OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of nutrition during "early" HIV-infection in African women. METHODS: Data reported in this investigation formed part of two cross-sectional studies, the THUSA and Mangaung studies. The Mangaung study investigated women and, therefore, the sub-sample of the THUSA study was chosen accordingly. The data of the two studies were kept and analysed separately. The investigation consisted of 1040 women from the THUSA study, aged between 15 and 90 years of which 120 (11.5%) were HIV infected. The Mangaung study comprised of 488 women aged between 25 and 44 years of which 248 (51%) women were infected. Demographic data, anthropometric measurements, health outcome variables and habitual nutrient intakes by a quantified food frequency questionnaire were used. The SPSS statistical package (version 14.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, 2005) was used to analyse data. Descriptive statistics were done expressing variables as means, medians, standard deviations (SD), standard errors (SE) and confidence intervals (CI). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test for significance between the HIV-infected and non-infected groups in both studies. Partial correlations were done in the infected and non-infected groups to determine associations between dietary / nutrient intake, anthropometry and the biological health variables. In the THUSA study we controlled for age, education level, degree of urbanization and alcohol intake and in the Mangaung study for age, education level and alcohol intake. Nutrient intakes of both infected and non-infected women above and below median values as well as in the first and fourth quartile of total cholesterol (TC) and albumin distribution were compared to assess the role of nutrients in the observed decreases in TC and albumin of HIV-infected women. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The dietary intakes of the HIV-infected women in both the studies did not differ significantly from the non-infected women. Total serum cholesterol, albumin, fibrinogen and blood pressure were significantly lower in the HIV-infected women in both the THUSA and Mangaung studies. The non-infected THUSA women with lower serum cholesterol levels (than the median) had significantly lower intakes of percentage energy from fat (25.2 versus 26.4%, p ≤0.027), percentage energy from total protein (11.6 versus 12.1%, p≤0.000), animal protein (25.6 versus 27.7g, p≤0.005), and significantly higher intakes of plant protein (32.2 versus 29.4g, p≤0.002) and fibre (16.9 versus 15.89 p≤0.029). There were no significant differences observed in the nutrient intakes in the infected women with serum cholesterol levels above and below the median. In the Mangaung study no significant nutrient intake differences were observed in both of the HIV-infected and non-infected women with lower and higher than the median TC levels. In the THUSA study, higher intakes of fat (percentage energy) were close to significant (27.3 versus 24.5%, p≤0.053) in the infected women with higher (than the median) albumin levels. In the non-infected group with higher albumin levels, significant differences were observed in percentage energy from fat (26.6 versus 24.9%; p≤0.001) protein (12.2 versus 11.6%; p≤0.001) and carbohydrate (62.8 versus 65.2%; p≤0.000). Higher intakes of saturated fat (SATFAT) (17.7 versus 16.1g, p≤0.008), monounsaturated fats (MUFAT) (19.3 versus 17.4g, p≤0.004) as well as higher intakes of animal protein (28.5 versus 24.4g, p≤0.000) were observed in the group with higher than the median levels of serum albumin. In the Mangaung study the HIV-infected women (with higher than the median serum albumin levels), had significantly higher intakes of energy (13 275 versus 11 622 kJ, p≤0.022), polyunsaturated fatty acids (32.3 versus 17.3g, p≤0.036), dietary cholesterol (412.9 versus 344.5mg, p≤0.043) and plant protein (42.3 versus 35.3g, p≤0.008). No differences were observed in the non-infected women. The further analyses, comparing the dietary intakes in both studies of infected and non-infected women with TC and albumin levels in the first and fourth quartiles, showed that in the THUSA study, non-infected women with lower TC levels had significantly lower intakes of protein (% of total energy), total fat (% of total energy) and vitamin B12 and significantly higher intakes of total energy (TE), plant protein, total carbohydrate, % TE from carbohydrate, dietary fibre, added sugar and thiamine. In the infected women saturated fatty acids (SATFAT), calcium and the fat ratio (polyunsaturated/saturated ratio) differed significantly between women with TC levels in the first and the fourth quartile. A significant higher intake of riboflavin was seen in the non-infected women from Mangaung with TC levels in the fourth quartile, while significant higher intakes