seignorial power, drawing attention to the interactions between lords and their lay followers. I situate these issues within a framework emphasising competition for control of land and resources, and stress the importance of legal norms in relation to such competition. The thrust of my argument is twofold. First, whilst I stress an environment of intense, sometimes violent, competition over resources, I suggest that the exercise of lordly power was not unlimited, nor was it arbitrary. Instead, ideals of good lordship, together with legal norms, served to act as important restraints upon power. Secondly, I emphasise the need to look at both the short-term and long-term consequences of competition over land, and stress that legal norms were influenced by the former, with an eye to the latter. I therefore stress the capacity for legal innovation and change in eleventh- and early twelfth-century society.

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American philosopher and theologian, John M. Frame (1939—) is respected as one of the most outstanding systematic theologians in our day. Likely due to the fact that he is still living, academic scholarship on Frame is virtually non-existent. Still, his writings demand engagement especially in the light of his distinctive Lordship theology, and its unique core idea: perspectivalism, also known as the lordship principle. The aim of this present research is thus to define precisely what “lordship” means to Frame. Deciphering this meaning requires more than explication, but also interrogative interaction. The research will thus begin with a biblical-theological evaluation of the Framian idea of lordship in dialogue with the eminent, Dutch theologian, Abraham van de Beek. It then moves to an evaluation of how perspectivalism affects Frame’s views on ethics, apologetics, and theology of culture. The research in these areas will scrutinize Frame’s corpus as well as examine his views in colloquia with thinkers with shared interests. Because these disciplines are linked in Frame with other areas of his thought, the data also include explications and appraisals of his work in ontology and epistemology. Frame’s lordship principle is linked with a particular methodology. He sums the whole of God and his involvement with his creation according to three perspectives (hence perspectivalism). Those are God’s control, authority and presence. Frame sums the human response to these perspectives according to three related ideas: the existential, normative, and existential. God’s perspectival interaction with his creation, and the human response, by both Christian and non-Christian alike, leads Frame to original outcomes in dogmatics, which are explored in this work. The finding of this research demonstrates a theological approach that bridges both essential and constructive interests. That is to say that, on the one hand, Frame’s method is guided solely by the voice of Scripture while, on the other hand, his lordship principle presents historic Reformed theology afresh in ways previously undiscovered. Frame’s original approach may well set the stage for an awakening of Reformed thought. It is hoped that this seminal work will spark such a revival in theology. / PhD (Dogmatics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

American philosopher and theologian, John M. Frame (1939—) is respected as one of the most outstanding systematic theologians in our day. Likely due to the fact that he is still living, academic scholarship on Frame is virtually non-existent. Still, his writings demand engagement especially in the light of his distinctive Lordship theology, and its unique core idea: perspectivalism, also known as the lordship principle. The aim of this present research is thus to define precisely what “lordship” means to Frame. Deciphering this meaning requires more than explication, but also interrogative interaction. The research will thus begin with a biblical-theological evaluation of the Framian idea of lordship in dialogue with the eminent, Dutch theologian, Abraham van de Beek. It then moves to an evaluation of how perspectivalism affects Frame’s views on ethics, apologetics, and theology of culture. The research in these areas will scrutinize Frame’s corpus as well as examine his views in colloquia with thinkers with shared interests. Because these disciplines are linked in Frame with other areas of his thought, the data also include explications and appraisals of his work in ontology and epistemology. Frame’s lordship principle is linked with a particular methodology. He sums the whole of God and his involvement with his creation according to three perspectives (hence perspectivalism). Those are God’s control, authority and presence. Frame sums the human response to these perspectives according to three related ideas: the existential, normative, and existential. God’s perspectival interaction with his creation, and the human response, by both Christian and non-Christian alike, leads Frame to original outcomes in dogmatics, which are explored in this work. The finding of this research demonstrates a theological approach that bridges both essential and constructive interests. That is to say that, on the one hand, Frame’s method is guided solely by the voice of Scripture while, on the other hand, his lordship principle presents historic Reformed theology afresh in ways previously undiscovered. Frame’s original approach may well set the stage for an awakening of Reformed thought. It is hoped that this seminal work will spark such a revival in theology. / PhD (Dogmatics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation examines the formation of marriage in Scotland between the mid-fourteenth century and the late sixteenth century. In particular, it focuses on betrothals, marriage negotiations, ritual, and the place that these held in late medieval Scottish society. This study extends to the generation following the Reformation to examine the extent to which the Reformation influenced the marriage planning of wealthy Scots. It concludes that much of the social impact of the Reformation was not reflected in family life until at least a generation after reform. Scottish society and culture was influenced both by contemporary literature, which discussed the role of marriage formation, and by concurrent events involving high-profile marriages. These helped to define the context of marriage for society as a whole. This work relies heavily on the pre-nuptial contracts of lairds (the Scottish gentry) and nobles, which reflected certain aspects of their marriage patterns and strategies. The context and clauses of an extensive group of 272 Scottish marriage contracts from published and archival collections illuminate aspects of the formation of Scottish marriage, such as the land and money that changed hands, the extent to which brides and grooms were influenced by their kin, and the timelines for betrothals. This study is the only comprehensive work that has been done concerning the formation of marriage in medieval Scotland. The Campbells of Glenorchy and the Carnegie family both provide excellent case studies in which to examine the process of the choice of marriage partners, negotiation of marital arrangements, and the solemnizing of the unions. They also demonstrate the extent to which families were upwardly mobile through marriage. Although, until now, there has been a focus on the political potential of arranged marriage in Scotland, it is clear that there were social and financial advantages to kin groups that carried out careful marriage planning. / SSHRC

