This thesis provides a summary of the laser system constructed in the Quantum Degenerate Gases Laboratory for laser cooling and trapping of 85/87Rband 6Li as well as of experiments that have been pursued in our lab to date. The first chapter provides an overview of the experimental focus of the QDG lab. The second and third chapters provide the fundamental theory behind laser cooling and trapping. The fourth chapter provides details of the laser system. The fifth chapter describes an experiment performed on the subject of dual-injection, performed in collaboration with Dr. James Booth of the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) involving the dual-injection of a single slave amplifier. The last chapter describes the progress made on the experimental setup needed for the study of Feshbach resonances between 85/87Rb and 6Li and the photoassociative formation of molecules. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

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Title: Magnetic nanostructures for recording and optical sensors Author: Eva Lišková Department: Institute of Physics, Charles University Supervisor: Prof. Ing. Štefan Višňovský, DrSc. Abstract: Magneto-optical (MO) spectra of multilayered structures with enhanced MO effect were studied using the polar and longitudinal Kerr spectroscopy with oblique angle of light incidence in the photon energy range 1.2 eV to 5 eV. The samples with Fabry- Perot cavity like architecture, were modeled using Yeh matrix formalism. Two sets of samples, with composition FeF2/Fe/FeF2 and AlN/Fe/AlN, were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy and sputtering. The relations were studied between the position of the enhanced peak in the MO spectra and the structure. Second part of this work was devoted to the Pt/Co/Pt structures and the influence of the ion implantation on MO spectra and structural composition. The studied multilayer structures present interest for MO sensor and memory applications. Keywords: Magneto-optical Kerr effect, Magneto-optical sensor, Fabry-Perot resonator, Ion implantation

Modification of interfaces in nanostructures can significantly influence their overall properties. Magneto-optical spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry are ideal for studying these phenomena thanks to their in-depth sensitivity and contactless measurements. Two methods of nonreversible modification of magnetic properties, especially the magnetic anisotropy, are investigated. The measured spectral dependence of magneto-optical Kerr effect is compared to a theoretical calculation in order to determine the profile of the samples for different levels and methods of modification. In addition to this, ellipsometric measurements are performed on a device whose optical properties change by voltage application.

The aim of this master thesis is to prepare and systematically characterize two groups of ultra-thin films of iron garnets with different compositions and deposition conditions. The first set consists of approximately 10 nm thick samples of gallium-doped yttrium-iron garnet on gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd3Ga5O12) (GGG) substrates with different crys- tallographic orientations and different annealing temperatures. The second group con- tains gallium-bismuth-doped neodymium-iron garnet on GGG substrates. These samples have different thicknesses, the concentration of individual elements and different annealing temperatures. All samples were prepared by the metal-organic decomposition method. The analysis of their physical properties was done by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and optical experiments. Specifically, MOKE spectroscopy, Faraday hystere- sis loops measurements and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Obtained experimental results were further used to deduce the spectral dependence of complete permittivity tensor. Its spectral dependence was than discussed with relation to the electronic structure of in- vestigated materials which helped to select the best deposition conditions and substrate orientation. 1

<p>Microphotonics has been offering a body of ideas to prospective applicationsin optics. Among those, the concept of photonic integrated circuits (PIC’s) has recently spurred a substantial excitement into the scientific community. Relisation of the PIC’s becomes feasible as the size shrinkage of the optical elements is accomplished. The elements based on photonic crystals (PCs) represent promising candidacy for manufacture of PIC’s. This thesis is devoted to tailoring of optical properties and advanced modelling of two types of photonic crystals: (Bi₃Fe₅O₁₂/Sm₃Ga₅O₁₂)<em>^m</em> and (TiO₂/Er₂O₃)<em>^m</em> potentially applicable in the role optical isolators and optical amplifiers, respectively. Deposition conditions of titanium dioxide were first investigated to maximise refractive index and minimise absorption as well as surface roughness of titania films. It was done employing three routines: deposition at elevated substrate temperatures, regular annealing in thermodynamically equilibrium conditions and rapid thermal annealing (RTA). RTA at 500 ^oC was shown to provide the best optical performance giving a refractive index of 2.53, an absorption coefficient of 404 cm⁻¹ and a root-mean-square surface roughness of 0.6 nm. Advanced modelling of transmittance and Faraday rotation for the PCs (Bi₃Fe₅O₁₂/Sm₃Ga₅O₁₂)⁵ and (TiO₂/Er₂O₃)⁶ was done using the 4 × 4 matrix formalism of Višňovský. The simulations for the constituent materials in the forms of single films were performed using the Swanepoel and Višňovský formulae. This enabled generation of the dispersion relations for diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the permittivity tensors relating to the materials. These dispersion relations were utilised to produce dispersion relations for complex refractive indices of the materials. Integration of the complex refractive indices into the 4 × 4 matrix formalism allowed computation of transmittance and Faraday rotation of the PCs. The simulation results were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental ones proving such a simulation approach is an excellent means of engineering PCs.</p>

