This dissertation focuses on the development, characterization, and analysis of luminescent materials and coatings for sensing applications, including CO2, heavy metals, and silver. Chapter 2 involves the use of a gold(I) pyrazolate trimer that is able to detect silver ions with an AgNP medium. Detection of silver is vital, because there is an influx of silver into our environment caused by the increased use of AgNP. Therefore, having a sensor that is able to differentiate between and detect only Ag ions is an important first step to solving the toxicity mystery of AgNPs. Chapter 3 focuses on the development of sensor coatings containing a Eu(III) based luminescent system for sensing dissolved CO2 without the aid of an absorption-based dye. It is well-known that monitoring CO2 levels in our environment is important since even at low concentrations it can cause adverse health effects to the human body. This work demonstrates a pH-sensitive Eu complex being used directly as a CO2 sensor without the aid of any other absorption-based dye. Chapter 4 explores the idea of developing a heavy metal sensor for lead and its ability to detect lead in wide concentration range upon changing the pH of the medium and the polymer matrix. Different heavy metals have toxicity at different concentrations, therefore, being able to change the dynamic range of the sensor is advantageous. This research is the first step towards developing a luminescent Pb sensor with a tunable dynamic range.

A leishmaniose pertence à classe de doenças infecciosas e é causada por parasitas do gênero Leishmania. Essa enfermidade se manifesta nas formas visceral ou cutânea e o tratamento de ambas consiste em quimioterapia utilizando fármacos à base de antimônio. A aplicação desses medicamentos, no entanto, apresenta diversas desvantagens, como o surgimento de efeitos colaterais severos e a disseminação de parasitas resistentes aos fármacos convencionais. Dessa forma, há uma grande necessidade de se desenvolver novos medicamentos, bem como, novas técnicas de tratamento e diagnostico. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados novos fotossensibilizadores derivados da riboflavina (vitamina B2) com potencial aplicação no tratamento de leishmaniose cutânea (através de terapia fotodinâmica) e foram sintetizados novos complexos de Ru (II) com potencial uso como sensores luminescentes de antimônio. Os derivados da riboflavina foram obtidos utilizando a vitamina B2 como material de partida e as transformações químicas estudadas fizeram uso de reações de acilação das hidroxilas da cadeia ribitil e de alquilações do nitrogênio 3 do sistema de anéis isoaloxazina. Essas modificações estruturais permitiram a construção de uma biblioteca de fotossensibilizadores que contém partes hidrofílicas, hidrofóbicas, anfifílicas e iônicas, que possibilitaram estudos da relação estrutura atividade. Com a otimização dessas rotas sintéticas foram obtidos dois derivados flavínicos-catiônicos inéditos na literatura com rendimentos de até 68%. Foi mostrado que as transformações químicas estudadas não afetaram significantemente as propriedades fotofísicas dos derivados flavínicos, sendo todos eles fluorescentes e capazes de fotossensibilizar a produção de oxigênio singlete com rendimento quântico semelhante ao da riboflavina (Φ&#916. ≈ 0,5). Por outro lado, as modificações estruturais na riboflavina alteraram as propriedades físico-químicas em termos de solubilidade e coeficiente de partição. Os derivados sintetizados foram testados contra promastigotas de Leishmania major utilizando LED azul (470 nm). Os fotossensibilizadores apresentaram baixa toxicicidade no escuro (CE50 (concentração efetiva 50%)> 100 µM para todos os compostos) e todos os derivados testados apresentaram maior fototoxicidade (CE50 de até 5 µM) que a riboflavina (CE50 de 50 µM). Foi observado que a fototoxicidade dos derivados da riboflavina está fortemente associada à lipofilicidade do fotossensibilizador. Um complexo de Ru (II) que responde à presença de antimônio foi preparado a partir do bis-complexo Ru(bpz)2Cl2 e do ligante derivado da fenantrolina contendo o grupo bitiofeno (bitiofeno-imidazo-fen). Esse complexo apresenta potencial na construção de sensores luminescentes de antimônio. Foi mostrado que o novo complexo sintetizado [Ru(bpz)2(bitiofeno-imidazo-fen)2+] apresenta baixa luminescência na região do vermelho devido à auto-supressão causada pelo grupo bitiofeno. No entanto, estudos preliminares mostraram que a adição de SbCl3 ou tartarato de antimônio ao meio intensifica significativamente a emissão nessa região do espectro. Devido à formação do complexo Sb-bitiofeno, ocorre o aumento percentual da espécie eletronicamente excitada e a mesma é auto-suprimida com menos eficiência. / The leishmaniases belong to a group of infectious diseases caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania. This disease manifests as the visceral or the cutaneous forms and the treatment of both types is based on chemotherapies with antimony drugs. The application of these drugs, however, presents drawbacks like several side effects and dissemination of parasites resistant to this conventional treatment. Thus, there is a growing need to develop new drugs, as well as new modalities of treatment and diagnosis. In this work, novel photosensitizers derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) with potential application in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (by photodynamic therapy) were synthesized. Also, novel Ru (II) complexes with potential usage as luminescent sensors of antimony were synthesized. The riboflavin derivatives were obtained by using vitamin B2 as the starting material, and the