This paper reports upon an investigation conducted into the movement of softwood lumber from British Columbia to the United States during the years 1955 to 1962. The principal method used in the course of the study was an examination of the briefs and statements submitted to the United States Tariff Commission during hearings held in Washington, D.C, in October 1962. In order to keep the material within the context of current events, some space was devoted to a brief summary of pertinent political and economic occurances in both the United States and Canada during the last part of 1962 and the first half of 1963. Thereafter six chapters are devoted to comparisons between forests and extraction, conversion, and distribution costs in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and in the province of British Columbia. Basically the same type of forest is found in these two regions, but the utilization and development of the areas have been different, as have been the competitive factors which have arisen in the areas. Many of the pertinent data have been put into tabular form for easy reference. The penultimate chapter summarizes the briefs and statements submitted by the interested United States lumber dealers, shippers, and producers, and by the Council of Forest Industries of British Columbia, which represented the British Columbia lumber men, at the United States Tariff Commission hearings. The conclusions reached as a result of this investigation were (1) there is a shortage of domestic softwood lumber in the United States which can best be filled by British Columbia lumber imports, (2) British Columbia lumber producers have an advantage over Pacific Northwest producers with regard to stumpage costs, (3) British Columbia lumber producers have no advantage over Pacific Northwest producers with regard to conversion costs, (4) Distribution costs greatly favour British Columbia lumber producers with regard to water-borne lumber, and slightly favour American Pacific Northwest lumber producers with regard to railborne shipments, (5) the exclusion of the Pacific Northwest lumber producers from the Puerto Rican lumber market illustrates the impact of the Jones Act restrictions on the United States lumber industry, (6) in addition to the cost advantages which the British Columbia producers have in the United States Atlantic Coast market, they enjoy intangible advantages which may be characterized as marketing techniques which have created good will for Canadian producers in the American markets, and (7) United States softwood lumber producers in the Pacific Northwest could improve their competitive position in the Domestic market by internal reforms, although they were unable to have imposed on their behalf prohibitive tariffs or quotas. Finally, several suggestions as to possible areas for internal reform are put forward. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This research approach focused on 2x8 and 2x10 lumber sizes, in lengths ranging from 12- to 16t. Lumber sample data collection included: growth rings per inch (RPI), specific gravity (SG) and presence of pith. The lumber was tested in static bending per ASTM D 198. Small clear samples were then cut and used for compression testing using ASTM D 143. Lumber for this project was collected from retail lumber stores across the Southeastern United States. The larger 'host' study focused on generating current material property data from over 2000 southern pine boards to help establish more accurate and up to date lumber standards. The sampling, dubbed the 'production-weighted sampling' procedure, utilized in this study mimics the requirements of ASTM 1990. Moreover, the findings from this study are beneficial for industry and research communities alike as several smaller projects, including this one, highlight advances ranging from new lumber design values to non-destructive testing technique innovations evaluating wood. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25 software. Bivariate correlations were run in conjunction with linear regressions. Compression parallel to grain (C?) and compression perpendicular to grain (C?) were statistically tested with RPI, SG and the presence/absence of pith as independent variables. Initially, the independent variables were tested across all data for each lumber size. Then, a series of data segmentation techniques were employed among each of the independent variables: RPI, SG and pith presence. For RPI, the segments were categorized: less than 3 RPI, 3 to 5 RPI, and more than 5 RPI. Secondly, SG segments were developed in groups: less than 0.4, 0.4 to 0.5, more than 0.5. Lastly, the pith data were segmented: no pith, pith one end and pith both ends. Compression parallel and perpendicular to grain were not predictable by RPI, although the SG values by RPI segments did exhibit a stronger statistical relationship. The SG segments themselves did not reveal statistical significance; however, the pith segments yielded higher r2 values. For compression parallel to grain, r2 values were almost double than perpendicular to grain r2 values, across all pith segments and both lumber sizes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-145). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-145). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [221]-233). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [221]-233). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1988. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-179). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2007. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 300-313).

A testing procedure was developed to measure the effectiveness of tension proof testing, given that the gripped ends of the lumber do not fully experience the proof stress during a tension proof test. First the middle portion of each 14-foot 2X6 No 2 KDIS Southern Pine lumber specimen was tension proof tested, as if the pieces were only 10 feet long. Then the pips of the testing machine were moved out so that the entire middle 10-foot, section including the portions that had been gripped during the initial proof test would be fully stressed during a second tension test Some specimens, referred to as falldown, were broken in the second test at a load level below the proof load. This indicates that because of the effect of gripped ends the, initial proof test was ineffective in destroying some pieces of lumber with tension strength below the proof load level. The experimental design and analysis were aimed at validating the Showalter et al. (1987) tensile strength - length effect model as adapted to this specialized problem. Although the model predicted that falldown would occur, it was unable to predict the amounts of falldown subsequent to the amounts of proof-test breakage occurring for a sample of lumber. Through the use of end-grading rules, falldown amounts can be reduced to acceptable levels. A method was proposed for developing end-grading rules and deriving concomitant allowable tension stresses for proof-tested lumber. A significant finding was that the histogram for the tension strength of the surviving end-graded lumber had an abruptly-ending left tail, indicating that there were no severely reduced tension strength values for any of the falldown specimens remaining in the sample. / Master of Science

Japan is the largest market for U.S. forest products. Therefore, export of wood products to this country is critical to the economic life of the forest industry in the U.S. and particularly for the Pacific Northwest. Hence, economic conditions and developments in Japan may significantly affect the volume of trade for the products of concern and, in turn, the well-being of the U.S. lumber and log production-consumption system. Few studies have addressed forest product trade between the U.S. and Japan. This study is designed to determine the effect of several selected market factors on the Japanese import demand for U.S. softwood lumber and logs and to estimate the influence of these factors on Japan's future trade. A numerical model was developed incorporating these selective factors, thought to be relevant, to determine their effects on the Japanese market for the U.S. forest products. The evaluation considers the effects of variations in: Japanese income, domestic production of softwood logs in Japan, domestic prices of the products of concern, petroleum purchased by Japan, nominal interest rates in Japan, the exchange rates, and finally a weighted average of prices of the products from the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington, only). Given the available resources, two empirical time series models for each commodity were estimated by OLS technique using annual data from 1961 through 1985. The results indicate that the Japanese import demands for both products are inelastic. This finding, along with other evidence, suggests the distortion of the Japanese import demand for U.S. forest products by factors other than economic, mainly politics involved in trade restraint between the two countries. The study shows that GNP per capita, housing starts, and the interest rates in Japan, significantly affect the Japanese import demand for lumber from the U.S. Housing starts is the only significant factor in the case of the Japanese import demand for U.S. logs. In the latter case, the exchange rates and log export prices to Japan (deflated by Japan's wholesale price index), are significant only when the log linear model has been applied. / Graduation date: 1988