Les recherches menées ont pour but d’étudier les processus de mise en place des réseaux castraux ainsi que l’impact des résidences fortifiées sur la mise en place et la gestion des nouveaux territoires seigneuriaux émergents au Moyen Âge.L’inventaire réalisé des sites fortifiés et fossoyés des Xe-XIIIe siècles conservés dans les anciens comtés de Vannes et de Porhoët permet d’éclairer ces questions. L’investissement du pouvoir comtal puis ducal sur le littoral notamment montre ainsi les modalités d’affirmation des grands aristocratiques sur leur territoire. L’émergence de nouveaux lignages est manifeste dès le XIe siècle. En marge des possessions ducales, s’implantent alors des vicomtés majeures : celle de Porhoët au Xe siècle, puis celle de Rohan au XIIe siècle au plus tard. L’émergence de ces deux grandes entités entraînede nombreuses recompositions politiques durant trois siècles et c’est finalement tout le processus d’émergence d’une seigneurie qui peut être perçue au travers de la gestion des fortifications. L’inventaire révèle également la grande multiplicité des sites fossoyés, tant dans leur forme que dans leurs usages. Ceux-ci sont des résidences des lignages nobles qui se multiplient à partir du XIIe siècle et présentent des caractères architecturaux multiples qui sont détaillés ici. Ilsparticipent, à leur échelle, à la gestion et au maillage territorial mis en place par les seigneurs châtelains. La documentation écrite et archéologique, complétée par une analyse cartographique, révèle alors une période de gestation des réseaux, castraux et urbains, avant une stabilisation à partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle. / This research aims to study the establishment process of castral networks and the impact of fortified residences on the establishment and management of new emerging feudal territories in the Middle Ages. The inventory of moated andfortified sites of the Xth to XIIIth centuries, preserved in the former counties of Vannes and Porhoët, sheds light on these questions. The involvement of the power of earls and dukes on the coast shows the affirmation of the great aristocratic manner on their territory. The emergence of new lineages is evident from the XIth century. On the sidelines of the ducalpossessions, then implanted major viscounties : the viscounty of Porhoët during the Xth century, and the viscounty of Rohan, in the XIIth century at the latest. The formation of these two great entities leads to many political realignmentsduring three centuries and it is finally the whole process of emergence of a lordship which can be perceived through the management of fortifications. The inventory also reveals the great multiplicity of moated sites in both their form and their uses. These are the residences of noble lineages that multiply from the XIIth century and have several architectural features, which are detailed here. They participate, to their scale, to management and territory network set up by the lords. Archives and archaeological documentation, completed by a mapping analysis, reveals a period of network gestation, both castraland urban, before a stabilization, starting in the late thirteenth century

