Οικογενής Υπερχοληστερολαιμία (FH) είναι η επικρατής αυτοσωμική νόσος, κατά την οποία τα επίπεδα χοληστερόλης στο αίμα είναι αυξημένα, εμφανίζονται ξανθώματα και ένα αυτοσωμικό επικρατές χαρακτηριστικό για στεφανιαία αρτηριακή νόσος (CAD). Η FH προκαλείται από ανωμαλία στο γονίδιο LDL-R και κάποιες φορές και στο γονίδιο APOB (apolipoprotein B-100). Η ετεροζυγία του LDLR συναντάται σε αναλογία πληθυσμού 1:500. Πρόσφατα παρατηρήθηκε ότι και το γονίδιο PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) προκαλεί FH. Τα γονίδια APOB και PCSK9 αποκλείστηκαν από τη συγκεκριμένη έρευνα. Στόχοι της διατριβής ήταν (α) η καταγραφή των μεταλλάξεων του γονιδίου LDLR (Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor) σε 21 πληθυσμούς, (β) ο υπολογισμός της συχνότητας αυτών των μεταλλάξεων και (γ) η προσθήκη αυτών των δεδομένων σε μία γενετική βάση δεδομένων, την FINDbase, η οποία δίνει πληροφορίες για τη συχνότητα μιας μετάλλαξης σε κάθε χώρα καθώς και το φαρμακευτικό δείκτη της. Από τους 21 πληθυσμούς, οι 14 προέρχονταν από Ευρωπαϊκές χώρες (Ελλάδα, Γερμανία,Πορτογαλία, Τσεχία, Ολλανδία, Ισπανία, Βρετανία, Ιταλία, Πολωνία, Σουηδία, Γαλλία, Αυστρία, Βέλγιο και Δανία) και οι υπόλοιποι από την Κίνα, την Ιαπωνία, την Μαλαισία, το Λίβανο, τις Φιλιππίνες, την Ταϊβάν και το Καναδά. Τα δεδομένα των μεταλλάξεων σε κάθε πληθυσμό αντλήθηκαν από άρθρα (papers) μέσω της Βάσης Δεδομένων Pubmed και της μηχανής αναζήτησης Google. Τα άρθρα επιλέχθηκαν με βάση (1) το μέγεθος του δείγματος και (2) τη χρονολογία πραγματοποίησης της έρευνας στο συγκεκριμένο πληθυσμό. Η συχνότητα υπολογίστηκε σε σύνολο χρωμοσωμάτων, δηλαδή στο διπλάσιο του μεγέθους του δείγματος. Ως ιδανικό μέγεθος δείγματος θεωρήθηκε ένα σύνολο τουλάχιστον 100 χρωμοσωμάτων, δηλ. 50 άτομα. Η καταγραφή των δεδομένων έγινε σε λογιστικό φύλλο Excel. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι υπάρχει μεγάλη ανομοιογένεια σε επίπεδο μεταλλάξεων ανάμεσα στους 21 πληθυσμούς. / Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), defined as the heritable occurence of severe hypercholesterolaemia with cholesterol deposits in tendons and premature heart disease, is caused by at least four genes in sterol and lipoprotein pathways and displays varying gene-dose effects. The genes are the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, apolipoprotein (apo) B, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9, and the autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia (ARH) adaptor protein. The world-wide prevalence of FH is about 1 in 500 people. In this assessment, the genes apoB, PCSK9 and ARH have been excluded. The aim of this study was the recording of LDLR mutations in 21 populations, the calculation of the mutations’ frequencies in each population and the introduction of these data in the National Ethnic Mutation DataBase (NEΜDB), FINDbase, which gives information about a mutation’s frequency in each country and also about its pharmacogenomic marker. Among 21 populations, 14 were of European origin (Greece, Germany, Portugal, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Spain, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Sweden, France, Austria, Belgium and Denmark) and the remainders from China, Japan, Malaysia, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Canada. The mutation data in each population were derived from papers through the database of references, PubMed and the search engine, Google. The selection of papers was based on (1) the size of patient group and (2) the date of paper publication. The calculation of mutation frequency was based on the total number of chromosomes, which was the double size of the patient group. An ideal size of sample was at least 100 chromosomes, which means 50 index patients. The data were inserted in an excel file. The results showed that there is a great ανομοιογένεια in mutation level among 21 populations.

