Foram realizados ensaios tribológicos de deslizamento do par Si3N4-Al2O3, lubrificado com água, na configuração esfera contra disco, sendo a esfera de nitreto de silício e o disco de alumina para investigar a influência da velocidade de deslizamento, da carga aplicada e da temperatura no coeficiente de atrito. As esferas de nitreto de silício e os discos de alumina foram caracterizados determinando-se: densidades, dureza Vickers, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura. Os ensaios foram realizados com rugosidade inicial nos discos de Rrms = 352 nm. O regime de ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA, &#956; < 0,01) foi atingido após um período de running-in de aproximadamente uma hora e o coeficiente de atrito ficou na faixa de &#956; = 0,008 a &#956; = 0,002. Os resultados mostraram que este sistema deslizante tem características hidrodinâmicas, pois o coeficiente de atrito diminuiu com o aumento da velocidade de deslizamento. Uma variação suave da carga aplicada fez com que o coeficiente de atrito permanecesse no regime de UBCA, com a carga aplicada variando de 54 N até 94 N. Em temperaturas menores ou iguais a 11°C o sistema não atingiu o regime de UBCA e o coeficiente de atrito final ficou da ordem de centésimos. Foi observado o fenômeno de UBCA em temperaturas de 30 e 40°C. No entanto, nestas temperaturas, a baixa viscosidade da água não deveria permitir que o sistema atingisse o regime de UBCA. A análise dos dados possibilitou inferir que durante o regime de UBCA o sistema desliza num regime de lubrificação mista, sendo lubrificação hidrodinâmica, devido ao filme de água, somada a lubrificação limite, devido às camadas hidratadas formadas nas superfícies das cerâmicas. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura influencia no desgaste das cerâmicas. A determinação do volume desgastado possibilitou observar que durante os ensaios a alumina sofre menos desgaste que o nitreto de silício e que o desgaste de ambas cerâmicas aumenta com o aumento da temperatura. / Tribological tests were conducted in a ball on disk setup, using water as lubricant. Were used a silicon nitride ball and alumina disk. The tests were conducted to investigate the effects of sliding speed, applied load and temperature on friction coefficient. The silicon nitride balls and alumina disks were characterized by determining density, Vickers hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. The tests were conducted with initial roughness on the disk surface of 352 nm. The ultra low friction coefficient regime (ULFC, &#956; < 0.01) was reached after a running-in period of approximately one hour and the friction coefficient remains in the range of &#956; = 0.008 a &#956; = 0.002 during this steady state regime. The results showed that this sliding system has hydrodynamic characteristics, because the friction coefficient decreased with increasing of the sliding speed. With an smooth variation of the applied load the system remained in the ULFC regime, when the applied load varied from 54 N up to 94 N. At temperatures below or equal to 11°C the system did not reach the ULFC regime and the final friction coefficient was the order of hundredths. We observed the ULFC phenomenon at temperatures of 30 and 40°C. However, at these temperatures, the water viscosity is low and should not allow the system to reach the ULFC regime. The data analysis allowed infer that during the ULFC regime the system slides with a mixed lubrication regime, hydrodynamic plus limitrofe, the first due to water film and the second due to the hydrated layer formed on the ceramics surfaces. The results showed a influences of temperature in the ceramics wear. The results of the worn volume allowed to observe that during the tests alumina suffers less wear than the silicon nitride, and the ceramics wear increases with increasing temperature.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Balarini Junior - Parte 1.pdf: 4732272 bytes, checksum: 0c0798e2e5b19f7834c4ce1d56156d8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-27 / Este trabalho é uma investigação tribológica envolvendo o par cerâmico composto por esferas de nitreto de silício (Si3N4) deslizando contra discos de óxido de alumínio (Al2O3) em água. No total, dez ensaios foram conduzidos com a intenção de reproduzir o fenômeno de Ultra Baixo Coeficiente de Atrito (UBCA) em laboratório, o qual é caracterizado pela obtenção de valores de coeficiente de atrito (&#956;) da ordem dos milésimos (&#956; < 0,01) no regime estacionário. Uma vez alcançado os valores de UBCA, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o de investigar o período de running-in, através de uma série de análises em relação ao comportamento do coeficiente de atrito durante o regime transitório, incluindo correlações com algumas variáveis, como rugosidade superficial, erros de batimento axial, íons