La chute du communisme en 1989 a constitué un énorme défi pour les Etats européens qui l’ont connu. Les nouvelles démocraties, confrontées à l’immense héritage du passé, ont dû faire face à la question des individus liés à ce régime, et en particulier ceux qui ont travaillé ou collaboré avec les services secrets communistes. La lustration constitue une réponse originale des Etats postcommunistes à ce phénomène. Elle est considérée comme une mesure de justice transitionnelle. La lustration est strictement encadrée par des lois. Celles-Ci mettent en place des procédures permettant de juger le comportement passé des personnes souhaitant exercer des emplois dans la fonction publique du nouvel Etat démocratique. De ce fait, ces lois mettent en place une sorte de purification de la fonction publique. Les procédures de lustration possèdent un caractère contraignant, car elles peuvent violer de nombreux droits et libertés fondamentaux des personnes qu’elles visent. D’où l’importance de l’encadrement de ce phénomène à différents niveaux: au niveau national par les cours constitutionnelles et au niveau européen par le Conseil de l’Europe et la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, qui a établi des standards de lustration à respecter par chaque Etat souhaitant la mettre en oeuvre. / The fall of communism in 1989 was a huge challenge for European states who experienced its effects. The new democracies had to face the immense legacy of the past, and had to find a solution on the issue of individuals related to the former regime. In particular, they had to work with those who have worked or collaborated with the communist secret services. Lustration is an original response the Post-Communist States to this phenomenon. It is considered as a measure of transitional justice. Lustration is strictly regulated by laws. They set up procedures to verify the past behavior of persons wishing to pursue employment in the public service of the new democratic State. Therefore, these laws establish a kind of purification of public administration.The lustration procedures are binding because they may violate many rights and fundamental freedoms of the individuals they are targeting. Hence, the importance of the supervision of this phenomenon at different levels: at the national level by the constitutional courts and at the European level by the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights, who has established the standards of lustration to be respected by each State wishing to implement it.

This thesis aims to set a basic framework for "memories of communism" which come along with attempts on political construction of the past during post-1989 regime. Based on the example of public debate about "The Act on the Lawlessness of the Communist Regime and on Resistance Against It", we will attempt to reveal main resources of anti-communist rhetoric and symbols, and to clarify the role they played in forging political identities in the first half of the 1990s. While the introductory chapter explores concepts which allow us to conceptualize memory in the analysis of the political, other chapters are devoted to various interpretations of the past in the context of discussions of de- communization measures that belong to the category of "coming to terms with the past" (Lustration Act, The Act on the Lawlessness of the Communist Regime). Does Czech anti-communism result from those measures adopted between 1991 and 1993, or does their adoption seek to reduce the plurality of politics of memory? Are attempts to label the previous regime as criminal the exclusive form of anti-communism, or does anti-communism amount to a combination of moral, legal and political arguments that seek to criminalize the previous social and legal order? By analysing different types of utterances we will attempt to...

本論文重要的目的，瞭解捷克轉型正義的特色與淨化法的施行。捷克轉型正義，發生在蘇聯解體、中東歐國家政治、經濟轉型的脈絡下。去共化和處理過去共遺緒問題，是中東歐國家轉型正義的重要任務，淨化法在如此政治環境下產生。捷克的淨化政策，由於國內政治非制度淨化，加上民主選舉過程，導致黑函滿天飛，所造成嚴重的政治問題，因而訂定的立法規範。這樣的背景下，淨化政策是一種特殊、臨時的政策工具。反映出當時轉型政治所面臨的困難，以及共黨政治轉型到民主政治之間，體系轉換的矛盾。此外，淨化政策也代表，當時捷克政治環境危機的解決方式。回到歷史的脈絡下來看，淨化政策是一種人事改革的手段，也是推動整體改革的基礎。解構舊有的權力結構，讓新民主有機會發展。 淨化政策在施行上，仍有許多爭議，包括可能侵害個人政治權力，以及被認為是一種對於共黨的報復手段，但淨化政策最重要的目標，是為建立特殊時期的改革基礎，也沒有具體的資料顯示，淨化政策會造成政治民主發展的傷害，相反的，淨化政策的施行得當，對於新民主的發展是有助益。 / The most important purpose of this thesis is to understand the characteristics of the Czech transitional justice and Lustration Law. The Czech, as a Central and Eastern European countries, transitional justice occurred in the Post-Soviet with the political, economic restructuring context. Both "de-communism" and "the dealing with the past" is important task of the Transitional Justice in Central and Eastern European countries, and the Lustration Law implement in this background. Czech Lustration Law is result from wild lustration, because of democratic electoral system, leading to blackmail over the place, caused a serious political problem. Therefore, the legislators decided to make the law. Based on the above, the Lustration Law is a special, temporary policy tool. The situation reflects the challenges of political transition, and the communist political transition to a democratic system, is facing tremendous contradiction. In addition, the Lustration policy also represents a solution choice of the Czech political environment crisis. Lustration policy is a kind of a personnel reform policy, and promotes the overall reform. Destroy the former power structure, so that the new democracy has a chance to develop. Examining the Lustration policy, there is a lot of controversy. Including it may infringe the personal political right, and it’s considered as retaliation to the former political elite. However, the Lustration policies the most important goal is to establish the basis of a special period of reform. There is no specific evidence to show that Lustration Law will result in damage to the development of political democracy. On the other hand, lustration policy is implemented appropriately; it would be beneficial for the development of new democracy.