chemical transformations were based on acylation of the hydroxyl groups from the ribityl side chain and alkylation of nitrogen 3 of the isoalloxazine ring system.These structural modifications yielded a library of photosensitizers containing hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic or ionic moieties, which provide molecules for a study of the structure-activity relationship. By optimizing these synthetic routes, two novel cationic riboflavin derivatives were obtained in good yield (up to 68%). It has been shown that the chemical modifications performed have not significantly affected the photophysical properties of the riboflavin derivatives. All compounds are fluorescent and able to photosensitize singlet oxygen in yields similar to riboflavin itself (Φ&#916 ≈ 0,5). On the other hand, these structural modifications varied the physic-chemical properties related to solubility and partition coefficient of the derivatives. The obtained derivatives were tested against promastigotes of Leishmania major using blue LED (470 nm). The photosensitizers displayed low dark toxicity (EC50 (Effective Concentration 50%) > 100 µM for all the studied compounds) and all derivatives showed greater phototoxicity (EC50 up to 5µM) when compared to riboflavin (EC50 = 50µM). It was observed that the phototoxicity of the riboflavin derivatives is strongly associated with the lipophilicity of photosensitizer. A Ru (II) complex that responds in the presence of antimony was prepared from Ru(bpz)2Cl2 and a phenanthroline ligand containing a bithiophene group (bithiophen-imidazo-phen). This complex can be potentially applied in the construction of luminescent sensors of antimony. It has been demonstrated that the novel complex [Ru(bpz)2(bitiofeno-imidazo-fen)2+] displays low red luminescence due to the self-quenching promoted by the bithiophen moiety. However, preliminary studies have evidenced that, upon addition of SbCl3 or antimony tartrate to the media, the emission intensifies in the red region of the spectrum. Due to the formation of the chelate Sb-bithiophene, the elf-quenching of the electronic excited species occurs less efficiently.

A leishmaniose pertence à classe de doenças infecciosas e é causada por parasitas do gênero Leishmania. Essa enfermidade se manifesta nas formas visceral ou cutânea e o tratamento de ambas consiste em quimioterapia utilizando fármacos à base de antimônio. A aplicação desses medicamentos, no entanto, apresenta diversas desvantagens, como o surgimento de efeitos colaterais severos e a disseminação de parasitas resistentes aos fármacos convencionais. Dessa forma, há uma grande necessidade de se desenvolver novos medicamentos, bem como, novas técnicas de tratamento e diagnostico. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados novos fotossensibilizadores derivados da riboflavina (vitamina B2) com potencial aplicação no tratamento de leishmaniose cutânea (através de terapia fotodinâmica) e foram sintetizados novos complexos de Ru (II) com potencial uso como sensores luminescentes de antimônio. Os derivados da riboflavina foram obtidos utilizando a vitamina B2 como material de partida e as transformações químicas estudadas fizeram uso de reações de acilação das hidroxilas da cadeia ribitil e de alquilações do nitrogênio 3 do sistema de anéis isoaloxazina. Essas modificações estruturais permitiram a construção de uma biblioteca de fotossensibilizadores que contém partes hidrofílicas, hidrofóbicas, anfifílicas e iônicas, que possibilitaram estudos da relação estrutura atividade. Com a otimização dessas rotas sintéticas foram obtidos dois derivados flavínicos-catiônicos inéditos na literatura com rendimentos de até 68%. Foi mostrado que as transformações químicas estudadas não afetaram significantemente as propriedades fotofísicas dos derivados flavínicos, sendo todos eles fluorescentes e capazes de fotossensibilizar a produção de oxigênio singlete com rendimento quântico semelhante ao da riboflavina (Φ&#916. ≈ 0,5). Por outro lado, as modificações estruturais na riboflavina alteraram as propriedades físico-químicas em termos de solubilidade e coeficiente de partição. Os derivados sintetizados foram testados contra promastigotas de Leishmania major utilizando LED azul (470 nm). Os fotossensibilizadores apresentaram baixa toxicicidade no escuro (CE50 (concentração efetiva 50%)> 100 µM para todos os compostos) e todos os derivados testados apresentaram maior fototoxicidade (CE50 de até 5 µM) que a riboflavina (CE50 de 50 µM). Foi observado que a fototoxicidade dos derivados da riboflavina está fortemente associada à lipofilicidade do fotossensibilizador. Um complexo de Ru (II) que responde à presença de antimônio foi preparado a partir do bis-complexo Ru(bpz)2Cl2 e do ligante derivado da fenantrolina contendo o grupo bitiofeno (bitiofeno-imidazo-fen). Esse complexo apresenta potencial na construção de sensores luminescentes de antimônio. Foi mostrado que o novo complexo sintetizado [Ru(bpz)2(bitiofeno-imidazo-fen)2+] apresenta baixa luminescência na região do vermelho devido à auto-supressão causada pelo grupo bitiofeno. No entanto, estudos preliminares mostraram que a adição de SbCl3 ou tartarato de antimônio ao meio intensifica significativamente a emissão nessa região do espectro. Devido à formação do complexo Sb-bitiofeno, ocorre o aumento percentual da espécie eletronicamente excitada e a mesma é auto-suprimida com menos eficiência. / The leishmaniases belong to a group of infectious diseases caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania. This disease manifests as the visceral or the cutaneous forms and the treatment of both types is based on chemotherapies with antimony drugs. The application