formados durante o deslizamento e desgaste das cerâmicas. Para isto, as curvas de coeficiente de atrito por tempo foram expandidas para intervalos de tempos pré-determinados e o comportamento de &#956; em cada um destes intervalos foi investigado e comparado entre os ensaios realizados, sendo que o caráter oscilatório do coeficiente de atrito foi inserido nas análises do período transitório. Em geral, foi comprovado que maiores valores de rugosidade superficial resultaram em maiores períodos de running-in e que existe uma tendência de aumento de desgaste com o aumento do tempo de transição. Para todos os ensaios, a taxa de desgaste das esferas de Si3N4 foi superior à dos discos de Al2O3. Em adição, através de comparações entre a medida da soma das rugosidades das superfícies desgastadas com a espessura mínima do filme lubrificante, este trabalho confirma a hipótese de que é necessário um regime de lubrificação misto (hidrodinâmico e limítrofe) para a obtenção do regime de UBCA, sendo que, para a eficácia do modo de lubrificação esperado, estima-se que é necessário concentrações de íons de silício (Si) superiores a 1,3 mg/l, aproximadamente. Esta quantidade de íons Si é supostamente a mínima necessária para a formação de uma camada de sílica adequada para conferir a parcela de lubrificação limítrofe necessária para a obtenção do regime de UBCA / This work is a tribological investigation involving the ceramic pair composed by balls of silicon nitride (Si3N4) sliding against disks of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) under water. A total of ten tests were conducted in order to reproduce the phenomenon of Ultra Low Friction Coefficient (ULFC) in laboratory, which is characterized by obtaining values of friction coefficient (&#956;) below of 0,01 in the steady state. Once reached these values, the main objective of this study was to investigate the running-in period by a series of analyses in relation to the behavior of the friction coefficient during the running-in period, including correlations with some variables such as surface roughness, axial parallelism errors, ions formed during the sliding and wear of samples. For this reason, the curves of friction coefficient versus time were expanded for some predetermined intervals and the behavior of &#956; for each one of these intervals was investigated and compared between themselves, and the oscillatory behavior of the friction coefficient was inserted into the analysis of the running-in period. In general, it was concluded that higher values of surface roughness resulted in longer periods of running-in and that there is a trend of increasing wear with increasing time of transition. For all tests, the wear rate of the silicon nitride balls was higher than alumina disks. In addition, by comparing the measure of the sum of the roughness of the worn surfaces with minimum thickness of the lubricant film, the present work confirms the hypothesis that it is necessary a mixed lubrication (hydrodynamic combined with boundary) to obtain the regime of ULFC and for effective lubrication expected mode it is estimated that is required an ions concentration of silicon (Si) higher than 1.3 mg/l approximately. This amount of ions Si is supposed to be the minimum necessary for the formation of a silica layer enable to confer the boundary lubrication participation for obtaining the ULFC

O objetivo deste trabalho, foi investigar o comportamento tribológico do par cerâmico alumina - nitreto de silício no deslizamento em água com pH controlado e em uma suspensão com diferentes concentrações de sílica coloidal em água, e verificar a possibilidade de atingir um coeficiente de atrito da ordem de milésimos (&#956; < 0,01), aqui chamado de ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA) e verificar se a mudança do pH do meio, ou a alteração da concentração de sílica na água, diminui o runningin, tempo necessário para o sistema entrar em regime estacionário, do coeficiente de atrito. Os ensaios foram realizados na configuração de ensaio tribológico esfera contra disco, no qual a esfera foi de nitreto de silício e o disco de alumina, sob carga normal de 54 N e velocidade de deslizamento de 1 m/s. A água utilizada nos ensaios foi destilada e deionizada, e a sílica coloidal amorfa, sem porosidade e de tamanho médio de partícula de 12 nanômetros foi a Aerosil® 200. A esfera de nitreto de silício, adquirida comercialmente, e o disco de alumina, foi proveniente de trabalhos anteriores. Todos os materiais foram caracterizados quanto a densidade. Algumas propriedades mecânicas como dureza, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura foram determinadas. Nos ensaios lubrificados com água onde o pH foi controlado, o sistema atingiu o regime com valores de coeficiente de atrito da ordem de milésimos, exceto quando o pH da água era muito baixo ou muito alto. Em hidrossol