of energy, total protein, animal protein, total fat, SATFAT, MUFAT, total carbohydrate, phosphorus, chromium and iodine was seen in the infected women with TC levels in the fourth quartile. These results suggest that a more "westernized" diet with higher intakes of energy, and animal derived foods (SATFAT and calcium) could have protected against the detrimental decreases in TC observed in HIV infection. Significant differences were observed in the intakes in the non-infected THUSA women who had serum albumin in the first and fourth quartiles. lntakes in percentage energy from protein and fat, animal protein, total fat, SATFAT, MUFAT, calcium, zinc, vitamin C and fat ratio, were significantly lower in the women with albumin levels in the first quartile. Significantly higher carbohydrate intakes were observed in the women who had serum albumin levels in the first quartile. In the Mangaung study, significant differences were seen in the intakes between infected women who had serum albumin levels in the first and fourth quartiles. lntakes of total energy, protein, fat, MUFAT, SATFAT, carbohydrate, magnesium, zinc, chromium, biotin, pantothenic acid and iodine were significantly lower in the infected women with serum albumin levels in the first quartile. In the non-infected women significantly lower intakes of calcium were observed in the group who had serum albumin levels in the first quartile compared to those who had serum albumin levels in the fourth quartile. These results also suggest that a more "westernized” diet was associated with higher albumin levels in HIV-infected women. CONCLUSION: It is well known that nutrition has an integral part to play in the care of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Maintaining proper nutrition, weight and immune function is thought to delay disease progression, prolong the asymptomatic phase and improve survival. These analyses suggest that the "prudent" diet generally regarded as an optimal diet for prevention of non-communicable diseases, may not be the optimal diet for PLWHA. The overall analyses therefore suggest that a more "westernized" diet, higher in fat and protein could be more beneficial to asymptomatic HIV-infected women compared to that of a more "prudent" diet. As these studies were not primarily designed to investigate HIV and nutrition, the role of a higher energy, fat and animal protein intake ("western" diet) in asymptomatic HIV warrants urgent investigation. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Banca: Antonio Cesar Bolonhezi / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Takashi Muraoka / Banca: Cassio Hamilton Abreu Junior / Resumo: A adubação representa cerca de 20% dos custos de produção da cana-de-açúcar e entre os nutrientes utilizados, o potássio constitui o elemento mais exigido pela cultura, juntamente com o nitrogênio. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio e de potássio na produtividade e qualidade das socas de cana-de-açúcar no 3º e 4º ciclos e no 4º ciclo em áreas com palhada (CCP) e sem palhada (CSP) sobre o solo. Os experimentos com os 3º e 4º ciclos foram conduzidos nos anos de 2006 a 2008 com a variedade RB 83-5486 na fazenda Vale da Pecuária, município de Selvíria-MS, e os experimentos com 4º ciclo da cana- de-açúcar em áreas com e sem palhada sobre o solo foram conduzidos nos anos de 2007 a 2008 com variedade RB 86-7515 nas fazendas A Raimundo e Retiro II, respectivamente, no município de Aparecida do Taboado-MS. Todos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em áreas administradas pela Usina Alcoolvale S/A com quatro doses de nitrogênio (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N), na forma de uréia, e quatro doses de potássio (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de K2O), na forma de cloreto de potássio, em um esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os teores foliares de macronutrientes nas folhas e nos colmos, açúcares redutores do caldo e da cana, pol do caldo e da cana, pureza do caldo, brix, fibra, produtividade agroindustrial, produção de matéria-seca e produtividade de colmos. Para os experimentos 3º e 4º ciclos da cana-de- açúcar com a variedade RB 83-5486 as doses de N e de K aumentaram os teores de macronutrientes na folha e no colmo. Para os indicadores de qualidade da cana-de-açúcar, houve apenas efeito das doses de N no teor de brix no 3º ciclo, evidenciando que a matéria- prima estava com boa qualidade tecnológica e dentro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The fertilization represents around 20% of the production cost of sugar-cane crop and potassium constitutes its most demanded nutrient, together with nitrogen. The study had the objective of evaluating the effects of nitrogen and potassium rates on 3th and subsequent 4th cycle of sugar-cane crop (ratoon), and on 4th cycle of this crop in areas with