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This thesis aims at revealing the fundamental guiding and coupling properties of nonreciprocal electromagnetic surface waves on magneto-optical or gyromagnetic media and designing novel applications based on the properties. We introduce the background in the first chapter. We then describe the concept of nonreciprocity and the main calculation method in the second chapter. In the third chapter, we show that one-way waves can be sustained at the edge of a gyromagnetic photonic crystal slab under an external magnetic field. We also investigate the coupling between two parallel one-way waveguides. We reveal the condition for effective co-directional and contra-directional coupling. We also notice that the contra-directional coupling is related to the concept of a “trapped rainbow”. In the fourth chapter, we address the concept of a “trapped rainbow”. It aims at trapping different frequency components of the electromagnetic wave packet at different positions in space permanently. In previous structures, the entire incident wave is reflected due to the strong contra-directional coupling between forward and backward modes. To overcome this difficulty, we show that utilizing nonreciprocal waveguides under a tapered external magnetic field can achieve a truly “trapped rainbow” effect at microwave frequencies. We observe hot spots and relatively long duration times around critical positions through simulations and find that such a trapping effect is robust against disorders. Lastly, in the fifth chapter, we study the one-way waves in a surface magnetoplasmon cavity. We find that the external magnetic field can separate the clockwise and anti-clockwise cavity modes into two totally different frequency ranges. This offers us more choices, both in the frequency ranges and in the one-way directions, for realizing one-way components. We also show the waveguide-cavity coupling by designing a circulator, which establishes the foundation for potential applications. / <p>QC 20160816</p><p></p>

Neste trabalho demonstramos o confinamento de átomos de sódio usando a armadilha magneto-óptica, onde os átomos foram capturados diretamente a partir da distribuição inicial do vapor atômico a uma temperatura ambiente, contido em uma célula fechada. Observamos além da nuvem de átomos aprisionados, estruturas circulares em forma de anek, que surgem devido ao desalinhamento introduzido nos feixes de aprisionamento. Estudamos o comportamento do raio do anel em função de vários parâmetros utilizados na armadilha magneto-óptica como por exemplo: gradiente de campo magnético, intensidade do laser, dessintonia e desalinhamento. Os experimentos foram realizados no regime de baixa densidade (N<10s) onde o raio do anel é independente do número de átomos aprisionados. Assim, os resultados obtidos podem ser explicados utilizando um modelo simples que leva em conta a força de vórtice dependente da coordenada radial (ou macroscópica) e as forças usuais presentes na armadilha magneto-óptica / In this work we demonstrate the confinement of neutral sodium atoms using the magneto-optical trap, where the atoms were captured directly from the low velocity tail of the room-temperature atomic vapor contained in the closed vacuum cell. We observed besides the cloud shaped, circular structures like a ring of trapped atoms that apeears when we introduce a misalignment among the trapping beams. We studied the behavior of ring radius with respect to several trapping parameters as: magnetic-field gradient, laser intensity, detuning, and misalignment. The experiments were performed in the low density regime (N<10s), so the ring radius is independent of the number of trapped atoms. Hence, the results obtained can be explained using a simple model that takes into account a radial coordinate dependent (or macroscopic) vortex force and the usual magneto-optical trap forces