o coeficiente de atrito chegou a unidades de milésimos, mas quando se aumenta a concentração de sílica coloidal, também, aumenta o desgaste nas superfícies. O disco de alumina sempre apresentou menor desgaste do que a esfera de nitreto de silício, em todas as condições estudadas. / The objective of this work was to investigate the tribological behavior of the ceramic pair alumina-silicon nitride, sliding on the water with controlled pH and in a suspension with different concentrations of colloidal silica in water, and verify the possibility of achieving a friction coefficient in the order of thousandths (&#956; < 0.01), here called ultra low friction coefficient (ULFC) and verify if the change of pH or changing the concentration of silica in the water, decreases the running-in, time required for the system reach the steady state of friction coefficient. The tests were conducted in a pin on disc setup in which the ball was made on silicon nitride and the disc of alumina, under normal load of 54 N and a sliding velocity of 1 m/s. The water used in the experiments was distilled and deionized. The amorphous silica, without porosity and average particle size of 12 nanometers was Aerosil ® 200. The ball of silicon nitride, was purchased commercially, and the alumina disk was recycled from previous works, all materials were characterized by density. Some mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness were determined. In tests with controlled pH water the system has reached the friction coefficient of the order of thousandths, except when the pH of the water was too low or too high. In hydrossol the friction coefficient reached units of thousandths, but when increasing the concentration of colloidal silica also increases the wear in the surfaces. The alumina disc always showed less wear than the ball of silicon nitride, in all conditions studied.

<p>This thesis comprises tribological studies of extremely well-defined surfaces of different designs. Both low-friction and high-friction surfaces were manufactured and experimentally evaluated.</p><p>In the low-friction studies, lithography and anisotropic etching of silicon was first used as a texturing technique. The textured surfaces were subsequently PVD coated with TiN or DLC to achieve tribologically relevant interfaces. The results showed that under starved lubricated conditions, fine surface textures lowered the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. It was shown that also the orientation of the texture is of major importance for the lubricating function.</p><p>Further, a novel embossing technique was developed, permitting texturing of steel and other materials. A micro mechanically designed diamond tool was used to emboss steel surfaces. The roller/piston contact from a hydraulic motor was simulated and introduction of an embossed texture on the piston decreased the level and the fluctuation of the friction. The effect of the texture was here similar to the effect of an additional polish step. However, in general it is not an easy task to substantially improve a boundary lubricated contact by introducing a texture. </p><p>Studies of high friction surfaces were performed on micro mechanically designed diamond surfaces equipped with sharp pyramids or ridges. Just as theory predicts, the coefficient of friction was dependent on the shape of the ploughing bodies, but not on the counter material or the load. The tested surfaces resulted in static coefficients of friction between 1.1 and 1.6, depending on surface design and orientation. These are extremely high values, and therefore very interesting for practical applications requiring a high static friction.</p><p>Conclusively, the present thesis shows that it is possible to design and produce surfaces both for improved lubrication in sliding contact and for substantially improved high friction performance in static contacts.</p>

This thesis comprises tribological studies of extremely well-defined surfaces of different designs. Both low-friction and high-friction surfaces were manufactured and experimentally evaluated. In the low-friction studies, lithography and anisotropic etching of silicon was first used as a texturing technique. The textured surfaces were subsequently PVD coated with TiN or DLC to achieve tribologically relevant interfaces. The results showed that under starved lubricated conditions, fine surface textures lowered the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. It was shown that also the orientation of the texture is of major importance for the lubricating function. Further, a novel embossing technique was developed, permitting texturing of steel and other materials. A micro mechanically designed diamond tool was used to emboss steel surfaces. The roller/piston contact from a hydraulic motor was simulated and introduction of an embossed texture on the piston decreased