Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2007. / [School of Medicine] Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

In most eukaryotes, aerobic respiration requires interactions between autosomally- encoded genes (Ninteract genes) and mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and protein. In species where females are philopatric, contrasting distributions of genetic variation in mito- chondrial and nuclear genomes creates variation in mitonuclear interactions that may be subject to natural selection. To test this expectation, we turned to a group with extreme female philopatry: the macaque monkeys. We examined four genomic datasets from (i) wild caught and (ii) captive populations of rhesus macaque, which is the most widely distributed non-human primate, and (iii) the stump-tailed macaque and (iv) a subspecies of longtail macaque, both of whose mitochondrial DNA is introgressed from a highly di- verged ancestor. We identified atypically long runs of homozygosity, low polymorphism, high differentiation and/or rapid protein evolution associated with Ninteract genes com- pared to non-Ninteract genes. These metrics suggest a subset of Ninteract genes were independently subject to natural selection in multiple species. Selection on mitonuclear interactions is thus a factor in macaque genome evolution that could have influenced as- pects of macaque societies including species diversity, ecological breadth, female-biased adult sex ratio and demography, sexual dimorphism, and mitonuclear phylogenomics. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23749号 / 理博第4839号 / 新制||理||1692(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 半谷 吾郎, 教授 湯本 貴和, 教授 古市 剛史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Foram utilizados 15 úteros de macacos Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), sendo 5 fêmeas nulíparas, 5 primíparas e 5 pluríparas. Todas as fêmeas eram maduras sexualmente, tinham de 38 a 87 meses de idade e pesavam entre 4,9 a 7,39 Kg. Em todos os animais foram feitos o estudo topográfico, biometria dos órgãos, microscopia de luz e quantificação de colágeno no miométrio. O útero se situa na pelve, sobre a vagina, entre a bexiga urinária e o intestino reto. O útero é do tipo simples, caracterizado por um fundo globóide, localizado sobre a junção com as tubas uterinas, oco, alongado e com contorno piriforme. Pode ser dividido macroscopicamente em quatro regiões: corpo, fundo, istmo e cérvix uterina. Não foram observadas diferenças macroscópicas e de topografia entre as fêmeas nulíparas, primíparas e pluríparas. O comprimento total do útero nas fêmeas nulíparas tiveram média de 4,12 ± 0,2 cm, nas primíparas 4,32 ± 0,26 cm e nas pluríparas 5,14 ± 0,71 cm. Comparando as mensurações entre as três categorias, observou-se que as fêmeas pluríparas possuem as maiores medidas. O endométro é formado por um epitélio prismático simples e uma lâmina própria que contém as glândulas endometriais, que também possui epitélio prismático simples. Em todos os animais estudados, as glândulas endometriais eram tubulares simples e retas. Em relação à distribuição do colágeno no miométrio, o método de Picrossirius Red, permitiu observar uma ampla distribuição do colágeno por todo o compartimento. A cérvix é constituída por um epitélio prismático simples, possui poucas fibras musculares lisas e consiste principalmente em tecido conjuntivo denso. A porcentagem de colágeno encontrado no miométrio das fêmeas nulíparas teve uma média de 26,32 ± 0,82, nas primíparas 29,07 ± 1,01 e nas pluríparas 38,93 ± 1,07, pelo método de coloração de Picrosirius Red. / Fifteen uterus of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used, collected from 5 nulliparous, 5 primaparous and 5 pluriparous individuals. All females were sexually mature, they were 38-87 months of age and weighed between 4,9 to 7,39 Kg. All animals were submitted to study topography, biometry of the organs, light microscopy and quantification of collagen in the myometrium. The uterus is located in the pelvis on the vagina between the bladder and rectum. The uterus has a simple type, characterized by a globular background, located on the junction of the fallopian tubes, hollow, elongated and pear-shaped contour. Grossly it can be divided into four parts: body, bottom, isthmus and cervix. No differences were observed macroscopic and topography between nulliparous, rimiparous and pluriparous. The total length of the uterus in nulliparous females had a mean of 4,12 ± 0,2 cm in primiparous 4,32 ± 0,26 cm and 5,14 ± 0,71 cm in pluriparous. Comparing the measurements among the three categories, it was observed that the sows have greater measures. The endometrial epithelium is formed by a simple prismatic and a lamina propria containing the endometrial glands, wich also has a simple prismatic epithelium. In all studied animals the endometrial glands were simple and straight tubular. Regarding the distribution of collagen around the bay. The cervix is composed of a simple prismatic epithelium, has a few smooth muscle fibers and consists mainly of dense connective tissue. The percentage of collagen found in the myometrium of the nulliparous females had an average of 26, 32 ± 0, 82, 29, 07 ± 1, 01 in primiparous and pluriparous 38,93 ± 1,07, through the staining method of Picrosirius Red.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-153).