or without cane trash burning, on its productivity and quality. The experiments of 3th and 4th cycles were conducted from 2006 to 2008 with the RB 83-5486 variety at Vale da Pecuária farm, Selvíria- MS, and the experiments with 4th cycle of the sugar-cane in areas managed with (+TB) or without (-TB) cane trash burning were conducted from 2007 to 2008 with variety RB 86-7515 at A Raimundo and Retiro II, respectively, in Aparecida do Taboado-MS. All experiments were carried out in areas administered by Usina Alcoolvale S/A, in a randomized block design using a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four rates of nitrogen (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), as urea and four of potassium (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of K2O), as potassium chloride, totalizing 16 treatments with four replicates. The macro and micronutrients content in leaf and stem, reducing sugars, pol, purity, Brix, fiber content, tillering number in 10 meters, agro industrial productivity, dry matter and cane productivity were evaluated. For the experiments of 3th and 4th cycles N and K rates increased the leaf and stem macro and micronutrients contents. For the quality indicators, there was effect of N rates only on Brix in the 3th cycle, observing that the raw material had good technological quality and within the adequate patterns. The K rates increased the agro industrial productivity, dry matter and cane productivity only for the 4th cycle. The cane yield increased linearly with K rates. For the experiments of 4th cycle with RB 86-7515, the N and K rates increased... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 maeda_as_dr_ilha.pdf: 627520 bytes, checksum: 3ca12dcf10a4db4ea5c75fbae37bd02e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A adubação representa cerca de 20% dos custos de produção da cana-de-açúcar e entre os nutrientes utilizados, o potássio constitui o elemento mais exigido pela cultura, juntamente com o nitrogênio. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio e de potássio na produtividade e qualidade das socas de cana-de-açúcar no 3º e 4º ciclos e no 4º ciclo em áreas com palhada (CCP) e sem palhada (CSP) sobre o solo. Os experimentos com os 3º e 4º ciclos foram conduzidos nos anos de 2006 a 2008 com a variedade RB 83-5486 na fazenda Vale da Pecuária, município de Selvíria-MS, e os experimentos com 4º ciclo da cana- de-açúcar em áreas com e sem palhada sobre o solo foram conduzidos nos anos de 2007 a 2008 com variedade RB 86-7515 nas fazendas A Raimundo e Retiro II, respectivamente, no município de Aparecida do Taboado-MS. Todos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em áreas administradas pela Usina Alcoolvale S/A com quatro doses de nitrogênio (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N), na forma de uréia, e quatro doses de potássio (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de K2O), na forma de cloreto de potássio, em um esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os teores foliares de macronutrientes nas folhas e nos colmos, açúcares redutores do caldo e da cana, pol do caldo e da cana, pureza do caldo, brix, fibra, produtividade agroindustrial, produção de matéria-seca e produtividade de colmos. Para os experimentos 3º e 4º ciclos da cana-de- açúcar com a variedade RB 83-5486 as doses de N e de K aumentaram os teores de macronutrientes na folha e no colmo. Para os indicadores de qualidade da cana-de-açúcar, houve apenas efeito das doses de N no teor de brix no 3º ciclo, evidenciando que a matéria- prima estava com boa qualidade tecnológica e dentro... / The fertilization represents around 20% of the production cost of sugar-cane crop and potassium constitutes its most demanded nutrient, together with nitrogen. The study had the objective of evaluating the effects of nitrogen and potassium rates on 3th and subsequent 4th cycle of sugar-cane crop (ratoon), and on 4th cycle of this crop in areas with or without cane trash burning, on its productivity and quality. The experiments of 3th and 4th cycles were conducted from 2006 to 2008 with the RB 83-5486 variety at Vale da Pecuária farm, Selvíria- MS, and the experiments with 4th cycle of the sugar-cane in areas managed with (+TB) or without (-TB) cane trash burning were conducted from 2007 to 2008 with variety RB 86-7515 at A Raimundo and Retiro II, respectively, in Aparecida do Taboado-MS. All experiments were carried out in areas administered by Usina Alcoolvale S/A, in a randomized block design using a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four rates of nitrogen (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), as urea and four of potassium (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of K2O), as potassium chloride, totalizing 16 treatments with four replicates. The macro and micronutrients content in leaf and stem, reducing sugars, pol, purity, Brix, fiber content, tillering number in 10 meters, agro industrial productivity, dry matter and cane productivity were evaluated. For the experiments of 3th and 4th cycles N and K rates increased the leaf and stem macro and micronutrients contents. For the quality indicators, there was effect of N rates only on Brix in the 3th cycle, observing that the raw material had good technological quality and within the adequate patterns. The K rates increased the agro industrial productivity, dry matter and cane productivity only for the 4th cycle. The cane yield increased linearly with K rates. For the experiments of 4th cycle with RB 86-7515, the N and K rates increased... