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This study observes Mackenzie King as a reader. By examining the marginalia in the books preserved in his library and his responses to that reading recorded in his diary and correspondence, this study shows that King was a critical user of texts and that he worked all his life to improve himself. King habitually read for information and inspiration; he sought to perfect the mind, the body and the soul. Three case studies trace out important phases in King’s development. King learned from reading political biography and, in particular, he studied the life of Gladstone to prepare himself for the role of prime minister. He found in the psychology of William James new ways to achieve psychic health; he enlarged his outlook and deepened and broadened his faith. In a final phase, King turned to the reading of spiritualism which complemented his Christian idealism and provided solace to a lonely man. The newly opened files on spiritualism at the National Archives reveal King to be a man who seriously explored psychical research. Reading was an important part of King’s life; it informed his politics and it shaped his religion. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2008-01-31

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A geochemical survey was undertaken in the vicinity of massive sulphides at Anne-Cleaver and Camp Lakes to assess secondary geochemical dispersion within the zone of continuous permafrost. Samples were collected at several depths within the active layer together with snow-melt runoff, seepage, pit and lake waters and sediments. For each element (Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) geochemical patterns are similar in all three soil layers (L-F-H 0 to 14 and 14 to 25 inch depths); therefore, sample depth does not appear to be critical. Ag, Fe and Pb display similar, well developed patterns and, except for Fe, possess high geochemical contrast. Conversely, Cd, Cu and Zn patterns are poorly developed and have low contrast, particularly in mineral soil. In areas of low pH, high levels of Ag, Fe and Pb can be found while Cu and Zn values are low and often form negative anomalies. High Zn levels are usually confined to areas of relatively high pH. Relative to total patterns, partial extraction (0.05M EDTA and 1.0M HCl) patterns provide little additional information; however, low partial to total ratio patterns are well developed, which suggests clastic dispersion. Because Pb is immobile, it can be used as a model for glacial dispersion of sulphides. Dispersion of Pb is in narrow thin zones of sulphide-rich till which rise at low (<2°) angles 1000 to 2000 feet down ice from the source. Anomalous metal concentrations and gossan are detectable in excess of 4000 feet down ice. Cu and Zn, although dispersed initially the same as Pb, have subsequently been subjected to extensive hydromorphic dispersion as a result of intensive oxidation and leaching in the acidic, water-rich soils of the active layer. Consequently, high levels of Cu and, in particular, Zn with high geochemical contrast are found in the surrounding waters and sediments. Relative to Cu and Zn, Pb is much more restricted and less concentrated in sediments and waters. This is because Cu and Zn enter the lake largely as dissolved species while Pb enters as a sorbed constituent on clay-sized particulate matter. High Cu-Pb-Zn levels in sediments and waters are restricted to lakes lying down drainage from mineralization and/or down ice in areas of metal-rich till. Within individual lakes, sediments display erratic metal levels with fluctuations often ≥10x. Conversely, lake waters are homogeneous but possess more limited dispersion halos relative to center-lake sediments. Pb is more likely than Cu and Zn to locate mineralization in all sample media; however, in waters, Cu and Zn are more easily detected and offer a much larger target than Pb. The effects of permafrost on geochemical dispersion are minimal. Hydromorphic and clastic dispersion patterns are well developed, perhaps better developed than in temperate climates. Significant inhibiting or complicating factors, with regard to geochemical dispersion are not present. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

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Destruction of ecosystems and infrastructure can be caused by melting of massive ice within permafrost. To predict potential melting caused by natural and human disturbance, we need to know the nature and origin of massive ice deposits. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the nature of massive ice in coarse-grained sediments that accepted theories suggest should not occur. / Degradation of ice-rich granular resources is expensive and difficult to rehabilitate and can cause developmental thermokarst, overestimation of granular resources, disturbance of wildlife habitat and create conflicts with traditional land uses. / To locate massive ice we used a resistivity geophysical technique and to characterize the ice we used geochemical, petrographic and stratigraphic techniques. The resistivity technique detected bodies of massive ice and ice-rich sediments and coarse-grained sediments at high resolutions and laboratory analysis reveal that the ice was of glacial origin. / These findings indicate that massive ice of glacial origin occurs in coarse-grained sediments in permafrost. The techniques used in this study could form the basis of a predictive model of massive ice occurrence.

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The intermontane Mackenzie Basin is located within the central South Island of New Zealand. The glacial basin contains three glacial lakes which are used for hydroelectric power generation via a canal system that links the lakes. The basin is an area of climate extremes, low rainfall, high summer temperatures, and snowy winters. The area is predominantly used for pastoral farming, however farming practices are changing and, combined with an increasing population, there is a need to define the groundwater resources to enable sustainable resource management. Little is currently known about the hydrogeological system within the Mackenzie Basin, and what is known is from investigations carried out during the construction of the canal system from 1935 to 1985. There are four glacial formations that overlie Tertiary sequences and Torlesse bedrock. However, due to the glacial processes that have been ongoing over at least the last 300 ka, determining the occurrence and extent of groundwater within the outwash gravels is difficult. It is suggested that the permeability of the formations decreases with depth, therefore horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity decrease with depth. A shallow groundwater table is present within the Post Glacial Alluvial Gravels which is recharged directly from fast flowing streams and rivers as well as rainfall. It appears that this shallow system moves rapidly through the system and it is unlikely that the water infiltrates downwards to recharge the deeper groundwater system. It is thought that a deep groundwater system flows preferentially through the Mt John Outwash Gravels, being the second youngest glacial formation. Water chemistry and age dating tracer analysis indicate that the deeper groundwater is over 80 years old and that the groundwater system is recharging slowly. The shallow groundwater in the Post Glacial Alluvial Gravels and within the major fans to the east of the basin is 10 to 20 years in age. Baseline data such as water chemistry, groundwater levels, and surface water gaugings have been collected which can be used for future investigations. More data needs to be collected to create a long term record to further define the hydrogeological system and to determine the best way to manage the resource for long term sustainable use in the future.