Thèse. Droit. Rennes. 1919.

Texte remanié de: Th. univ.--Histoire--Rennes 2, 1989. / Bibliogr. t. 2, p. 801-809.

Cette recherche est une étude de cas qui a pour objectif de faire ressortir les logiques d'appropriation à l'origine de la mise en patrimoine de la rue Saint-Malo à Brest dont la singularité témoigne d'une modification en cours de l'espace de référence identitaire. Ces logiques d'appropriation constituent autant de stratégies d'identification grâce auxquelles une collectivité se fait jour dans le patrimoine. Pour ce faire, nous avons reconstitué, par l'intermédiaire d'une méthode historico-interprétative, cette patrimonialisation de la proximité que nous voulions comme objet d'étude afin d'interroger, sur le temps plus ou moins long de l'histoire de la rue Saint-Malo, les logiques d'appropriation à l'œuvre et ce faisant, de mettre en lumière la spécificité de la reconfiguration des rapports identitaires en lien avec leur contexte d'énonciation, confirmant par là même la particularité des identités qui s'inscrivent dans un temps et un espace spécifiques. L'étude de la rue Saint-Malo s'avère d'autant plus intéressante que le contexte dans lequel elle s'insère en fait un lieu unique en tant que plus vieille rue conservée de Brest; les identités qui y prennent forme sous-tendent des logiques d'appropriation singulières à l'échelle du territoire urbain parce qu'elles se réfèrent à un cadre bâti tout aussi singulier qui en facilite la lecture. C'est ainsi que nous soutenons l'hypothèse selon laquelle le patrimoine de proximité permet de lire la recomposition des identités collectives locales par l'intermédiaire des logiques d'appropriation qui contribuent à sa production. Cette étude, qui s'intéresse plus largement à la production des identités collectives locales en contexte urbain à travers l'analyse et l'interprétation de la patrimonialisation qui en permet le dévoilement, souhaite mettre l'accent sur les relations quotidiennes qu'entretiennent les collectivités locales avec leur cadre de vie et, plus spécifiquement, avec ce que nous qualifions de patrimoine de proximité, patrimoine qui a ceci de particulier qu'il met en scène des individus qui déterminent à l'échelle locale les représentations dont il est nécessaire d'assurer la protection. Face à la complexification croissante des interventions publiques rendues nécessaires par la multiplication des patrimoines et la diversité des représentations identitaires, cette perspective heuristique sur la production du patrimoine de proximité vise le développement de nouveaux outils de compréhension mieux adaptés à l'appréhension de ce qui fait la spécificité de ce patrimoine et ce, de manière à orienter de nouvelles interventions en matière de sauvegarde du patrimoine plus sensibles aux collectivités locales. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : patrimoine de proximité, identités collectives locales, logiques d'appropriation, patrimonialisation, local, cadre bâti, cadre de vie, rue Saint-Malo, Brest.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:15:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCCN_DISSERT.pdf: 4506673 bytes, checksum: 52e5774ef6550be4717b8297c50b7163 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Quando um material ferromagn?tico ? submetido a um gradiente de temperatura e a um campo magn?tico surge o chamado efeito Nernst-An?malo, medido atrav?s da voltagem que surge na amostra magn?tica. Este efeito atualmente vem sendo investigado em materiais para aplica??o em spintr?nica e caloritr?nica [1]. Atualmente, os materiais chamados de Heusler s?o os mais promissores para essa nova ?rea de pesquisa. Neste trabalho, investigamos as curvas de voltagem associadas ao efeito Nernst-An?malo com anisotropia magneto-cristalina, em termos da voltagem versus campo magn?tico aplicado e da voltagem versus ?ngulo planar. Analisamos tr?s tipos de anisotropias: c?bica (100), que apresenta simetria C4, uniaxial que ? do tipo C2 e a c?bica (110), que tamb?m ? do tipo C2. O objetivo foi comprovar que o uso da anisotropia c?bica (110) ? equivalente a anisotropia (100) adicionada de uma uniaxial. Especialmente, quando a constante de anisotropia uniaxial ? considerada grande, cerca de 40% da constante de anisotropia c?bica (110), e o seu eixo f?cil est? a 90? do eixo f?cil da (100). Os resultados demonstram essa total equival?ncia e produz uma nova interpreta??o baseada no uso da anisotropia c?bica (110)

