Kyanite is generally considered to be a product of metamorphism. This study investigates a set of kyanite-bearing pegmatites that represent a case in which kyanite crystallized directly from melt. The pegmatites intrude spinel orthopyroxene hornblendite in the Buncombe Pegmatite District in the Eastern Blue Ridge of North Carolina. One site was studied in detail and survey studies of two other occurrences were made. The pegmatites contain quartz, large euhedral crystals of plagioclase, biotite, and kyanite, as well as apatite, muscovite, tourmaline, and microscopic primary sillimanite. Potassium feldspar is notably absent. One site, the Thomas Mine, was examined in detail in order to determine the mode of occurrence for these rocks. Excavation revealed pegmatite with two texturally and mineralogically distinct zones. Biotite-rich rocks surrounding the pegmatite indicate strongly potassic alteration of the host hornblendite. Trace element data obtained for kyanite and biotite from the pegmatite show clear patterns related to chemical fractionation of these components during crystallization. Major element geochemistry of the pegmatite and host ,I rocks are consistent with magmatic intrusion. Reaction of the pegmatite melt with the host rocks led to the formation of large amounts of biotite, and depleted the melt in potassium. The remaining melt became saturated in aluminum silicate and crystallized kyanite and sillimanite. Wallrock assemblages, fluid inclusions in pegmatite quartz, the coexistence of kyanite and sillimanite as primary phases, and geothermobarometry on nearby unaltered rocks all indicate conditions of formation of approximately 600-800 MPa and 625-675°C, near those of peak metamorphism for the region. / Master of Science

Hydrothermal processes at oceanic spreading centers are largely influenced by changing magmatic heat input. I use the FISHES code to investigate the evolution of surface temperature and salinity as a function of time-varying heat flux at the base of a two-phase, vapor-brine hydrothermal system. I consider a two-dimensional rectangular box that is 1.5 km deep and 4 km long with homogeneous permeability. Impermeable, insulated conditions are imposed on the left and right hand boundaries. To simulate time-varying heat flux from a sub-axial magma chamber of 500 m long half-width, I consider a variety of basal boundary conditions: (1) a constant heat flux with an value of 130 W/m2; (2) a sinusoidal heat flux with a period of 6 years and an amplitude ranging between 100 and 50 W/m2; (3) step, random, and exponential heat fluxes ranging between 200 and 15 W/m2; and (4) an analytical function of temporally decaying heat flux resulting from a simulated cooling, crystallizing magmatic sill. As a result of the investigation I find: (1) changes in bottom temperature and salinity closely follow the temporal variations in magmatic heat inputs; (2) the surface temperature response is severely damped and high frequency variations in heat flow are not detected; (3) in regions where phase separation of vapor and brine occurs, surface salinity variations may be recorded in response to changing conditions at depth, but these are smaller in amplitude. / Master of Science

Structures and deformation mechanisms of magmatic rocks are controlled by rheology. An increase in melt fraction can weaken a rock body and localises significant amount of strain. This interplay between rheology, melting and deformation in a magma reservoir, however, is not always clearly documented in literature. Therefore, this thesis illustrates the Syn-Magmatic Deformation Features (SMDFs) discovered in the Slaufrudalur pluton in Iceland. The goal of this thesis is to test whether these features formed during the emplacement of the Slaufrudalur pluton. Field mapping, microscopy, geochemistry analysis, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to document and investigate the formation of these features and their relationships with the pluton. The SMDFs bear sharp contacts with the host granite and are divided into two types according to their morphology: 1) Type I SMDFs resemble shear zone with internal deformation fabric. 