the level and the fluctuation of the friction. The effect of the texture was here similar to the effect of an additional polish step. However, in general it is not an easy task to substantially improve a boundary lubricated contact by introducing a texture. Studies of high friction surfaces were performed on micro mechanically designed diamond surfaces equipped with sharp pyramids or ridges. Just as theory predicts, the coefficient of friction was dependent on the shape of the ploughing bodies, but not on the counter material or the load. The tested surfaces resulted in static coefficients of friction between 1.1 and 1.6, depending on surface design and orientation. These are extremely high values, and therefore very interesting for practical applications requiring a high static friction. Conclusively, the present thesis shows that it is possible to design and produce surfaces both for improved lubrication in sliding contact and for substantially improved high friction performance in static contacts.

Foram realizados ensaios tribológicos de deslizamento do par Si3N4-Al2O3, lubrificado com água, na configuração esfera contra disco, sendo a esfera de nitreto de silício e o disco de alumina para investigar a influência da velocidade de deslizamento, da carga aplicada e da temperatura no coeficiente de atrito. As esferas de nitreto de silício e os discos de alumina foram caracterizados determinando-se: densidades, dureza Vickers, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura. Os ensaios foram realizados com rugosidade inicial nos discos de Rrms = 352 nm. O regime de ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA, &#956; < 0,01) foi atingido após um período de running-in de aproximadamente uma hora e o coeficiente de atrito ficou na faixa de &#956; = 0,008 a &#956; = 0,002. Os resultados mostraram que este sistema deslizante tem características hidrodinâmicas, pois o coeficiente de atrito diminuiu com o aumento da velocidade de deslizamento. Uma variação suave da carga aplicada fez com que o coeficiente de atrito permanecesse no regime de UBCA, com a carga aplicada variando de 54 N até 94 N. Em temperaturas menores ou iguais a 11°C o sistema não atingiu o regime de UBCA e o coeficiente de atrito final ficou da ordem de centésimos. Foi observado o fenômeno de UBCA em temperaturas de 30 e 40°C. No entanto, nestas temperaturas, a baixa viscosidade da água não deveria permitir que o sistema atingisse o regime de UBCA. A análise dos dados possibilitou inferir que durante o regime de UBCA o sistema desliza num regime de lubrificação mista, sendo lubrificação hidrodinâmica, devido ao filme de água, somada a lubrificação limite, devido às camadas hidratadas formadas nas superfícies das cerâmicas. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura influencia no desgaste das cerâmicas. A determinação do volume desgastado possibilitou observar que durante os ensaios a alumina sofre menos desgaste que o nitreto de silício e que o desgaste de ambas cerâmicas aumenta com o aumento da temperatura. / Tribological tests were conducted in a ball on disk setup, using water as lubricant. Were used a silicon nitride ball and alumina disk. The tests were conducted to investigate the effects of sliding speed, applied load and temperature on friction coefficient. The silicon nitride balls and alumina disks were characterized by determining density, Vickers hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. The tests were conducted with initial roughness on the disk surface of 352 nm. The ultra low friction coefficient regime (ULFC, &#956; < 0.01) was reached after a running-in period of approximately one hour and the friction coefficient remains in the range of &#956; = 0.008 a &#956; = 0.002 during this steady state regime. The results showed that this sliding system has hydrodynamic characteristics, because the friction coefficient decreased with increasing of the sliding speed. With an smooth variation of the applied load the system remained in the ULFC regime, when the applied load varied from 54 N up to 94 N. At temperatures below or equal to 11°C the system did not reach the ULFC regime and the final friction coefficient was the order of hundredths. We observed the ULFC phenomenon at temperatures of 30 and 40°C. However, at these temperatures, the water viscosity is low and should not allow the system to reach the ULFC regime. The data analysis allowed infer that during the ULFC regime the system slides with a mixed lubrication regime, hydrodynamic plus limitrofe, the first due to water film and the second due to the hydrated layer formed on the ceramics surfaces. The results showed a influences of temperature in the ceramics wear. The results of the worn volume allowed to observe that during the tests alumina suffers less wear than the silicon nitride, and the ceramics wear increases with increasing temperature.