This study examines the evolution of the Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP) of the European Union before and after the Saint Malo Declaration of December 1998. The co-operation in foreign policy and security matters has always been a corollary element to the economic co-operation since the beginning of the European Integration process. Within this context this study argues that the conducting of co-operation in this field within the framework of European Community/European Union (EC/EU) was dependent on the national actors, the internal community/union factors, and the external dynamics. It is also asserted that, the European political co-operation is based on, on the one hand, the intergovernmentalist method of decision-making and implementation process, and on the other to the incrementalism through which the Member States could reconcile their diverging interests, which represent continuity within the EC/EU. The Saint Malo constitutes one of the momentous events in the trajectory of European foreign policy, security and defence co-operation, which launched the essentials of the CESDP. Within this framework, this study will analyse how a legally unbinding document has been incorporated into the legal framework of the European Union and consequently became the part of the acquis. Furthermore, the policies of France, Britain, and the United States within the process of establishment of the CESDP will be examined. Then, this thesis argues that, Saint Malo has initiated a ground for renegotiation of the terms of transatlantic relationship, which culminated in the redefinition of global roles and responsibilities of Americans and Europeans.

La Fermentation Malo-Lactique (FML) réalisée par OEnococcus oeni est une étape importante de la vinification qui doit être maîtrisée. Bien que les vinificateurs aient à leur disposition des souches OE. oeni selectionnees la FML n’est pas toujours réussie. Les conditions physico-chimiques (pH, éthanol, température), la composition du vin et les facteurs biologiques influencent l’activite de cette bacterie ; parmi ces dernières les interactions entre micro-organismes sont primordiales. Souvent, après la fermentation alcoolique par la levure, des souches indigenes d’OE. oeni sont naturellement présentes dans le vin. Des interactions négatives peuvent alors se produire entre les souches autochtones et les souches sélectionnées apportées. Des connaissances sur ces interactions sont donc necessaires. L’objectif de ce travail etait d’etudier les interactions pendant la FML entre 5 souches d’OEnococcus oeni issues de différentes niches écologiques. Pour cela, des expériences ont été effectuées dans du milieu MRS modifié et dans des conditions proches à celles du vin (20 °C ; pH 3,5 et 10 % d’ethanol). Nous avons tout d’abord caracterise le comportement des souches en cultures pures à la fois dans les conditions de micro-aerobie et d’anaerobiose. Une grande variabilité a été retrouvée entre les souches dans les 2 conditions : trois des 5 souches sont favorisées en conditions d’anaerobiose tandis que les deux autres se sont mieux développées en conditions de micro-aérobie. La présence de 4 g.L-1 d’acide L-malique dans le milieu permet de produire, pour toutes les souches, une biomasse environ 2 fois plus élevée que celle obtenue dans le milieu sans acide L-malique. La totalite de l’acide malique est consommee par les 5 souches mais avec des vitesses différentes. Pour une souche donnée la vitesse spécifique de consommation d’acide L-malique (ν) et la vitesse specifique de croissance (μ) presentent des profils similaires au cours de la FML. Elles ont été reliées par un modèle mathématique qui a permis de quantifier ce lien pour chaque souche. Les interactions lors des cultures mixtes des 10 couples formés par les 5 souches ont ensuite été étudiées dans un Bio-Réacteur à Membrane (BRM) en anaérobiose. Trois catégories ont été mises en évidence: interactions à effets négatifs réciproques sur la croissance des 2 souches en culture mixte ; interactions à effet négatif sur la croissance de la souche la plus rapide en culture pure et à effet positif sur la croissance de la souche la plus lente en culture pure et interactions à effets positifs sur la souche la plus rapide en culture pure. La comparaison des cultures pures et mixtes a révélé que l’activite specifique de croissance des souches est affectee en culture mixte, ce qui provoque le prolongement de la phase de la latence dans le cas de l’inhibition et son raccourcissement dans le cas de la stimulation. La modelisation de la consommation d’acide L-malique a révélé pour certains couples une activation de la consommation de cet acide bien que la croissance soit fortement inhibée. Ces interactions, qui affectent le déroulement de la FML, ne peuvent etre dues qu’a l’effet de metabolite(s) extracellulaire(s) excretee(s) dans le milieu de fermentation. Ces métabolites restent à identifier. / In winemaking, the control of malolactic fermentation (MLF) by OEnococcus oeni is an essential step for this process. Although winemakers have the availability for selected OE.oeni strains, the MLF is not always successful. The physical-chemical conditions (pH, ethanol, and temperature), the composition of wine, and biological factors, all together influence the activity of this bacterium; regarding biological factors, the interactions between microorganisms are essential. Often, after alcoholic fermentation by yeast, indigenous strains of OE.oeni are naturally present in wine, negative interactions can then occur between the indigenous strains and selected strains; therefore, knowledge on these interactions is needed. The goal of the present work was to study the interactions during MLF between five strains of OE.oeni from different origins. Experiments were performed in the modified MRS medium to be in nearly conditions to those of wine (20 °C, pH 3.5, and 10% ethanol). The characterization of the behavior of strains in pure cultures was done under both, micro-aerobic and anaerobic conditions; a large variability was found between the strains in the two conditions: three out of five strains were favored under anaerobic conditions while the two others were better developed in micro-aerobic conditions. The presence of 4 g.L-1 of L-malic acid in the culture medium increased the biomass produced, about two-fold higher than that obtained in medium without L-malic acid. All of the L-malic acid is consumed by the five strains but at different specific rates. A mathematical model allowed to quantifying the relationship between the specific consumption rate of L-malic acid (ν) and the specific growth rate two specific rates for each strain; for a given strain, both rates have similar profiles during the MLF. Interactions in mixed cultures of 10 couples formed by the five strains were then examined in a Membrane Bioreactor (BRM) under anaerobic conditions. Three different interaction types were identified: 1) negative reciprocal interactions of the both strains in mixture culture, 2) interaction that affect negatively the favored strain in pure culture and positively the slowest one, and 3) interaction with positive effect on the fastest strain in pure culture. Comparison of pure and mixed culture showed that the specific activity of strains was affected in mixture culture causing the extension of the lag phase in the case of inhibition and its shortcut in the case of stimulation. Modeling of the consumption of the L-malic acid revealed activation of the consumption of this acid for some couples however, growth is strongly affected. The interactions affecting the course of the MLF are due solely to the effect of excreted extracellular metabolite(s); these metabolites remain to be identified

