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Book Frontiers Reconstructing Readers and Reading in a Nineteenth Century Eastern Cape Missionary JournalClarke, Russell Paul 17 November 2006 (has links)
Faculty of Humanities
School of Language and Literature
9807000g
russelle@webmail.co.za / This study is a historical analysis of readers and the practices of reading in the late
nineteenth century Eastern Cape, with particular focus on the Lovedale Institution. Well
known as the progenitor of an African elite, the Lovedale mission institution, school and
Press have been well-documented and studied, as has the Eastern Cape frontier – but the
role of books and reading in their social and material practice has seldom been examined
in very close detail in relation to this imagined textual community. A close examination
of the contemporary evangelical journal, The Christian Express, reveals much in terms of
what was being read, and how reviews and secondary matter on texts that were in
circulation may have influenced conceptions of what books and literacy meant to the
people reading the journal. These ideas have been traced through advertisements,
reviews, columns and letters in order to understand the ways in which the journal
portrayed books as material and intellectual objects. Delving deeper than the materiality
of the book in an empirical world, however, this study seeks to analyse how books and
readers were both constructed and represented, and involves an attempt (although
admittedly a highly theoretical undertaking) to reconstruct the various reading strategies
employed by readers on the frontier of race, class, and nation.
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Garnet-clinopyroxene assemblages in the Earth's mantleGonzaga, Ruth Goretti January 2007 (has links)
For over 100 years eclogites have played a vital role in the development of partial melting models, crustal-mantle systems and geodynamic models involving subduction/recycling processes. However their origin remains controversial from one involving subducted basaltic protoliths to polybaric fractionates of basaltic melts with the added complexity of post-formational metamorphic processes. This thesis presents new chemical data on eclogite and pyroxenite samples from varied geological settings: a classic craton [Kaapvaal Craton (e.g., Roberts Victor, Kimberley and Bultfontein pipes)], circum-cratonic localities (Chino Valley – USA) and oceanic environments (Malaita, New Zealand and Hawaii). Apart from petrographic data, mineral chemistry has been constrained using the electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS for major, minor and trace element data, laser ablation for oxygen isotope data and ICP-MS and TIMS for radiogenic isotopes (Sm-Nd, Lu-Hf and Sr). Garnet pyroxenites have normalised trace element patterns and O isotopes consistent with derivation from silicate melts or by reaction between melts and peridotite. On-craton eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites have normalised trace element patterns and heterogeneous O isotopes indicative of lower temperature processes either as (a) a “basaltic” protolith altered at low temperatures and subducted to form eclogite or (b) an eclogite retrograded to garnet pyroxenite pre- or syn-entrainment. Modeling of Hf-Nd-Sr isotopes indicates that the Kaapvaal eclogites were derived from Archean protoliths whose isotopic signatures have been disturbed by extensive metasomatism. Four aspects of the thesis are noteworthy: (1) the extreme Hf-Nd-Sr heterogeneity shown by eclogites and pyroxenites relative to MORB and OIB, (2) the heavy O isotope ratios for on- and off-craton samples from Chino Valley and Lovedale, (3) the unique Archean (3.15 Ga) low Hf, Nd and Sr reservoir represented by a Roberts Victor eclogite, and (4) the Lu-Hf system is more robust than the Sm-Nd system.
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Lovedale 1930-1955 : the study of a missionary institution in its social, educational and political contextWhite, Timothy Raymond Howard January 1988 (has links)
Lovedale was founded by the Glasgow Missionary Society as an eduational centre for Africans. Education was to be adapted to the lives of the Africans which would be a departure from the English classical tradition. This meant that emphasis was placed on vocational training and that academic education focussed on the study of English rather than the Classics. But the importance of mother-tongue education was also stressed. The missionaries placed emphasis on village education, whereby the African would be taught skills and crafts that would be useful to him in life. Education, they argued, should also aim at character-training and at spreading the Christian message. They also wanted to see co-operation between the Church and the State in the education of the African. Vocational education was designed to create African artisans who would be able to compete with Whites; but it also aimed at emphasizing the importance of industry in building up character. The Lovedale Press illustrates vocational training in progress, dealing with the difficulties that arose when African printers came into competition with Whites. But the missionaries also used the Press to propagate the Christian message and to promote African literature. An ideological rift began to open up between the missions and the new Black political beliefs of the Second World War. This led to the Lovedale Riot which is considered in the broader framework of sociopolitical unrest within the country. After the 1948 Election an ideological rift also developed between the missions and the State. This study concludes by examining the introduction of the Bantu Education Act and the Lovedale response to this. It was felt that although Bantu Education threatened to undermine their educational endeavour, they should nevertheless cooperate with the system in order to save what they had built up.