2) Type II SMDFs resemble magmatic dykes. The Type I SMDFs are interpreted as melt-assisted shearing structures while Type II SMDFs are interpreted as magmatic dykelets. Previous studies postulated that amalgamation of magma batches was responsible for the emplacement of the large plutons. Frequent injection of magma batches built up internal pressure and increased internal temperature of the emplacing pluton, which allowed the pluton to stay partially molten and mechanically weak. This allowed the mixing and mingling of different magma batches, resulting in the occurrence of various structures within the pluton. Solidified magma batches could also be re-mobilised to form mush or magma. The difference in formation mechanisms hints different rheology heterogeneity within the Slaufrudalur pluton. Hence, the occurrence of SMDFs is directly linked to the Slaufrudalur pluton during its emplacement. / Linking Magma Batch Intrusion to the Construction of Geothermal Systems and Mineral Deposits

La Zone des Andes Volcaniques Centrales (ZAVC) est la province magmatique la plus active système des Andes qui produit une grande variété de magmas, dont la composition s’étale des basaltes aux magmas calco-alcalins et aux shoshonites, et de structures volcaniques. Un des problèmes importants dans l’étude des systèmes volcaniques est la compréhension des processus qui contrôlent l’origine, la nature, et l’évolution des volatils au cours de l’ascension du magma. Les études menées sur les volcans de la ZAVC ont porté essentiellement sur la caractérisation des sources primaires et la contamination des magmas lors de leur ascension vers la surface. Peu d’études ont porté sur le problème du dégazage comme outil pour caractériser les processus magmatiques et la composition des gaz présents dans les systèmes volcaniques. L’objectif de cette étude et de déterminer les conditions magmatiques des systèmes actifs des volcans Irruputuncu et Lastarria par l’analyse des inclusions vitreuses dans les minéraux (plagioclases et pyroxènes). Les résultats montrent que les inclusions pour ces deux volcans ont une composition plus différenciée que la roche totale, ce qui suggère que la composition du verre représente un liquide résiduel transitoire, produit au cours d’une cristallisation fractionnée, lors de l’évolution du liquide et/ou du mélange avec un autre magma. Ce processus s’est produit à faible profondeur lors des dernières phases magmatiques. Il faut noter que toutes les inclusions vitreuses des produits des Andes centrales et du sud et de quelques arcs volcaniques ont des compositions plus évoluées que la roche totale et qu’il existe un enrichissement d’éléments comme Si, Na et K. L’interaction entre les minéraux et la riche totale indique la présence d’une zone de mush sous le système volcanique, mis en évidence par les minéraux en déséquilibre avec le liquide. Ainsi, lorsque le magma migre vers le haut (stocké dans des sills) il interagit avec la zone de mush et la résorption des minéraux permet d’incorporer des cristaux exotiques. En contrepartie, le magma en déséquilibre conduit à des cristaux de même origine. Les conditions pré-éruptives de pression, de température et de fugacité d’oxygène déterminées à partir des inclusions des produits d’Irruputuncu et de Lastarria sont de1.9-11.7 kbar, 810-970 °C et NNO+3, et sont semblables à celles observées pour d’autres volcans dans les Andes centrales au Nord du Chili. Les teneurs en volatils sont de 0-1500 ppm pour le Fluor, 10-3300 ppm pour Cl, 10-1600 ppm pour S, et 0-5 poids% pour H2O. Ces grandes gammes de pression, température et teneurs en volatil reflètent la variabilité des conditions de stockage des magmas et de capture des inclusions vitreuses dans les minéraux hôtes. Ceci a pu se produire à différentes profondeurs (6.3 à 15.2 km à Irruputuncu et 9.5 à 18 km au Lastarria) et dans des zones à différents degrés de refroidissement. De plus, la teneur en Soufre décroît inversement avec la pression et la température, et est lié directement à la fugacité d’oxygène. La teneur en volatile est semblable à celle d’autres systèmes