Foram utilizados 15 úteros de macacos Rhesus (Macaca mulatta), sendo 5 fêmeas nulíparas, 5 primíparas e 5 pluríparas. Todas as fêmeas eram maduras sexualmente, tinham de 38 a 87 meses de idade e pesavam entre 4,9 a 7,39 Kg. Em todos os animais foram feitos o estudo topográfico, biometria dos órgãos, microscopia de luz e quantificação de colágeno no miométrio. O útero se situa na pelve, sobre a vagina, entre a bexiga urinária e o intestino reto. O útero é do tipo simples, caracterizado por um fundo globóide, localizado sobre a junção com as tubas uterinas, oco, alongado e com contorno piriforme. Pode ser dividido macroscopicamente em quatro regiões: corpo, fundo, istmo e cérvix uterina. Não foram observadas diferenças macroscópicas e de topografia entre as fêmeas nulíparas, primíparas e pluríparas. O comprimento total do útero nas fêmeas nulíparas tiveram média de 4,12 ± 0,2 cm, nas primíparas 4,32 ± 0,26 cm e nas pluríparas 5,14 ± 0,71 cm. Comparando as mensurações entre as três categorias, observou-se que as fêmeas pluríparas possuem as maiores medidas. O endométro é formado por um epitélio prismático simples e uma lâmina própria que contém as glândulas endometriais, que também possui epitélio prismático simples. Em todos os animais estudados, as glândulas endometriais eram tubulares simples e retas. Em relação à distribuição do colágeno no miométrio, o método de Picrossirius Red, permitiu observar uma ampla distribuição do colágeno por todo o compartimento. A cérvix é constituída por um epitélio prismático simples, possui poucas fibras musculares lisas e consiste principalmente em tecido conjuntivo denso. A porcentagem de colágeno encontrado no miométrio das fêmeas nulíparas teve uma média de 26,32 ± 0,82, nas primíparas 29,07 ± 1,01 e nas pluríparas 38,93 ± 1,07, pelo método de coloração de Picrosirius Red. / Fifteen uterus of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used, collected from 5 nulliparous, 5 primaparous and 5 pluriparous individuals. All females were sexually mature, they were 38-87 months of age and weighed between 4,9 to 7,39 Kg. All animals were submitted to study topography, biometry of the organs, light microscopy and quantification of collagen in the myometrium. The uterus is located in the pelvis on the vagina between the bladder and rectum. The uterus has a simple type, characterized by a globular background, located on the junction of the fallopian tubes, hollow, elongated and pear-shaped contour. Grossly it can be divided into four parts: body, bottom, isthmus and cervix. No differences were observed macroscopic and topography between nulliparous, rimiparous and pluriparous. The total length of the uterus in nulliparous females had a mean of 4,12 ± 0,2 cm in primiparous 4,32 ± 0,26 cm and 5,14 ± 0,71 cm in pluriparous. Comparing the measurements among the three categories, it was observed that the sows have greater measures. The endometrial epithelium is formed by a simple prismatic and a lamina propria containing the endometrial glands, wich also has a simple prismatic epithelium. In all studied animals the endometrial glands were simple and straight tubular. Regarding the distribution of collagen around the bay. The cervix is composed of a simple prismatic epithelium, has a few smooth muscle fibers and consists mainly of dense connective tissue. The percentage of collagen found in the myometrium of the nulliparous females had an average of 26, 32 ± 0, 82, 29, 07 ± 1, 01 in primiparous and pluriparous 38,93 ± 1,07, through the staining method of Picrosirius Red.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