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The present diploma thesis is engaged in the content of macronutrients and salt in the diet of toddlers. The theoretical part examines the characteristics of the toddler age, delineating the physiological and psychosocial development of toddlers. In addition, the theoretical part analyses in detail the individual components of a healthy diet, fluid intake and technological procedures of meal preparation. The theoretical part further provides the characterization of correct and incorrect eating habits. The objective of the research part is to determine the knowledge level of parents with respect to a healthy diet of toddlers; another objective is to ascertain the intake of macronutrients and salt on individual days and a four-day average, based on the programme Nutriservis Professional. The third objective is to compare results relating the intake of macronutrients and salt with DACH recommendations, binding in the Czech Republic. On the basis of the evaluation of our results, as the fourth objective, recommendations for parents as to the diet of toddlers will be prepared. The research part was completed under the application of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The first part of the research was conducted by form of a questionnaire survey. The other part was carried out by making...

Alcohol consumption is a modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to characterize alcohol consumers at the nutritional, anthropometric, and sociodemographic levels. Data from 9218 participants from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela participating in “Latin American Health and Nutrition Study (ELANS)”, a multi-country, population-based study, were used. Dietary intake was collected through two, 24 h recalls. Participants were classified into consumers (n = 1073) and non-alcohol consumers (n = 8145) using a cut-off criterium of ≥15 g/day of alcohol consumption calculated from the estimation of their usual daily intake. Among alcohol consumers, the mean alcohol consumption was 69.22 ± 2.18 grams (4.6. beverages/day), contributing to 484.62 kcal, which corresponded to 16.86% of the total energy intake. We found that the risk of alcohol consumption was higher in young and middle-aged men from low and middle socioeconomic status. Argentine, Brazil, and Chile had the highest percentage of consumers, while Ecuador showed the highest alcohol consumption. Alcohol drinkers were characterized by having higher body weight and wider neck, waist, hips circumferences. Alcohol drinkers had a higher energy intake, with macronutrients providing relatively less energy at the expense of the energy derived from alcohol. Alcohol drinkers showed lower and higher consumptions of healthy and unhealthy food groups, respectively. In addition, adequacy ratios for all micronutrients assessed were lower in alcohol consumers. All these deleterious effects of alcohol on nutritional and anthropometric parameters increased with the number of alcoholic beverages consumed daily. Altogether, these findings suggest that limiting alcohol consumption can contribute to reducing the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diet-related diseases. / Universidad de Costa Rica / Revisión por pares

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a condition affecting over one third of U.S. adults and is characterized by risk factors that promote inflammation and result in chronic disease. Indicated by high visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension, MetS has been associated with increased risk for future cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality. Recognizing the need for population-specific dietary and lifestyle guidance is crucial for reversing the exponential growth in chronic diseases. Self-reported behavior and directly measured anthropometric and laboratory data from 4,627 adults in the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The objectives were 1) determine the prevalence of MetS using the AHA/NHLBI criteria for specific cohorts in U.S. adults 2) determine whether macronutrient composition, micronutrient adequacy and energy