volcaniques, ce qui suggère que la faible teneur en Soufre dans les inclusions témoigne de la séparation de cette phase en conséquence du refroidissement et de la cristallisation fractionnée d’un magma andésitique avant le mélange. Ces résultats montrent que les conditions magmatiques des volcans du nord du Chili et de la Bolivie sont similaires, probablement à cause du contexte tectonique et des processus magmatiques (mélanges et cristallisation fractionnée), des zones de stockage et des interactions entre magmas et fluides hydrothermaux identiques. Cependant, les volcans basaltiques présentent d’autres caractéristiques, ce qui indique que chaque système volcanique répond à des conditions dynamiques et tectoniques spécifiques. / The Central Volcanic Andes Zone (CVAZ) is the most active magmatic province in the Andean system, resulting in a wide variety of magmas, ranging from basalts to calc-alkaline and shoshonites dacites, and a variety of volcanic structures. One of the important problems in the study of volcanic manifestations is the understanding of the processes controlling the origin, nature and evolution of volatiles during ascent of magma. Studies conducted in the volcanoes of the ZVAC have focused primarily on the characterization of the primary source and contamination of magma as this rise to the surface. Few studies have addressed the problem of outgassing as a source of characterization of magmatic processes and the current composition of magma degassing which is present in the active volcanic systems. The objective of this research is to determine the magmatic conditions of Irruputuncu and Lastarria active volcanic systems, through the analysis of melt inclusions in minerals (plagioclases and pyroxenes). The results indicate that melt inclusions-hosted plagioclase and pyroxene both volcanoes have a more acid composition than whole rock, we suggest that glass compositions represent residual transitory melt that is found in the magma, like product of a fractional crystallization, to the evolution of the melt and/or mixing of magma. This process ocurr to shallow depth, which represents the lasts phases magmatic. It should be noted that in all the vitreous inclusions of the Central Andes, South and some island arcs, it is observed that the composition of the inclusions tends to be relatively more evolved than whole rock; it is suggest that slight enrichement of elements such as Si, Na and K occur at the between melt and minerals. Meanwhile, the interaction between minerals and whole rock indicate the presence of zone mush under each volcanic system, this is evidenced in large part by crystals in disequilibrium with the melt. Therefore, when that magma ascends (stored sills structure) interacts with the mush zone, reabsorption the minerals incorporating exotic crystals. On the other hand, when the magma is in equilibrium generate cognate crystals. The conditions of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity determined from the melt inclusions for pre-eruptive magmatic conditions in Irruputuncu and Lastarria systems vary between 1.9 to 11.7 kbar, 810-970 °C and NNO+3, similar to those observed in other volcanoes in the Central Andes of northern Chile. Otherwise, range of volatiles content varies in 0-1500 ppm F, 10-3300 ppm Cl, 10-1600 ppm S, 0-5 %wt H2O; this wide range of variation in the values of pressure, temperature and concentration of volatile, reflecting the variability of magma storage conditions during entrapping vitreous inclusions in the host crystal. This could at different depths (6.3 to 15.2 km Irruputuncu volcano and 9.5 to 18 km Lastarria volcano) and in areas with different degrees of cooling structures represented by sills. Moreover, the S content decrease with increase pressure and temperature, and is related directly with the fugacity of oxygen. The volatile content is similar in various volcanic systems, this suggest that the low S content in melt inclusions represent the separation of this phase as a results of cooling and fraccionate crystallization of a andesitic magma before of mixing. It appears that the magmatic conditions in the volcanoes of