Receptors that transport vitellogenin into oocytes are of vital importance to egg-laying species because they promote oocyte development. In this study, we describe the cloning of the first hymenopteran vitellogenin receptor (VgR) cDNA. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and both 5’- and 3’- rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), cDNA fragments encompassing the entire coding region of a putative VgR from fire ant (= SiVgR) were cloned and sequenced. The complete SiVgR cDNA has a length of 5764 bp encoding a 1782-residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 201.3 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SiVgR revealed that it encoded a protein belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily. The number and arrangement of modular domains of SiVgR are the same as those of mosquito and fruit fly VgRs, except there are only four Class A cysteine-rich repeats in the first ligand binding domain of SiVgR compared to five in the mosquito and fruit fly. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SiVgR exhibited 35% and 31% identity to those of the mosquito and fruit fly VgRs, respectively. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the 7.4-kb SiVgR mRNA was present only in Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the 7.4-kb SiVgR mRNA was present only in ovaries of reproductive females − both alates (virgins) and queens (mated) and was more abundant in alates. The developmental profile of transcriptional expression was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. It showed that the SiVgR transcript increased 6-fold from 0- to 10-days after mating, then remained constant through 30 days. It also showed that the SiVgR transcripts increased with age in alate virgin females. The transcriptional expression of the SiVgR was up-regulated more than two-fold by methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, as determined by using an in vitro system. This suggested the SiVgR gene is JH regulated.

Receptors that transport vitellogenin into oocytes are of vital importance to egg-laying species because they promote oocyte development. In this study, we describe the cloning of the first hymenopteran vitellogenin receptor (VgR) cDNA. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and both 5’- and 3’- rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), cDNA fragments encompassing the entire coding region of a putative VgR from fire ant (= SiVgR) were cloned and sequenced. The complete SiVgR cDNA has a length of 5764 bp encoding a 1782-residue protein with a predicted molecular mass of 201.3 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SiVgR revealed that it encoded a protein belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily. The number and arrangement of modular domains of SiVgR are the same as those of mosquito and fruit fly VgRs, except there are only four Class A cysteine-rich repeats in the first ligand binding domain of SiVgR compared to five in the mosquito and fruit fly. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SiVgR exhibited 35% and 31% identity to those of the mosquito and fruit fly VgRs, respectively. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the 7.4-kb SiVgR mRNA was present only in Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the 7.4-kb SiVgR mRNA was present only in ovaries of reproductive females − both alates (virgins) and queens (mated) and was more abundant in alates. The developmental profile of transcriptional expression was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. It showed that the SiVgR transcript increased 6-fold from 0- to 10-days after mating, then remained constant through 30 days. It also showed that the SiVgR transcripts increased with age in alate virgin females. The transcriptional expression of the SiVgR was up-regulated more than two-fold by methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, as determined by using an in vitro system. This suggested the SiVgR gene is JH regulated.