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Coercive agency : James Henderson's Lovedale, 1906-1930Duncan, Graham Alexander 09 1900 (has links)
Any society is by nature coercive and its institutions are no exception. This was true of mission institutions in South Africa. While acknowledging the invaluable contribution of mission education to the development of black South Africans predominantly, it is clear that Lovedale Missionary Institution exemplifies the concept and reality of a ‘total institution’ which was as susceptible to the problems of power relations as any institution, secular or religious. Idris Shah’s concept of ‘coercive agency’ is apposite for this study. Lovedale’s foundation was laid and developed by the first two Principals. In a very real sense, it was perfected by the third Principal of Lovedale, James Henderson who, like his predecessors, emphasised the ultimate aim of conversion through a thorough process of character formation which infiltrated every aspect of life at Lovedale, especially discipline and the programme of industrial education. Those who studied there internalised its ethos in a manner which could not simply be discarded on leaving the Institution for it had become part of their identity, their indigenous personality and traditional life-style having been largely obliterated and reconstructed according to the ideological ideals of western Christian civilisation and European colonialism. Coercive agency was successful in that it effectively encouraged adaptation to missionary ideology. However, this was not an irreversible process for many Lovedale students came to reject the mores of the religion and education they received both during their stay at Lovedale and in later life in a variety of ways as they challenged and resisted the effects of the coercive agency of internalisation. Institutionalisation is, by nature, resistant to change as can be seen in the policies of the respective Principals. Yet, Henderson was able to initiate change while maintaining essential continuity of purpose. Consequently, black people were alienated by a process of ‘exclusion’. The Christian principles of justice, love and peace have a universal application and are appropriate tools for the development of a new model of education in South African society whose mission is to work towards reconciliation between individuals, within society and with the God who wishes to ‘embrace’ the totality of creation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)
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Coercive agency : James Henderson's Lovedale, 1906-1930Duncan, Graham Alexander 09 1900 (has links)
Any society is by nature coercive and its institutions are no exception. This was true of mission institutions in South Africa. While acknowledging the invaluable contribution of mission education to the development of black South Africans predominantly, it is clear that Lovedale Missionary Institution exemplifies the concept and reality of a ‘total institution’ which was as susceptible to the problems of power relations as any institution, secular or religious. Idris Shah’s concept of ‘coercive agency’ is apposite for this study. Lovedale’s foundation was laid and developed by the first two Principals. In a very real sense, it was perfected by the third Principal of Lovedale, James Henderson who, like his predecessors, emphasised the ultimate aim of conversion through a thorough process of character formation which infiltrated every aspect of life at Lovedale, especially discipline and the programme of industrial education. Those who studied there internalised its ethos in a manner which could not simply be discarded on leaving the Institution for it had become part of their identity, their indigenous personality and traditional life-style having been largely obliterated and reconstructed according to the ideological ideals of western Christian civilisation and European colonialism. Coercive agency was successful in that it effectively encouraged adaptation to missionary ideology. However, this was not an irreversible process for many Lovedale students came to reject the mores of the religion and education they received both during their stay at Lovedale and in later life in a variety of ways as they challenged and resisted the effects of the coercive agency of internalisation. Institutionalisation is, by nature, resistant to change as can be seen in the policies of the respective Principals. Yet, Henderson was able to initiate change while maintaining essential continuity of purpose. Consequently, black people were alienated by a process of ‘exclusion’. The Christian principles of justice, love and peace have a universal application and are appropriate tools for the development of a new model of education in South African society whose mission is to work towards reconciliation between individuals, within society and with the God who wishes to ‘embrace’ the totality of creation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)
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A study of the perceived causes of schism in some Ethiopian-type churches in the Cape and Transvaal, 1884-1925Millard, J. A. 06 1900 (has links)
During the period 1884-1925 Ethiopian-type schisms from mission churches
occurred for a number of reasons. Generalisations of these reasons have been
made by numerous authors. By generalising the causes of schism the particular
reasons why each independent church 1 eader 1 eft the mission church are
ignored. The thesis shows how each schism was due to unique circumstances in
the mission church as well as to factors, for example, the personal feelings
of the independent church leader. In each case there was a point of no return
when the founder of the independent church no longer felt he could accept the
status quo.