northern Chile and Bolivia have similar characteristic, due to the geotectonic context of this zone, resulting varied magmatic process, such as magma mixing, evolved fraccionate crystallization (rhyolitic magma), accumulation of magma in shallow areas, interaction between magmatic and hydrothermal fluids. However, basaltic volcanoes present differents characterics, which indicate that each volcanis system respond to a dynamic of geotectonic conditions and interaction with the environment. / La Zona Volcánica de los Andes Centrales (ZVAC) es la provincia magmática más activa en el sistema Andino, originando una gran diversidad de magmas, cuya composición varía de basaltos a dacitas con tendencia calcoalcalina a shoshonitica, y una gran variedad de estructuras volcánicas. Uno de los problemas importantes en el estudio de las manifestaciones volcánicas es la comprensión de los procesos que controlan el origen, naturaleza y evolución de los volátiles durante el ascenso del magma. Los estudios que se han realizado en los volcanes de la ZVAC se han concentrado fundamentalmente en la caracterización de la fuente primaria y la contaminación del magma a medida que estos ascienden a la superficie. Pocos estudios han abordado el problema de la desgasificación como fuente de caracterización de los procesos magmáticos y de la composición actual del magma en desgasificación que está presente en los sistemas volcánicos activos. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar las condiciones magmáticas de los sistemas volcánicos activos Irruputuncu y Lastarria, a través del análisis de inclusiones vítreas en minerales (plagioclasas y piroxenos). Los resultados geoquímicos indican que las inclusiones hospedadas en los cristales de plagioclasa y piroxeno de los volcanes Irruputuncu y Lastarria tienen una composición química más ácida que la roca total, por lo que sugiere que la composición química del vidrio atrapado en los fenocristales representa el líquido residual transitorio que se alberga en el magma, producto de un ciclo de cristalización fraccionada, a la evolución del fundido y/o mezcla de magma. Este proceso ocurre a profundidades relativamente someras, donde se albergan las últimas fases del magma. Cabe destacar que en todas las inclusiones vítreas de los volcanes de los Andes Centrales, Sur y en algunos de arcos de islas, se observa que la composición de las inclusiones tiende a ser relativamente más evolucionada que la roca total; se sugiere que en el borde o límite donde interactúan el fundido y el cristal ocurre un leve enriquecimiento de elementos como el Si, Na y K. Por su parte, los estudios realizados entre MI-mineral y minerales-roca total indican la presencia de una zona mush bajo cada sistema volcánico, esto se evidencia en gran parte por cristales que no están en equilibrio con el fundido. Por lo tanto, cuando el magma asciende (almacenado en estructuras de sills) interactúa con la zona mush, que reabsorbe los minerales e incorporándolos como cristales. Por otra parte, cuando los magmas se equilibran forman cristales cognatos. Las condiciones de presión, temperatura y fugacidad de oxígeno determinadas a partir de las inclusiones vítreas, para las condiciones magmáticas en los sistemas Irruputuncu y Lastarria, varían entre los 1,9 a 11,7 kbar, 810 a 970°C y NNO+3, rangos similares a los observados en otros volcanes de los Andes Centrales del Norte de Chile. Por otra parte, el rango del contenido de volátiles varía entre 0-1500 ppm F, 10-3300 ppm Cl, 10-1600 ppm S, 0-6 %wt H2O; este amplio rango de variación en los valores de presión, temperatura y concentración de volátiles, reflejan la variabilidad de las condiciones de almacenamiento del magma durante el atrapamiento de las inclusiones vítreas en el cristal huésped. Esto ocurriría a diferentes profundidades (6,3 a 15,2 km para el volcán Irruputuncu y 9,5 a 18 km para el volcán Lastarria) y en zonas con distinto grados de enfriamiento, representados por estructuras de sills. Cabe destacar que el contenido de S disminuye con el aumento de la presión y temperatura, y se relaciona directamente a la fugacidad del oxígeno. (...)

