<p>Large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) upon inflammatory stimuli. NO is a multifaceted molecule, which may have beneficial effects as an antimicrobial agent in the immune defense, or cytotoxic effects in chronic inflammations, manifested as e.g. arthritis and asthma. Understanding the mode of regulation of the iNOS gene is a prerequisite for developing intervention strategies in various pathological conditions where detrimental effects of NO need to be prevented.</p><p>Transcriptional processes of the iNOS gene regulation are well described, while post-transcriptional events have not been studied in detail. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involving the 3’untranslated region (UTR) of the murine iNOS mRNA.</p><p>Inflammation-dependent RNA-protein interactions with the iNOS mRNA 3’UTR were characterized by RNA gel shift analysis and UV cross-linking. <i>Trans</i>-acting factors interacting with the 3’UTR were detected in mouse liver and macrophages and identified as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) I and L. Western blot revealed that reduced hnRNPI levels are responsible for the decreased interaction of hnRNPI with iNOS 3’UTR upon induction in inflammatory conditions. This decrease was reversed by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, concomitant with decreased iNOS mRNA levels and stability. Introduction of the iNOS 3’UTR into a luciferase reporter gene reduced its expression in macrophages. Upon deletions of the binding sites for hnRNPI and hnRNPL, the luciferase expression was recovered. In addition, inflammatory stimuli increased the luciferase activity of the construct with the full-length 3’UTR, while only weak effects of the stimuli were seen on the deletion constructs.</p><p>In conclusion, the results suggest that binding of hnRNPI and hnRNPL to the iNOS mRNA 3’UTR promotes degradation of the transcript. Induction of iNOS by inflammatory stimuli dissociates the RNA-protein complex, yielding a more stable mRNA. In addition, post-transcriptional down-regulation of the iNOS gene by the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone, seems to involve hnRNPI.</p>

Large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) upon inflammatory stimuli. NO is a multifaceted molecule, which may have beneficial effects as an antimicrobial agent in the immune defense, or cytotoxic effects in chronic inflammations, manifested as e.g. arthritis and asthma. Understanding the mode of regulation of the iNOS gene is a prerequisite for developing intervention strategies in various pathological conditions where detrimental effects of NO need to be prevented. Transcriptional processes of the iNOS gene regulation are well described, while post-transcriptional events have not been studied in detail. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involving the 3’untranslated region (UTR) of the murine iNOS mRNA. Inflammation-dependent RNA-protein interactions with the iNOS mRNA 3’UTR were characterized by RNA gel shift analysis and UV cross-linking. Trans-acting factors interacting with the 3’UTR were detected in mouse liver and macrophages and identified as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) I and L. Western blot revealed that reduced hnRNPI levels are responsible for the decreased interaction of hnRNPI with iNOS 3’UTR upon induction in inflammatory conditions. This decrease was reversed by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, concomitant with decreased iNOS mRNA levels and stability. Introduction of the iNOS 3’UTR into a luciferase reporter gene reduced its expression in macrophages. Upon deletions of the binding sites for hnRNPI and hnRNPL, the luciferase expression was recovered. In addition, inflammatory stimuli increased the luciferase activity of the construct with the full-length 3’UTR, while only weak effects of the stimuli were seen on the deletion constructs. In conclusion, the results suggest that binding of hnRNPI and hnRNPL to the iNOS mRNA 3’UTR promotes degradation of the transcript. Induction of iNOS by inflammatory stimuli dissociates the RNA-protein complex, yielding a more stable mRNA. In addition, post-transcriptional down-regulation of the iNOS gene by the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone, seems to involve hnRNPI.