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las estrategias de ascenso social de la élite mercantil en el Perú virreinal durante el siglo XVII a partir del estudio del caso de Melchor Malo de Molina y su familia. Durante este periodo, la élite virreinal, compuesta por las familias de encomenderos, atravesó un proceso de cambio social debido al ingreso considerable de personas dedicadas al comercio. Esta generación de mercaderes llegó a Lima a finales del siglo XVI y, en pocos años, logró convertirse en acaudalados personajes de la región y en respetadas familias dentro de dicha sociedad. Tal es el caso de Melchor Malo de Molina, quien arribó al Perú en 1589 como un modesto mercader y, unas décadas después, se convirtió en una importante figura política en la sociedad limeña y estableció una de las familias más prestigiosas del reino. A partir de la revisión sistemática de documentos notariales, se propone que el éxito del ascenso social de esta familia se debió a tres factores: un proceso de acumulación de dinero proveniente de la importación de mercaderías europeas, la hábil elaboración de vínculos matrimoniales con diferentes grupos de la élite local y un correcto proceso de construcción de imagen pública acorde con el estatus que se buscaba alcanzar. A partir de este caso se reflexionará sobre las implicancias de pertenecer a la élite limeña durante la primera mitad del siglo XVII. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the strategies of upward social mobility within the Peruvian merchant elite during the seventeenth century in the case of the Spanish merchant Melchor Malo de Molina and his family. During this period, the local elite, composed of families of encomenderos, was experiencing a process of social change due to the entry of families of merchants. This generation of merchants arrived in the vicerroyalty late in the sixteenth century and in a few decades managed to become in important families in the territory. This is the case of Melchor Malo de Molina, whom arrived in the vicerroyalty in 1589 as a small merchant and thirty years later was an importan political figure in the capital, Lima. Using notarial documents, we argue that the success of this family it was due to three factors. A process of wealth accumulation thanks to the importation of European commodities, an skillful construction of marriage ties with several groups of the local elite and a proper process of elaboration of a public image conformable to the prestige he was trying to achieve. From this case we can ponder about the implications of belonging to the Peruvian local elite in the seventeenth century.

This dissertation traces military integration in Europe from the 1940s to the early 2000s in order to reveal the growth of a common European defence identity. Four factors characterize its approach. First, European defence identity is analyzed in relation to the broader path of European integration and its historical context, showing connections with key turning points in European integration, with the evolution of Franco-German relations and European-American relations, with the Cold War and subsequent Collapse of Communism, etc. Second, the dissertation applies theories of identity formation to guide the historical analysis. This approach draws attention, for example, to the important roles that borders and symbols played in European defence identity formation. Third, the thesis adopts a hybrid “top-down” and “bottom-up” approach; one side considers formal programs, policies, and institutions that promoted a European defence identity, while the other takes stock of public perceptions, actions by “rank and file” soldiers, etc. This dual approach helps to reveal more fully the complex, negotiated character of European defence identity formation. Finally, this thesis traces the growth of a European defence identity as a path of ideological and emotional change, growing commitment, and trust-building that spanned decades.