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A radiometric survey of the zoned 21 Ma, A-type Sheeprock granite, western Utah, combined with measurements of magnetic susceptibility and field observations were analyzed using a geographic information system. The intrusion spans 25 square km and is roughly eliptical in shape with its long axis trending northwest. Concentration maps (composed of more than 500 survey stations) of eU, eTh, texture, magnetic susceptibility, color, and joint density help to constrain magmatic and post-magmatic processes related to its chemical and physical zonation. Uranium ranges from 3.9 to 26.9 ppm (mean 12.7) and thorium from 1.7 to 125.7 ppm (mean 45.5). Similarities in spatial patterns and near normal distributions of U and Th imply minimal remobilization and secondary equilibrium of U. Relatively high magnetic susceptibility (6 to 12*10^-3 SI units), low eU and eTh, and limited whole rock chemical anayses show the southeastern part of the pluton is more mafic and most likely formed as an early cumulate. Dominant textures are porphyritic with a fine-grained matrix along the northeastern margin, coarsening to a medium-grained matrix along the southwestern margin. This transition from fine to medium-grained matrix textures is believed to be a preserved solidification front that had migrated from the roof and walls inward during cooling. Late stage magma mixing is evidenced by a string of mafic enclaves along the axis of the pluton near this solidification front. eU and eTh generally increase toward the finer-grained northeastern margin of the pluton. This has been interpreted to be the primary result of fractionation of U and Th into monazite and thorite. As mafic cumulates formed along the northeastern margin residual liquids were displaced inward. This depleted the more evolved parts of the pluton in U and Th. Beryl, a distinquishing characteristic of the most evolved portions of the pluton, is concentrated in two areas along the central axis of the intrusion. The intrusion is a cumulative of three magmatic phases, the second of which crystallized from the margins inward. Joint spacing is a major factor in controlling post-magmatic processes. The pluton has a higher density of joints (10 cm apart) near the upper margins, and fewer joints (> 1 meter apart) at lower elevations. Differential cooling and magma pressures are believed to have controlled the varying joint densities. Increased alteration, oxidation, and red-staining are more prevalent in areas of higher joint density. Magnetic susceptibility is bimodal. The high mode (5.4*10^-3 SI) is on the low end of magnetite-series granites and occurs most often in the white granite. The low mode (0.07*10^-3 SI) implies significant post-magmatic oxidation and the destruction of magnetite and correlates to the red granite. Truncated chemical and textural patterns along the pluton's northwestern margin support evidence for range front normal faulting.

Mid-Late Triassic-age alkali-basalt dikes were emplaced along the coast of New England between 240-200 Ma. Known as the Coastal New England (CNE) magmatic province, this dike swarm is the immediate magmatic predecessor to the formation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province large igneous province at 201 Ma and the breakup of Pangea. The intent of this study is to determine the melt source and mechanisms for melting which produced the Triassic coastal dikes. To achieve this goal, major and trace element compositions were analyzed for 53 CNE dikes from Maine and Nova Scotia. Radiogenic Nd-Sr-Pb-Hf ratios, representing some of the first 176Hf/177Hf data for CNE, are reported for 12 of the dikes. Taken together, the compositional data implicate melting of a deep mantle source that is relatively enriched in incompatible elements, such as a mantle-plume similar to those hypothesized as the source of melting in modern ocean-island basalts (i.e. Hawaii). Dike compositions are inconsistent with melts generated at typical spreading-center ridges (i.e. MORB). Modeling suggests that CNE melts ascended through thick continental crust, consistent with the incipient stages of rifting of Pangea, as evidenced by a heterogeneous mix of melting and crystallization depths, between 0-70km, with no clear geographic pattern. Radiogenic isotope data are relatively consistent and represent a mixture between HIMU, EMI and DMM mantle reservoirs, implying component consisting of relict subducted oceanic crust (or other similarly evolved material). CNE magmatism may have contributed to the breakup of Pangea by destabilizing the lower crust in the limited local area where it erupted, but its true relationship with the breakup of Pangea and later CAMP event requires more study. / Master of Science / Approximately 200-250 million years ago, hundreds of sheets of lava, called dikes, erupted along what is today the coast of New England. As these volcanic dikes rose up from the Earth’s mantle, they traveled along cracks and weak areas of the Earth’s crust. Today, these dikes are found along the New England coast as far south as Rhode Island and as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. Based on the similarity of their geochemistry and petrology, as well as their geologic age and geography of their eruption, geologists group these dikes and similar volcanics together as a single, related magmatic event. This magmatic event produced the Coastal New England (CNE) magmatic province. 