balance differ between adults age 20-59 with and without MetS 3) investigate dietary patterns reported using food groups and their relationships with MetS in adults age 20-59. Agejusted prevalence of MetS was 36.8 percent (95 percent CI 34.7 percent-39.0 percent). Prevalence increased with age groups and BMI categories. Odds Ratios (OR) for MetS compared to normal weight were 4.33 (95 percent CI 3.43-5.47) for overweight individuals and 17.98 (95 percent CI 13.29-24.31) for obese individuals. Average daily moderate activity was 45 minutes less in adults with MetS (p<0.05). Within races, black women had a higher prevalence of MetS than black men (p<0.05) and white men had a higher prevalence than white women (p<0.05). Overall, there were few clinically significant differences in nutrient intake between those with and without MetS in race/gender cohorts, however nutrient intake differed between cohorts. Nutrient intake relative to caloric needs was lower in those with MetS, which may suggest lower metabolic rate than predicted. White men and women consumed more of most food groups than the other races. Women with MetS consumed more meat, seafood and eggs, and solid fat and less legumes, nuts, and seeds and grains than women without MetS (p<0.05). Men without MetS consumed more alcohol than men with MetS (p<0.05). Dietary intake was not predictive of MetS, however total volume of physical activity and BMI are factors that can be modified.

The purpose of this study was to identify specific nutrients or nutritional biomarkers of dietary intake that are associated with stunting among children ages 2 and older in sub-Saharan Africa. This is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Twelve studies from sub-Saharan Africa met the eligibility criteria, including 11 observational studies and one randomized control trial. Nine of the 12 studies assessed dietary intake of macronutrients. Four studies found a significant association between proteins and stunting. Four found that children with stunting had lower dietary fat intakes or lower blood or serum levels of certain fatty acids. Five assessed dietary intake of micronutrients or looked at serum levels micronutrients. Children with stunting had lower intakes or biomarkers for, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and choline. Children with stunting tend to consume diets lower in nutrients of high-quality protein foods like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and micronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and choline.

No description available.

No description available.

The use of satellite and airborne remote sensing data to predict foliar macronutrients and pigments for a boreal mixedwood forest composed of black and white spruce, balsam fir, northern white cedar, white birch, and trembling aspen was investigated. Specifically, imaging spectroscopy (IS) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) are used to model the foliar N:P ratio, macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and chlorophyll. Measurement of both foliar macronutrients and foliar chlorophyll provide critical information about plant physiological and nutritional status, stress, as well as ecosystem processes such as carbon (C) exchange (photosynthesis and net primary production), decomposition and nutrient cycling. Results show that airborne and spaceborne IS data explained approximately 70% of the variance in the canopy N:P ratio with predictions errors of less than 8% in two consecutive years. LiDAR models explained more than 50% of the variance in the canopy N:P ratio with similar predictions errors. Predictive models using spaceborne Hyperion IS data were developed with adjusted R2 values of 0.73, 0.72, 0.62, 0.25, and 0.67 for N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively. The LiDAR model explained 80% of the variance in canopy Ca concentration with an RMSE of less than 10%, suggesting strong correlations between forest height and Ca. Two IS derivative indices emerged as good predictors of chlorophyll across time and space. When the models of these two indices with the same parameters as generated from Hyperion data were applied to other years' data for chlorophyll concentration prediction, they could explain 71, 63 and 6% and 61, 54 and 8 % of the variation in chlorophyll concentration in 2002, 2004 and 2008, respectively with prediction errors ranging from 11.7% to 14.6%. Results demonstrate that the N:P ratio, N, P, K, Mg and chlorophyll can be modeled by spaceborne IS data and Ca can only be predicted by LiDAR data in the canopy of this forest. The ability to model the N:P ratio and macronutrients using spaceborne Hyperion data demonstrates the potential for mapping them at the canopy scale across larger geographic areas and being able to integrate them in future studies of ecosystem processes. / Ph. D.