There were two government commissions that investigated the independent or
"separatist" churches during these years - the South African Native Affairs
Commission of 1903-1905 and the 1925 South African Native Affairs Commission
which investigated the "Separatist Churches". The testimony of the white
government officials and missionaries and the black church leaders has been
compared with the findings in the reports.
Four case studies are investigated to show how general causes of schism may
occur for a number of years until a reason, peculiar to the particular
independent church, manifests itself and leads to the formation of an
independent church. The case studies are the Ethiopian Church and related
independent groups, the independent churches which joined the African
Methodist Episcopal Church in 1896 with the Ethiopian Church but later left
to form their own churches, for example the Order of Ethiopia, schisms from
the Presbyterian Church during the 1890' s and the Independent Methodist
Church. / Christian, Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th (Church History)
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Author, ideology and publisher a symbiotic relationship : Lovedale Missionary Press and early Black writing in South Africa: with specific reference to the critical writings of H.I.E. DlomoMidgley, Henry Peter January 1994 (has links)
The specific instances of R.H.W. Shepherd and H.I.E. Dhlomo are used in this thesis to investigate some of the many factors that influence the formation of a colonial literature, such as politics, social structures and personal ideals. By isolating the Lovedale Mission Press ~s a "contact zone" - a·place where the cultures of the colonizer and the colonized come into direct contact with each other - it is possible to trace how the interaction between these cultures shaped the writing of a particular African writer, H.I.E. Dhlomo. This is done through an analysis of historical factors that shaped the policy of the Lovedale Mission Press in the twentieth century: the development of liberalism in South Africa, the·role of the missionary in African education, the function ofa liberal magazine such as The South African Outlook and the appointment of an ambitious missionary, R.I.W. Shepherd, to the position of Director of Publications. This necessarily included a study of Shepherd's vision of African literature. On the other hand, this study takes cognisance of the factors that shaped Herbert Dhlomo's vision of literature: the development of African nationalism, the entrenchment of segregation as a politial doctrine, and most importantly, his struggle to have his creative writing published by the Lovedale Press. It is shown how Shepherd's vision of what African literature should entail contrasted with Dhlomo's, and how, as a result, Dhlomo deliberately structured his critical writing as a response to Shepherd's Eurocentric approach to African literature.
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A study of the perceived causes of schism in some Ethiopian-type churches in the Cape and Transvaal, 1884-1925Millard, J. A. 06 1900 (has links)
During the period 1884-1925 Ethiopian-type schisms from mission churches
occurred for a number of reasons. Generalisations of these reasons have been
made by numerous authors. By generalising the causes of schism the particular
reasons why each independent church 1 eader 1 eft the mission church are
ignored. The thesis shows how each schism was due to unique circumstances in
the mission church as well as to factors, for example, the personal feelings
of the independent church leader. In each case there was a point of no return
when the founder of the independent church no longer felt he could accept the
status quo.
There were two government commissions that investigated the independent or
"separatist" churches during these years - the South African Native Affairs
Commission of 1903-1905 and the 1925 South African Native Affairs Commission
which investigated the "Separatist Churches". The testimony of the white
government officials and missionaries and the black church leaders has been
compared with the findings in the reports.
Four case studies are investigated to show how general causes of schism may
occur for a number of years until a reason, peculiar to the particular
independent church, manifests itself and leads to the formation of an
independent church. The case studies are the Ethiopian Church and related
independent groups, the independent churches which joined the African
Methodist Episcopal Church in 1896 with the Ethiopian Church but later left
to form their own churches, for example the Order of Ethiopia, schisms from
the Presbyterian Church during the 1890' s and the Independent Methodist
Church. / Christian, Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th (Church History)
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