of these drugs, however, presents drawbacks like several side effects and dissemination of parasites resistant to this conventional treatment. Thus, there is a growing need to develop new drugs, as well as new modalities of treatment and diagnosis. In this work, novel photosensitizers derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) with potential application in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (by photodynamic therapy) were synthesized. Also, novel Ru (II) complexes with potential usage as luminescent sensors of antimony were synthesized. The riboflavin derivatives were obtained by using vitamin B2 as the starting material, and the chemical transformations were based on acylation of the hydroxyl groups from the ribityl side chain and alkylation of nitrogen 3 of the isoalloxazine ring system.These structural modifications yielded a library of photosensitizers containing hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic or ionic moieties, which provide molecules for a study of the structure-activity relationship. By optimizing these synthetic routes, two novel cationic riboflavin derivatives were obtained in good yield (up to 68%). It has been shown that the chemical modifications performed have not significantly affected the photophysical properties of the riboflavin derivatives. All compounds are fluorescent and able to photosensitize singlet oxygen in yields similar to riboflavin itself (Φ&#916 ≈ 0,5). On the other hand, these structural modifications varied the physic-chemical properties related to solubility and partition coefficient of the derivatives. The obtained derivatives were tested against promastigotes of Leishmania major using blue LED (470 nm). The photosensitizers displayed low dark toxicity (EC50 (Effective Concentration 50%) > 100 µM for all the studied compounds) and all derivatives showed greater phototoxicity (EC50 up to 5µM) when compared to riboflavin (EC50 = 50µM). It was observed that the phototoxicity of the riboflavin derivatives is strongly associated with the lipophilicity of photosensitizer. A Ru (II) complex that responds in the presence of antimony was prepared from Ru(bpz)2Cl2 and a phenanthroline ligand containing a bithiophene group (bithiophen-imidazo-phen). This complex can be potentially applied in the construction of luminescent sensors of antimony. It has been demonstrated that the novel complex [Ru(bpz)2(bitiofeno-imidazo-fen)2+] displays low red luminescence due to the self-quenching promoted by the bithiophen moiety. However, preliminary studies have evidenced that, upon addition of SbCl3 or antimony tartrate to the media, the emission intensifies in the red region of the spectrum. Due to the formation of the chelate Sb-bithiophene, the elf-quenching of the electronic excited species occurs less efficiently.

The metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds have witnessed rapid growth in the past decade and currently emerged as a highly unique area in the field of chemistry, materials science, and multiple branches of engineering. It presents applications in diverse fields such as gas sorption, catalysis, ionic conductivity, sensing etc. These compounds are built by the inorganic metal ions which are bridged by organic linkers to form extended structures. These compounds are mainly synthesized by either one-pot synthesis or in a sequential manner. In the former case, the inorganic metal ions and the respective organic linker are reacted together in a particular solvent or solvent mixture, whereas in the later case, a metalloligand is prepared by using the organic linker and the primary metal ion, which react with the secondary metal ion forming the desired structure. In this thesis, the synthesis of metal-organic framework compounds by one-pot synthesis as well as the sequential synthesis is presented. The structures of all the synthesized compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The prepared compounds were employed in the study of sensing of nitroaromatic compounds, toxic metal ions and highly oxidizing anions. In addition, detailed studies of heterogeneous catalysis employing the prepared MOFs were investigated along with catalysis by metal nanoparticle incorporated within MOFs. In select cases, the labile nature of the lattice water molecules was established by performing in-situ single crystal to single crystal (SCSC) structural transformation studies. In addition, the proton conductivity and the magnetic behavior have also been studied. Chapter 1 of the thesis presents a brief overview on metal-organic framework compounds and summarizes its various important properties. In chapter 2, the synthesis, structure, and characterization of heterometallic metal-organic framework compounds using 2-mercaptonicotinic (H2mna) and Cu(I) / Ag(I) based two metalloligands, [Cu6(Hmna)6] and [Ag6(Hmna)2(mna)4](NH4)4 are presented. In chapter 3, we present the synthesis, structure and nitroaromatic sensing behavior of [Ag6(mna)6](NH4)6 metalloligand based heterometallic metal-organic framework compounds. In chapter 4, the synthesis, structure and Lewis acid catalytic behavior of 6-mercaptonicotinic acid based heterometallic metal-organic framework compounds are presented. In chapter 5, the stabilization of the palladium nanoparticles in the newly synthesized 1,10-phenanthroline based metal-organic framework compounds and their catalytic behavior is presented. In chapter 6, we present the synthesis, structure and the sensing behavior of hazardous chemicals such as toxic metal ions and highly oxidizing anions. In addition, the adsorption and desorption of synthetic dye molecules by the metal-organic framework compounds are also presented.