M.S. / Bio-organic Chemistry / Single doses of tetrachlorobiphenyls, shown to be free of any chlorinated dibenzodioxins or dibenzofurans to a level of 1 ppm, were given to rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and the hepatic microsomal enzyme response measured periodically for 32 days. Liver biopsies, obtained by a closed needle technique, provided the tissue samples. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (measured as benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase), aminopyrine - N - demethylase and cytochrome P-450 were measured on each sample. Animals treated with 25 mg/kg body weight of 2,5,2' ,5'- tetrachlorobiphenyl showed a marked increase in the demethylase activity, which peaked at 1 to 2 days after treatment, and had no effect on the x hydroxylase activity or the position of the absorption maximum of the CO difference spectrum of cytochrome P-450. This is phenobarbital like inductive behavior. The animals treated with 1 mg/kg body weight of 3, 4, 3’, 4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl showed a 3-methylcholanthrene type inductive profile. The hydroxylase activity was significantly increased and peaked at 2 days after treatment. The demethylase activity was not changed. The position of the cytochrome P-450 difference spectrum absorption maximum was shifted to 448 nm. The control animals received just the acetone / corn oil vehicle and showed no changes in any of the biochemical activities measured in the course of this experiment. This data supports the structure activity relationships, established in rats, for chlorobiphenyls as inducers of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity in rhesus monkeys.

This study investigated the reproduction and survival of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis). Data on birth and death of Formosan macaques at Mt. Longevity were collected from 1996 till 2006. The birth of Formosan macaques peaked from April to June (94.4%). The sex ratio of 604 infants at birth was 1:1.2 (female to male), which was not significantly different from 1:1. The death of less than one-month-old infants accounted for 22.2% of all infant death. Infant mortality (less than 1 years old) was very high (35.2%) and no sexual difference was found (p > 0.05). Mortality of males equal or older than 6 years old (16.8-33.3%) were higher than those of females (p < 0.05). In primiparous females, most females (57.6%) gave birth at four years old. The average interbirth intervals of females after infant death within the first 3 months was 0.96 years (¡Ó 0.07, n = 23) which was significantly shorter than that after the successful rearing infants (1.02 years ¡Ó 0.09, n = 185, p < 0.05). Maternal ranks, age, infant sex ratio and troop size had no significant effect on the interbirth intervals (p > 0.05). The average interbirth intervals of high-ranking females (1.03 years) were similar to those from middle- (1.10 years) and low-ranking females (1.01 years). The average interbirth intervals after daughters were slightly longer than those after sons (1.02 and 1.01 years, prospectively). Interbirth intervals among small-sized troops (0.97 years) was slightly shorter than those from large- (1.02 years) and middle-sized troops (1.00 years). The birth rates of high- and middle-ranking females (66.3% and 68.0%, prospectively) were significantly higher than that of low-ranking females (45.6%, p < 0.05). Maternal rank and age had no significant effect on male infant ratio (p > 0.05). However, male infant ratio of high-ranking and young-aged females (76.2%) was 1.3-1.6 times of high-ranking, middle- and old-aged females, 1.5-1.7 times of middle-, low-ranking and young-aged females. Male infant ratio of middle troop size and high-ranking females (66.7%) was 1.2-1.4 times of large- and small-sized troops; 1.4-1.5 times of middle troop size and middle- and low-ranking females.

Over the past few decades, researchers have firmly established that a wide range of nonhuman animals exhibit some form of numerical competence. The focus of this research was to define further the extent of numerical ability in rhesus monkeys, and specifically to determine whether the animals possess a symbolic understanding of Arabic numerals. This required examining the stimulus attributes (e.g., number vs. hedonic value) represented by the numerals, as well as the precision (e.g., absolute vs. relative) and generality of those representations. In chapters 2 and 3, monkeys were required to compare and order numerals and were rewarded with either proportional or probabilistic rewards. The results indicated that monkeys were relying on the ordinal or absolute numerical values associated with each numeral and not hedonic value or learned 2-choice discriminations. The studies in chapters 4 and 5 indicated that monkeys can use numerals to symbolize an approximate number of sequential motor responses. The study in Chapter 6 tested the generality of the monkeys’ symbolic number concept using transfer tests. The results indicated that some monkeys are able to abstract number across presentation mode, but this ability is only exhibited under limited conditions. Collectively, these studies provide evidence that rhesus monkeys view Arabic numerals as more than sign-stimuli associated with specific response-reward histories, but that numerals do not have the same precise symbolic meaning as they do for humans.