Inaug.-diss.--Zürich.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1939. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 435-453).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1950. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [104]-105).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1987. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-144). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The history of the lumber trade of British Columbia has been one of considerable fluctuation and recurring crises occasioned by historical changes over which the industry has had no control. With no large permanent home market to depend upon for stability, it has had to attain a flexibility which would allow it to accommodate itself to the ever-changing complexity of world markets, In its pioneer phase (1851-1886) the trade could depend on only small local markets in Victoria, New Westminster and, to some extent, San Francisco. With a scarcity of operating capital , no rail transportation whatever, and inadequate water transportation controlled by San Francisco brokers, the infant industry located on Vancouver Island, on Burrard Inlet and at New Westminster struggled for survival. Despite these handicaps, certain fairly reliable markets were gradually established In the awakening Pacific community in Australia, Chile, the Sandwich Islands, and China. The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railroad (1886) marked the real beginning of the lumber trade in British Columbia, it made possible the exploitation of the interior forests, presented the trade with the Prairie market, which was to sustain it until 1913 and it attracted plentiful capital to the industry for the first time. The completion of the Panama Canal in 1914 marked the third phase of the history of the trade, for it opened to the industry the communities of the Atlantic, especially the seaboard of the United States and the important United Kingdom market, This new cargo trade rescued the ailing industry from the collapse of the Prairie demand. The pattern of the lumber trade changed again after 1940. War-time shipping difficulties, followed by a seemingly permanent dollar shortage in the sterling area largely diminished the importance of the United Kingdom market a sustained period of prosperity in the United States, however, facilitated a shift of trade lines from the Old World to the New. The change was accelerated and consolidated by the rise of giant American cellulose corporations which invested heavily In British Columbia forest lands and production plants and integrated them into vast international complexes of industries whose main market is the pulp, lumber, and cellulose-hungry industries of the United States. This thesis attempts to trace these economic changes in the light of changing historical conditions and to discover the pattern which emerges from them. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

A method for modelling the strength of bonded wood strands which are oriented principally in one direction is proposed. The hypothesis tested was that strand grain orientation data, fitted to a von Mises probability distribution, could be used in an analysis for estimating the potential tensile strength of an ideally bonded composite. The strand strength, resolved at any loading angle with respect to the principal composite strand orientation axis, was multiplied by the distribution probability at that angle. When integrated over all angles, this product yielded the mathematical expectation of strength for the composite. The model predicted composite strength at off-orientation axis angles and represented the material in two dimensions in an orthotropic fashion. A feature of this research is the use of a parametrically quantified strand orientation level in an algorithm developed to estimate composite strength. A practical number of strand angle readings (100) were taken to characterize each composite. These angle readings defined orientation in terms of a parameter which described composites ranging from random to highly oriented. The model input also required microtensile strength means from samples of strands tested in the longitudinal and radial or tangential directions. Comparisons between the model and actual specific strengths were made at five equally spaced-composite principal axis load angles from 0 to 90 degrees. Both tensile and flexural tests were performed to evaluate the model. The evaluations were designated in terms of resin content, distribution, and droplet size. These variables were studied using colorimetry and computerized image analysis. Composite density profiles through the specimens' thickness were obtained from direct reading x-ray densitometry. Composites made of juvenile trembling aspen, red alder, red cedar, mature lodgepole pine and yellow birch were studied. Assumptions concerning wood shear strength and strand length/thickness ratio were discussed in the interpretation of an overlapping strand stress-transfer model. This led to the definition of failure criteria based on stress transfer. A trial of orientation modelling in elasticity estimation was made and a random function model of composite elasticity based on laminated plate theory is outlined in a supplementary proposal for further research. The simplified algorithm for the strength of aligned.wood strand composites provides design targets for reconstituted high strength strand lumber and panel products of the future. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The use of fluidized beds of hot inert solids for drying wood is a relatively new concept. Recent investigations on fluidized bed drying of thin veneer (1,2) have shown that more rapid drying can be achieved by this method than by conventional means. In the present work, blocks of Western Hemlock wood, 2 in. x 4 in. x 1 ft. containing 70% to 100% moisture (dry-basis) were dried in a fluidized bed of -20 +30 mesh sand at four levels of bed temperature (175, 190, 204, and 217°F) and three air velocities. The drying time required to reach 15% moisture content (M.C.) was 14-15 hrs. for lumber dried at 204°F as against two or more days generally taken in Kiln drying. The quality of the wood dried at bed temperatures of 204°F and below was not adversely affected. Bed temperature had a strong inverse effect on drying time, while the fluidizing air flow rate had little effect. The diffusion equation was employed to describe the movement of moisture during the falling-rate period of drying and the heat conduction equation to describe the unsteady-state movement of heat inside the drying block of wood. Mathematically, drying was treated both as a one and a two-dimensional problem. The resulting equations were solved on a digital computer to predict the average moisture content and the average temperature of the drying block of wood, each as a function of time. The distribution of moisture content within the drying block was also computed. The calculated results showed a good agreement with experimental data. The economics of fluidized bed drying were estimated and compared with the cost of Kiln drying. The results showed that the capital cost of the fluidized bed system is considerably lower while the operating cost is similar to that for kiln drying. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (M.S.)--Louisiana State University, 1936. / HTML version of 1936 thesis. Last viewed 3/20/2009. Vita.

In a world that is moving at a feverish pace toward regional economic integration, much has yet to be understood about the process. In particular, research that delineates key factors in preventing, mitigating or resolving trade conflicts that arise between integration partners is in want. In the hope of contributing to filling this academic vacuum, this paper compares conflicts in different integration frameworks in North America and Europe. The cases are the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute, an anti-dumping case involving the Nordic countries, a state aid conflict in Germany, and conflicts over export and import restrictions in the Slovak Republic and Poland respectively. Information on these cases was obtained from primary and secondary sources, as well as from interviews with officials in key stakeholder groups. These cases are assessed using variables of analysis familiar to integration theorists, namely, actors, mechanisms, and motivations. It is found that subnational actors were more likely than national or supranational actors to instigate and escalate conflicts. It is also found that the accessibility of multiple dispute resolution processes to actors at multiple levels were important in preventing, mitigating and resolving conflicts. From these findings, it is concluded that the multi-level governance theory of integration is better suited to explain the outcome than neofunctionalism or intergovernmentalism. These findings have significant implications for the management of relationships in integration frameworks.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1932. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 350-355).