Development of atherosclerosis, the hardening of the arteries, is dependent on levels of serum cholesterol, which is regulated by the liver via LDL receptors (LDLR). The expression and internalization of LDL receptors depend on several proteins including PCSK9. In fact, previous studies in our laboratory have shown that NEU1 down regulation leads to LDLR hypersialylation which results in its stabilization via reduced interactions with PCSK9. New evidence suggests that NEU1 which de-sialylates LDLR, may affect the ability of another hepatic receptor, the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), which is comprised of ASGR1 and ASGR2, to interact with LDLR potentially causing its internalization and therefore reduced ability to take up LDL. We investigated how sialidase plays a role in the interaction of ASGR with LDLR. Knockdown and overexpression experiments suggest that NEU1 allows stabilization of LDLR at the cell membrane via ASGR interactions. Treatment of HepG2 cells with monensin which inhibits recycling from the early endosome, unveiled a new truncated ASGR1 isoform potentially lacking its lectin motif. This may be a novel regulatory step in ASGR biosynthesis that warrants further studies. Lysosomal inhibition with chloroquine resulted in concurrent accumulations of NEU1, LDLR and ASGR1, further suggesting these proteins are biosynthetically connected. Our studies revealed a novel isoform of ASGR1 in membrane fractions of HepG2 cell lysates that can associate with NEU1 and LDLR. The impact of NEU1 and ASGR1 on the function and stability of LDLR might lead to new clues for lowering serum cholesterol and reducing atherosclerosis. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] have been identified as an independent risk factor for vascular diseases including coronary heart disease and stroke. In the current study, we have examined the binding and degradation of recombinant forms of apolipoprotein(a) [r-apo(a)], the unique kringle-containing moiety of Lp(a), using a cultured cell model. We found that the incubation of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells with an iodinated 17 kringle-containing (17K) recombinant form of apo(a) resulted in a two-component binding system characterized by a high affinity (Kd = 12 nM), low capacity binding site, and a low affinity (Kd = 249 nM), high capacity binding site. We subsequently determined that the high affinity binding site on HepG2 cells corresponds to the LDL receptor. In the HepG2 cell model, association of apo(a) with the LDL receptor was shown to be dependent on the formation of Lp(a) particles from endogenous LDL. Using an apo(a) mutant incapable of binding to the high affinity site through its inability to form Lp(a) particles (17KΔLBS7,8), we further demonstrated that the LDL receptor does not participate in Lp(a) catabolism. The low affinity binding component observed on HepG2 cells, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) fibroblasts and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells may correspond to a member(s) of the plasminogen receptor family, as binding to this site(s) was decreased by the addition of the lysine analogue epsilon-aminocaproic acid. The lysine-dependent nature of the low affinity binding site was further confirmed in HepG2 binding studies utilizing r-apo(a) species with impaired lysine binding ability. We observed a reduction maximum binding capacity for 17K r-apo(a) variants lacking the strong lysine binding site (LBS) in kringle IV type 10 (17KΔAsp) and the very weak LBS in kringle V (17KΔV). Degradation of Lp(a)/apo(a) was found to be mediated exclusively by the low affinity component on both HepG2 cells and FH fibroblasts. Fluorescence confocal microscopy, using the 17K r-apo(a) variant fused to green fluorescent protein, further confirmed that degradation by the low affinity component on HepG2 cells does not proceed by the activity of cellular lysosomes. Taken together, these data suggest a potentially significant route for Lp(a)/apo(a) clearance in vivo. / Thesis (Master, Biochemistry) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-26 02:15:50.754