O objetivo deste trabalho, foi investigar o comportamento tribológico do par cerâmico alumina - nitreto de silício no deslizamento em água com pH controlado e em uma suspensão com diferentes concentrações de sílica coloidal em água, e verificar a possibilidade de atingir um coeficiente de atrito da ordem de milésimos (&#956; < 0,01), aqui chamado de ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA) e verificar se a mudança do pH do meio, ou a alteração da concentração de sílica na água, diminui o runningin, tempo necessário para o sistema entrar em regime estacionário, do coeficiente de atrito. Os ensaios foram realizados na configuração de ensaio tribológico esfera contra disco, no qual a esfera foi de nitreto de silício e o disco de alumina, sob carga normal de 54 N e velocidade de deslizamento de 1 m/s. A água utilizada nos ensaios foi destilada e deionizada, e a sílica coloidal amorfa, sem porosidade e de tamanho médio de partícula de 12 nanômetros foi a Aerosil® 200. A esfera de nitreto de silício, adquirida comercialmente, e o disco de alumina, foi proveniente de trabalhos anteriores. Todos os materiais foram caracterizados quanto a densidade. Algumas propriedades mecânicas como dureza, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura foram determinadas. Nos ensaios lubrificados com água onde o pH foi controlado, o sistema atingiu o regime com valores de coeficiente de atrito da ordem de milésimos, exceto quando o pH da água era muito baixo ou muito alto. Em hidrossol o coeficiente de atrito chegou a unidades de milésimos, mas quando se aumenta a concentração de sílica coloidal, também, aumenta o desgaste nas superfícies. O disco de alumina sempre apresentou menor desgaste do que a esfera de nitreto de silício, em todas as condições estudadas. / The objective of this work was to investigate the tribological behavior of the ceramic pair alumina-silicon nitride, sliding on the water with controlled pH and in a suspension with different concentrations of colloidal silica in water, and verify the possibility of achieving a friction coefficient in the order of thousandths (&#956; < 0.01), here called ultra low friction coefficient (ULFC) and verify if the change of pH or changing the concentration of silica in the water, decreases the running-in, time required for the system reach the steady state of friction coefficient. The tests were conducted in a pin on disc setup in which the ball was made on silicon nitride and the disc of alumina, under normal load of 54 N and a sliding velocity of 1 m/s. The water used in the experiments was distilled and deionized. The amorphous silica, without porosity and average particle size of 12 nanometers was Aerosil ® 200. The ball of silicon nitride, was purchased commercially, and the alumina disk was recycled from previous works, all materials were characterized by density. Some mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness were determined. In tests with controlled pH water the system has reached the friction coefficient of the order of thousandths, except when the pH of the water was too low or too high. In hydrossol the friction coefficient reached units of thousandths, but when increasing the concentration of colloidal silica also increases the wear in the surfaces. The alumina disc always showed less wear than the ball of silicon nitride, in all conditions studied.