Thesis--Faculté des lettres de Paris. / Bibliography: p. [7]-8.

Thesis--Faculté des lettres de Paris. / Bibliography: p. [7]-8.

In this thesis, I look at the use of inscriptions on stone in the Lycian peninsula during the fourth and third centuries BC, considering the effect of internal and external events on the production of inscriptions in the area, and looking at aspects of continuity and change across the two centuries. In Chapter 1, I discuss the development of the Lycian alphabet, arguing that origins of the alphabet are far more complex than has usually been believed, and involved elements of both organic development and conscious devising of letters forms. Building on the work of earlier scholars, I consider the alteration of certain letters-forms over time, and use these - and other available indications of date - to allocated number of inscriptions from different sites to 'early' or 'later' periods; the results of this work are presented in the 'harts' at the back of my thesis. In the subsequent chapters, I build on my conclusions from the first chapter to discuss certain aspects of the epigraphy of Lycia in a broadly chronological fashion, first setting out the what we know about the historical background of each period under discussion, and then considering inscriptions of particular interest. In Chapter 2, dealing with the late-fifth and early-fourth century, I look at the earliest of the Lycian epitaphs, as well as the uniquely long inscriptions of the rulers of Xanthos. I consider the development and structure of the 'building formula' which is so common in Lycian inscriptions, and how this relates to other Anatolian epigraphy. Chapter 3 looks at the effect of the internal strife in early-third century Lycia, and particularly the figure of Perikle, on the epigraphic culture of Lycia, with particular discussion of the ẽnẽ ... Xñtawata 'ruler formula', while Chapter 4 discusses the changes brought about by Hekatomnid rule over Lycia, and the beginnings of the use of Greek in private epigraphy. Finally, Chapter 5 looks at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, arguing that Lycian continued to be used in both official and private inscriptions, and discussing the ways in which official epigraphy became more similar to that of other Greek poleis - while retaining specifically Lycian features.

No description available.

This study investigates the relationship between the ancient settlements (in Lycia) and physical environmental parameters including topography, rock and soil types using GIS. Modern settlements are also included in the study to analyze if the response has changed to these parameters from past to the present. The databases created in the study include three topographic attributes (elevation, slope and aspect), rock type, soil type, ancient settlements and modern settlements. Analyses performed in the study involve distance and density analyses of ancient and modern settlements, morphological analysis, distribution of ancient and modern settlements within the rock and soil types, and visibility analysis of ancient settlements. Results of the analyses suggest that the ancient sites are located on the east, southeast, south facing and flat surfaces at slope values of 0 to 13 degrees within the elevation range of 0 to 1000 m. The average distance between the cities is 7 km preferably located over alluvium or limestone rock types with the soil types having thickness more than 20 cm. A set of decision rules are derived from the ancient settlements using above mentioned data layers to predict location of unknown settlements. This analysis indicated a few locations along the Mediterranean coast.

No description available.

In Lycia, Xanthos and its main sanctuary, the Letoon, have throughout centuries kept some very particular features which have survived intense cultural upheavals and influences both Persian and Greeks. The infrastructures and shape of the Letoon indicates that there is more to the sanctuary’s rituals and architecture than normalised Greek divinities and temples. Lycia, following the Persian invasion in the 540s, remained a remote region of the empire and benefited from an autonomous status. Nevertheless the outside contacts and cultural exchanges multiplied and intensified, especially with the Persian ruling class, but also with the Greeks who took an increasing part into the trade and artistic influence of Lycia. The most important city of the region, Xanthos was the focus of the Persian presence in Lycia but also at the spearhead of Hellenic influence in western Lycia. This underlying Greek presence became ever more pregnant under the rule of the last dynasts of Xanthos at the turn of the fourth century and under the rule of the Carian satraps under the power of whom Lycia was put in the 360s. The Hellenistic period only confirm the prior trend. To begin with, we are trying to define how the Persians had an impact on the Lycian culture and conclude that it was a great influential force but stayed somewhat limited to the higher classes of the Xanthian society. The parallel with the Greek influence is contrasting. The arrival of Greek trends was more insidious but also more widespread to the lower classes of society and lasted longer. We will conclude that none of those influences were imposed but rather chosen by the Xanthian society. We will continue by trying to understand how those cultural manifestations affected local religious beliefs. By exposing the successive evolutions of the Letoon and of the divinities residing here, we will see that the syncretic divinities of the Letoon kept a lot of their ancestral attributes and places of worship are keeping track with their sacred past. In this process we are trying to show that religion holds a peculiar place in a nation or a city’s culture. In this attempt we are concluding that religion is the most stable aspect of a local culture and is the recipient for the safeguard of a nation’s identity.

Étude phytochimique et activité cytotoxique des métabolites secondaires de Ferula elaeochytris Korovin et Ferula lycia Boiss. (Apiacées) Les plantes du genre Ferula (Apiacées) sont des herbacées vivaces répandues dans l'Asie centrale, la région méditerranéenne et l'Afrique du Nord. Des études récentes ont montré l'intérêt de certains composés isolés des espèces de ce genre comme agents chimiopréventifs ainsi que pour surmonter la résistance aux anticancéreux. Dans ce cadre deux plantes du genre Ferula récoltées dans deux régions différentes de la Turquie ont été choisies pour ce travail : Ferula elaeochytris Korovin et Ferula lycia Boiss. Vingt esters sesquiterpéniques dont sept structures nouvelles, deux acides phénoliques et un saponoside ont été isolés. Toutes ces stuctures ont été établies par méthodes spectrales (SM et RMN). Sur le plan pharmacologique, toutes les molécules isolées ont été testées pour leurs activités cytotoxiques vis-à-vis des lignées cellulaires leucémiques résistantes aux inhibiteurs de tyrosine kinase : K562R (imatinib-résistantes) et DA1-3b/M2 (imatinib et dasatinib-résistantes). L'élaeochytrine A (6-anthraniloyljaeschkeanadiol), s'est révélée être le composé le plus actif et le plus sélectif vis-à-vis des cellules tumorales avec des CI50 de l'ordre de 10 :M.

No description available.

This thesis is an interdisciplinary comparative analysis of the socio-economic developments of three regions in Anatolia: Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia in the late antique period (c. AD 330-600s). I present the most up-to-date picture of late antique settlement in these regions by collating recent evidence, particularly amphorae and settlement remains, derived from research conducted in these regions over the past few decades. From this picture, I analyse what the location of settlement and archeological remains within sites may reveal concerning the ways in which settlements participated in local, region and interregional exchange networks. As these three regions share the common geographic features of bordering major maritime areas and encompassing mountainous interiors, I examine how geography may have impacted the location of settlement and the movement of goods and people. By integrating areas located on opposite Anatolian coastlines, I examine how differing maritime networks may have impacted settlement development. This tripartite comparison attempts to establish northern Anatolia alongside its southern counterpart in the discourse of late antique economy and settlement development. Alongside this regional analysis, I discuss methodological considerations, such as the ways in which the current state of research and various research methods impact our analysis and interpretation of late antique settlement development. This study reveals that sub-regions within Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia developed in diverse ways and that the ways in which each region participated in wider exchange differed. I argue that overarching narratives of development, such as 'prosperity' and 'decline' do not accurately reflect the development of these regions. In sum, this thesis contributes an up-to-date analysis of the settlement development of Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia to the wider discourse of late antique regional development, which engages and challenges discourse surrounding the economic development of these regions in Late Antiquity.