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23802号 / 医博第4848号 / 新制||医||1058(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 永井 洋士, 教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 木村 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Os tumores malignos apresentam um aumento da expressão dos receptores de lipoproteínas, devido ao aceleramento da proliferação celular com consequente aumento da necessidade de lípides para a síntese das membranas celulares. Esse aumento da expressão dos receptores de LDL no câncer pode ser utilizado para concentrar fármacos de ação antineoplásica em tecido tumoral, utilizando lipoproteínas ou nanoemulsões semelhantes a lipoproteínas como veículo. No presente estudo, foram investigados os efeitos da quimioterapia convencional na expressão dos receptores de LDL e LRP-1 em 16 pacientes com carcinoma de mama estádios II ou III, não candidatas à cirurgia conservadora e com indicação de tratamento quimioterápico neoadjuvante. A expressão dos receptores LDLR e LRP-1 foi avaliada por imunoistoquimica em tecido mamário normal e em tecido neoplásico antes e depois da quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Quatro pacientes que apresentaram resposta completa à quimioterapia foram retiradas da análise da expressão de receptores por não existir tumor no fragmento cirúrgico. Em relação ao LDLR, a expressão desse receptor no tecido neoplásico foi maior em comparação ao tecido normal em 8 das 11 pacientes. Após a quimioterapia, a expressão do receptor de LDL diminuiu em 6, aumentou em 4 e não se alterou em 2 pacientes. Do mesmo modo, a expressão do receptor LRP-1 no tecido tumoral estava aumentada em relação ao tecido normal em 4 pacientes das 12 avaliadas. Em comparação com o tecido tumoral antes da quimioterapia, a expressão do receptor LRP-1 diminuiu em 6, aumentou em 4 e permaneceu inalterada em 2 pacientes após a quimioterapia. Esses dados mostram que o efeito da quimioterapia na expressão dos receptores de lipoproteínas foi heterogêneo. A redução da expressão dos receptores não foi o padrão observado, o que indica que o uso de sistemas de carreamento de fármacos via receptores de LDL para o tratamento do câncer pode ser de grande importância. Esses resultados podem contribuir para o desenho de futuros estudos clínicos / Proliferative tumor cells present a high expression of LDL receptors due to accelerated mitosis rates which takes to increased need of lipids internalization for building new membranes. Upregulation of LDL receptors may be used as a gate to deliver anticancer drugs to tumor tissues using lipoproteins or artificial nanoemulsions as vehicle. This study investigated the effects of conventional chemotherapy on the expression of LDL and LRP-1 receptors in 16 patients with breast cancer in stage II or III who were not candidates to conservative surgery and with indication of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Expression of LDL and LRP-1 receptor was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in normal and neoplastic breast tissue before and after chemotherapy. For absence of tumor in the surgical fragments, 4 patients who presented complete response to chemotherapy were excluded from this analysis. In relation of LDLR, the expression in neoplastic tissue was higher than in normal tissue in 8 of 11 patients. After chemotherapy, LDL receptor expression diminished in 6, increased in 4 and unchanged in 2 patients. Expression of LRP-1 in tumor tissue was higher in 4 of 12 patients when compared to normal tissue. After chemotherapy, the expression of LRP-1 diminished in 6, increased in 4 and showed no difference in 2 patients. These data show that the chemotherapy effects on the tumor expression of LDL receptors were very heterogeneous. The diminution of the receptor expression is not the post-chemotherapy pattern, allowing the use of drug carrier systems that target cancer cells via the LDL receptor pathway. These results may contribute for the design of future clinical assays

Os tumores malignos apresentam um aumento da expressão dos receptores de lipoproteínas, devido ao aceleramento da proliferação celular com consequente aumento da necessidade de lípides para a síntese das membranas celulares. Esse aumento da expressão dos receptores de LDL no câncer pode ser utilizado para concentrar fármacos de ação antineoplásica em tecido tumoral, utilizando lipoproteínas ou nanoemulsões semelhantes a lipoproteínas como veículo. No presente estudo, foram investigados os efeitos da quimioterapia convencional na expressão dos receptores de LDL e LRP-1 em 16 pacientes com carcinoma de mama estádios II ou III, não candidatas à cirurgia conservadora e com indicação de tratamento quimioterápico neoadjuvante. A expressão dos receptores LDLR e LRP-1 foi avaliada por imunoistoquimica em tecido mamário normal e em tecido neoplásico antes e depois da quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Quatro pacientes que apresentaram resposta completa à quimioterapia foram retiradas da análise da expressão de receptores por não existir tumor no fragmento cirúrgico. Em relação ao LDLR, a expressão desse receptor no tecido neoplásico foi maior em comparação ao tecido normal em 8 das 11 pacientes. Após a quimioterapia, a expressão do receptor de LDL diminuiu em 6, aumentou em 4 e não se alterou em 2 pacientes. Do