ColQ est un collagène spécifique qui ancre l’acétylcholinestérase (AChE) dans la fente synaptique de la jonction neuromusculaire (JNM). L'importance du complexe AChE-ColQ dans la physiologie humaine de cette synapse est soulignée par l’identification de mutations dans le gène codant pour ColQ qui conduisent à un syndrome myasthénique congénital (SMC) associé à une déficience en AChE. Le déficit en AChE a, jusqu’à présent, été considéré comme l’unique facteur responsable des symptômes observés chez les patients ainsi que des défauts de la JMN chez le modèle de souris SMC (souris déficiente pour ColQ). Toutefois, ces symptômes sont complexes et l’absence d’AChE ne peut probablement pas expliquer tous les symptômes. Nous avons montré auparavant que ColQ participait à la formation de la synapse ce qui expliquerait les symptômes observés chez les patients et la souris modèle. En effet, nous avons pu montrer que ColQ contrôle l’agrégation du récepteur à l’acétylcholine (RACh) et de l’expression de gènes spécifiques de la synapse. En particulier, nous avons montré in vitro et in vivo, que l’absence de ColQ induit une augmentation du niveau des ARNm codant pour toutes les sous-unités de RACh et une expression réduite du niveau de leurs protéines. Des résultats préliminaires indiquent que cette augmentation de ces ARNm n’est pas transcriptionnelle. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’expliquer les mécanismes qui induisent l’augmentation du niveau des ARNm de AChR en l’absence de ColQ et les voies de signalisation qui relient ColQ au métabolisme des ARN du RACh. Notre hypothèse de travail a été que l'absence de ColQ stimule la stabilisation post-transcriptionnelle des ARNm codant pour les sous-unités du RACh via la protéine HuR. HuR est une protéine qui stabilise les ARNm quand elle se fixe sur les AU-richelement (ARE) dans la séquence 3’UTR. HuR est une protéine clé dans la myogenèse et la formation de la JNM parce qu’elle stabilise de manière post-transcriptionnelle de nombreux transcrits tels que myogénine, MyoD et AChE. Dans cette étude, nous montrons pour la première fois qu’un mécanisme post-transcriptionnel de stabilisation des ARNm est responsable de l’augmentation du niveau des ARNm du RACh via ColQ. De plus, nous constatons qu’en absence de ColQ, il y a une augmentation aux niveaux d’ARNm et de protéine de HuR. HuR est également capable de se lier au domaine ARE dans le 3’UTR des ARNm des sous-unités de AChR. De plus, l’interaction entre HuR et les ARNm du RACh augmente la stabilité et par conséquence les niveaux des transcrits du RACh. Trois conclusions importantes ressortent de ma thèse : nous démontrons que (1) en plus de la régulation transcriptionnelle, il existe des mécanismes de régulation post-transcriptionnlle du RACh (2) ColQ régule la stabilité des ARNm RACh via HuR médiée par MuSK (3) la voie de signalisation p38 contrôle les niveaux de HuR de manière dépendante de ColQ. Ensemble, ces résultats donnent un aperçu des voies de signalisation du muscle qui sont affectées par les mutations de ColQ conduisant à des SMC avec une déficience en AChE. Nos résultats mettront en évidence des nouvelles cibles moléculaires spécifiques qui peuvent conduire au développement des interventions thérapeutiques dans le cadre de myasthénies congénitales. / ColQ is a specific collagen that anchors acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The importance of AChE-ColQ complex in the physiology of this synapse has been highlighted by the identification of COLQ mutations in the human gene, leading to a congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) with AChE deficiency. The lack of AChE has been incriminated for the symptoms observed in patients along with NMJ defects in the CMS mouse model (ColQ-deficient). However, symptoms observed in the patients and mouse model of CMS with AChE deficiency are complex and AChE deficiency cannot account for all of them. We have demonstrated that ColQ could play a role per se in synapse formation which would explain some of the defects observed in patients and model mice. Indeed, we have shown that ColQ controls the clustering of Acetylcholine Receptors (AChR) and the expression of a number of specific synaptic genes. The most striking effect of the absence of ColQ is an upregulation of all AChR subunit mRNAs correlated by an increase in their protein levels. Preliminary results indicate that AChR mRNA upregulation is not transcriptional. This thesis deciphers the mechanisms that drive AChR mRNA upregulation in the absence of ColQ and the pathways that connect ColQ to the AChR RNA metabolism. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the absence of ColQ induces an upregulation of the stabilization of AChR subunit mRNAs, a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by HuR. HuR is an RNA binding protein which stabilizes its target transcript by binding AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3’UTR. HuR is critical during skeletal myogenesis and post-synaptic NMJ formation due to its stabilization of such transcripts as myogenin, MyoD and AChE. In this study, we show for the first time that a post-transcriptional mechanism of AChR mRNA stabilization is responsible for the ColQ mediated increase of AChR mRNAs. In support of these findings, the absence of ColQ also increased HuR mRNA and protein levels. We demonstrate that HuR is capable of binding to conserved ARE elements in the 3’UTR of AChR subunit mRNA. HuR’s interaction with AChR mRNA increased the stability of the transcripts, resulting in an increase in mRNA levels. Three major conclusions emerge from my thesis: we provide evidence that (1) in addition to transcriptional and assembly regulation of AChR, post-transcriptional mechanisms of AChR mRNA exist (2) ColQ regulates HuR mediated AChR stability through MuSK and (3) the p38 signalling pathway controls the levels of HuR in a ColQ dependent manner. Collectively, our data provides insight into the muscle signaling pathways which are affected by ColQ mutations leading to CMS with AChE deficiency. Thus, we have identified specific new molecular targets that may become important for the development of therapeutic interventions for patients with CMS.