This thesis examines the effects the imposition of Anglo-Norman lordship, following the Anglo-Norman expansion into Wales in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, had upon the landscape of the Welsh border region. In order to achieve this aim this project makes extensive use of digital Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in order to produce a detailed county-wide study of the landscape of post-Conquest Monmouthshire as well as comprehensive case studies of individual Anglo-Norman lordships contained within the boundaries of the county. This thesis also aims to locate its findings within important current debates in historic archaeology about the effects of medieval lordship upon the landscape, on the roles of the physical environment and human agency in the forming of the historic landscape, on the wider role of castles as lordship centres, beyond simple military functionality.

L’Émilie-Romagne, entre offensives seigneuriales et réaffirmation des prérogatives pontificales, connaît une abondante production historique citadine du XIVe siècle aux deux premières décennies du XVIe siècle. La transformation de l'écriture de l'histoire et la sensibilité des chroniqueurs sont analysées à partir de soixante-dix chroniques issues de Rimini, Césène, Forli, Bologne, Modène, Reggio Emilia et Ferrare.Après avoir présenté les auteurs, la forme des textes et leur évolution, l’étude expose les enjeux politiques des histoires des origines. L'espace est ensuite considéré afin de préciser le regard porté par ces chroniqueurs sur leur cité et, de là, sur l’espace régional et sur le monde. Les images ouvrent une autre dimension de la pensée des auteurs. Les messages des dessins insérés dans les manuscrits ainsi que l’iconographie des marges, la communication par l’image dans la ville et les icônes du pouvoir sont ainsi interprétés. L’analyse du discours tenu sur les hommes de pouvoir complète l’approche permettant d’appréhender les clichés, les critiques et les représentations des auteurs. Les manifestations du pouvoir viennent clore l’étude. L’évocation de la ville et de la société par les chroniqueurs écrivant entre la fin du XVe siècle et le XVIe siècle, est abordée pour finir. / From the 14th century to the first two decades of the 16th century, vast historical urban expansion took place in Emilia-Romagna, mainly due to offensives by lords and the reassertion of pontifical prerogatives. The aim of the paper is to analyze the evolution of the way history is told by chroniclers as well as their sensibilities. For this, we focused on seventy chronicles written in Rimini, Cesena, Forli, Bologna, Modena, Reggio-Emilia and Ferrara. First, the authors, the outline of the texts and their evolution are presented. Then the paper sheds light on the political stakes behind the original stories. Subsequently, the geographical location of the chroniclers is considered to analyze their points of view on their cities and, more widely, on the world. Images lead to other considerations: messages of the drawings inserted in the manuscripts, margin iconography, visual communication in the city, and icons of the power. Analysis of the descriptions of power holders gives an overview of the chroniclers’ criticisms and praises. Finally we reveal how the city and the societies in transformation are evoked in the 15th and 16th centuries. / L’Emilia Romagna, tra offensive delle signorie e riaffermazione delle prerogative pontifice, conosce una abbondante produzione storica cittadina dal XIV secolo fino ai primi due decenni del XVI secolo. La trasformazione della scrittura della storia e la sensibilità dei cronisti sono analizzati a partire dalle settanta cronache redatte a Rimini, a Cesena, Forlì, Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia e Ferrara. Dopo aver presentato gli autori, la forma dei testi e la loro evoluzione, lo studio espone le scommesse (o poste) politiche delle storie delle origini. Lo spazio è poi considerato per precisare lo sguardo che questi cronisti rivolgono alla loro città e, di qui, sullo spazio della loro regione e sul mondo. Le immagini autorizzano inoltre altre considerazioni. Vengono interpretati i messaggi veicolati dai disegni inseriti nei manoscritti, l’iconografia dei margini, la comunicazione attraverso l’immagine nella città e le icone del potere. L’analisi del discorso tenuto sugli uomini di potere completa l’approccio permettendo di cogliere critiche e lodi dei cronisti. Viene affrontata, poi, la rievocazione della città e di una società in trasformazione fatta dagli autori che scrivono tra la fine del XV e il XVI secolo.

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