mesmo modo, a expressão do receptor LRP-1 no tecido tumoral estava aumentada em relação ao tecido normal em 4 pacientes das 12 avaliadas. Em comparação com o tecido tumoral antes da quimioterapia, a expressão do receptor LRP-1 diminuiu em 6, aumentou em 4 e permaneceu inalterada em 2 pacientes após a quimioterapia. Esses dados mostram que o efeito da quimioterapia na expressão dos receptores de lipoproteínas foi heterogêneo. A redução da expressão dos receptores não foi o padrão observado, o que indica que o uso de sistemas de carreamento de fármacos via receptores de LDL para o tratamento do câncer pode ser de grande importância. Esses resultados podem contribuir para o desenho de futuros estudos clínicos / Proliferative tumor cells present a high expression of LDL receptors due to accelerated mitosis rates which takes to increased need of lipids internalization for building new membranes. Upregulation of LDL receptors may be used as a gate to deliver anticancer drugs to tumor tissues using lipoproteins or artificial nanoemulsions as vehicle. This study investigated the effects of conventional chemotherapy on the expression of LDL and LRP-1 receptors in 16 patients with breast cancer in stage II or III who were not candidates to conservative surgery and with indication of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Expression of LDL and LRP-1 receptor was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in normal and neoplastic breast tissue before and after chemotherapy. For absence of tumor in the surgical fragments, 4 patients who presented complete response to chemotherapy were excluded from this analysis. In relation of LDLR, the expression in neoplastic tissue was higher than in normal tissue in 8 of 11 patients. After chemotherapy, LDL receptor expression diminished in 6, increased in 4 and unchanged in 2 patients. Expression of LRP-1 in tumor tissue was higher in 4 of 12 patients when compared to normal tissue. After chemotherapy, the expression of LRP-1 diminished in 6, increased in 4 and showed no difference in 2 patients. These data show that the chemotherapy effects on the tumor expression of LDL receptors were very heterogeneous. The diminution of the receptor expression is not the post-chemotherapy pattern, allowing the use of drug carrier systems that target cancer cells via the LDL receptor pathway. These results may contribute for the design of future clinical assays

The field of proteomics studies the structure and function of proteins in a large scale and high throughput manner. My work in the field of proteomics focuses on identifying interactions between proteins and discovering novel interactions. The identification of these interactions provides new information on metabolic and disease pathways and the working proteome of a cell. Cells are lysed and purified using antibody based affinity purification followed by digestion and identification using an HPLC coupled to a mass spectrometer. In my studies, I looked at the interaction networks of several AD related genes (Apolipoprotein E, Clusterin variant 1 and 2, Low-density lipoprotein receptor, Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein, Alpha-synuclein and Platelet-activating factor receptor) and an endosomal recycling pathway involved in cholesterol metabolism (Eps15 homology domain 1,2 and 4, Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and Low-density lipoprotein receptor). Several novel and existing interactors were identified and these interactions were validated using co-immunopurification, which could be the basis for future research.

The field of proteomics studies the structure and function of proteins in a large scale and high throughput manner. My work in the field of proteomics focuses on identifying interactions between proteins and discovering novel interactions. The identification of these interactions provides new information on metabolic and disease pathways and the working proteome of a cell. Cells are lysed and purified using antibody based affinity purification followed by digestion and identification using an HPLC coupled to a mass spectrometer. In my studies, I looked at the interaction networks of several AD related genes (Apolipoprotein E, Clusterin variant 1 and 2, Low-density lipoprotein receptor, Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein, Alpha-synuclein and Platelet-activating factor receptor) and an endosomal recycling pathway involved in cholesterol metabolism (Eps15 homology domain 1,2 and 4, Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and Low-density lipoprotein receptor). Several novel and existing interactors were identified and these interactions were validated using co-immunopurification, which could be the basis for future research.