250 million years ago, the coast of New England was actually an interior part of the supercontinent known as Pangea. Around 250 m.yr. ago, Pangea slowly began rifting apart, which is when CNE volcanism began. By 200 m.yr. ago, Pangea had broken up, and CNE volcanism had ended. Further complicating the story, a large-igneous province (LIP) also erupted 200 m.yr. ago. Known as the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), this volcanism consisted of enormous volumes of lava that flooded over the entire east coast of the United States. The intent of this study is to determine what geological conditions led to the CNE volcanism. By learning which part of the Earth melted and why, CNE volcanism’s role in the breakup of Pangea, and the much larger CAMP eruptions that coincided with it, will become clearer. For instance, did the geologic events that resulted in CNE volcanism contribute to the breakup of Pangea, or did the breakup of Pangea cause CNE volcanism followed by CAMP volcanism? To achieve this goal, the geochemical compositions of 53 CNE dikes from Maine and Nova Scotia were analyzed. Radiogenic Nd-Sr-Pb-Hf ratios for a subset of the dikes (12) were also analyzed. This study presents some of the first radiogenic hafnium data for rocks from CNE. The data indicate that the melting which produced the CNE dikes began in the deep mantle, similar to the melting of mantle plumes beneath modern ocean-islands such as Hawaii. In contrast, shallow mantle melting, like the melting at mid-ocean ridges where oceanic crust is produced, is not consistent with the geochemical evidence presented for CNE in this study. Modeling suggests that CNE magmas rose through thick continental crust, which caused them to begin forming crystals at relatively high depths. Radiogenic isotope data suggests that part of the mantle that melted was old, recycled oceanic crust or similar mantle material. CNE magmatism may have contributed to the breakup of Pangea by destabilizing the lower crust in the limited local area where it erupted, but its true relationship with the breakup of Pangea and later CAMP event requires more study.

In the Basin and Range province of southwestern North America, Oligocene and Miocene normal faults are superimposed upon the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary magmatic arc. This study examines tilted fault blocks containing dismembered pieces of porphyry systems, including pieces below and peripheral to ore bodies, that are exposed at the modern surface. Features in the magmatic-hydrothermal porphyry systems are used to place constraints on the style of extension in Arizona, and reconstructions of extension are used to examine the deep and peripheral portions of porphyry systems to provide a more complete understanding of porphyry systems as a whole. The Eagle Pass, Tea Cup, and Sheep Mountain porphyry systems of Arizona are examined in this study. In all the study areas, previous interpretations of the style of extension involved strongly listric normal faults. However, similar amounts of tilting observed in hanging wall and footwall rocks, as well as structure contour maps of fault planes, require that down dip curvature on faults was minimal (<1°/km. Instead, extension is shown here to have occurred as sets of nearly planar, "domino-style" normal faults were superimposed upon one another, including in the Pinaleño metamorphic core complex. Reconstructions of Tertiary extension reveal that sodic (-calcic) alteration is occurs 2-4 km peripheral to, and greisen alteration is found structurally below and overlapping with, potassic alteration. In addition, a preliminary reconstruction of extension across the Laramide magmatic arc reveals that the geometry, as revealed by known porphyry systems, is of similar scale to that of other magmatic arcs. These results help further the debate surrounding competing models of continental extension, and combine with previous work to provide a more complete understanding of the geometries of Arizona porphyry systems at the district and arc scale.

Texture of igneous rocks, which includes size, shape and spatial distribution of grains, represents the final record of kinetic and mechanical processes operating during ascent and final emplacement of a magma. However, traditional geochemical approaches cannot assess and verify the physical processes of magma solidification, in particular, crystal nucleation and growth, textural coarsening, or mechanical crystal-melt interactions. In this work, I apply stereological methods to quantitatively characterize the textures and to interpret the crystallization history of granitic rocks in the Western Krušné hory/Erzgebirge and Vogtland. The Western Krušné hory/Erzgebirge granites consist of three suites: biotite granites (Kirchberg), muscovite-biotite microgranites (Walfischkopf), and topaz-zinnwaldite alkali- feldspar granites (Eibenstock), which consist of eight intrusive units and two aplite dyke sets. The entire granite sequence exhibits an extreme and nearly continuous differentiation range, but in detail the evolutionary trends of each suite are independent, and individual intrusive units are also clearly compositionally separated. The granites consist of 29-43 vol.% quartz, 20-30 vol. % plagioclase, 22-31 vol. % K-feldspar, 2-9 vol. % biotite, <2 vol. % muscovite, and minor topaz and apatite. All...