This dissertation traces military integration in Europe from the 1940s to the early 2000s in order to reveal the growth of a common European defence identity. Four factors characterize its approach. First, European defence identity is analyzed in relation to the broader path of European integration and its historical context, showing connections with key turning points in European integration, with the evolution of Franco-German relations and European-American relations, with the Cold War and subsequent Collapse of Communism, etc. Second, the dissertation applies theories of identity formation to guide the historical analysis. This approach draws attention, for example, to the important roles that borders and symbols played in European defence identity formation. Third, the thesis adopts a hybrid “top-down” and “bottom-up” approach; one side considers formal programs, policies, and institutions that promoted a European defence identity, while the other takes stock of public perceptions, actions by “rank and file” soldiers, etc. This dual approach helps to reveal more fully the complex, negotiated character of European defence identity formation. Finally, this thesis traces the growth of a European defence identity as a path of ideological and emotional change, growing commitment, and trust-building that spanned decades.

<p>Hormon rasta ima ključnu ulogu u mnogim fiziolo&scaron;kim procesima, anabolički efekti, stimulisanje rasta dugih kostiju, regulacija transkripcije gena u ciljnim ćelijama su uglavnom posredovani preko mitogenog polipeptida, insulinu sličan faktor rasta tip 1 (insulin like growth factor 1-IGF-1). Hormon rasta indukuje proizvodnju IGF-1 u jetri, koji reaguje sa receptorima ciljnih organa indukujući rast, odnosno IGF-1 posreduje svim stimulativnim dejstvima hormona rasta na kost, hrskavicu, rast mi&scaron;ić a i na metabolizam masti i ugljenih hidrata. U proceni redovnosti, bezbednosti i efikasnosti terapije hormonom rasta koristi se merenje koncentracije IGF-1 u serumu. Istraživanje je urađeno kao retrospektivno-prospektivna studija, a obuhvatilo je 80 pacijenata na terapiji hormonom rasta koja se kontroli&scaron;u i leče na Odeljenju za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Instituta za zdravstvenu za&scaron;titu dece i omladine Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Istraživani uzorak je obuhvatio 80 pacijenata, od kojih 35 dece sa nedostatkom hormona rasta, 24 dece rođene male za gestacionu dob i 21 devojčicu sa Tarnerovim sindromom. Svi ispitanici su praćeni od početka primene hormona rasta i tokom prve dve godine terapije hormonom rasta. U ovom istraživanju su praćeni auksolo&scaron;ki i laboratorijski parametri u cilju ispitivanja odgovora na terapiju hormonom rasta. Praćene su bazalne vrednosti IGF-1 i promene nivoa IGF-1 u serumu tokom terapije hormonom rasta i kori&scaron;ćene da bi se ispitao odgovor na terapiju hormonom rasta, praćenjem brzine rasta, promena skora standardnih devijacija - SSD za telesnu visinu i ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili da se utvrdi povezanost vrednosti insulinu sličnog faktora rasta tip 1, brzine rasta i ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja tokom terapije hormonom rasta. Takođe je poređena brzina rasta dece sa deficitom hormona rasta, devojčica sa T arnerovim sindromom i dece rođene male za gestaciono doba na terapiji hormonom rasta. U istraživanom uzorku, dvogodi&scaron;njim praćenjem terapije hormonom rasta je postignut dobar odgovor na terapiju, među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta je 71,5% postiglo normalnu telesnu visinu (&plusmn;2 SSDTV) posle dve godine terapije hormonom rasta, 79,2% dece rođene male za gestacionu dob i 42,9% devojčica sa Tarnerovim sindromom. Značajna zastupljenost dece prepubertetskog uzrasta na početku terapije hormonom rasta, među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta 77,2%, među decom rođenom malom za gestacionu dob 79,1% i među devojčicama sa Tarnerovim sindromom 90,5% &scaron;to je značajno uticalo na uspe&scaron;nost terapije. Tokom terapije hormonom rasta je utvrđeno povećanje brzine rasta i SSD TV kod sve tri grupe ispitanika. U sve tri grupe ispitanika je tokom terapije hormonom rasta utvrđen porast nivoa IGF-1 seruma i SSDIGF-1 i ubrzanje ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja tokom terapije hormonom rasta. Za prvih &scaron;est meseci terapije nema statistički značajnih razlika među grupama u brzini rasta (p&gt;0,05), dok je za period prve i druge godine terapije hormonom rasta utvrđeno da postoji statistički značajna razlika među grupama (p&lt;0,05), da je brzina rasta kod devojčica za Tarnerovim sindromom statistički značajno manja i od brzine rasta kod dece sa nedostatkom hormona rasta (p &lt;0,05), i od brzine rasta kod dece rođene male za gestacionu dob (p&lt;0,05). Među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta i dece rođene male za gestacionu dob nema statistički značajne razlike u brzini rasta (p&gt;0,5). U ovom istraživanju je praćenjem auskolo&scaron;kih i laboratrijskih parametara tokom dvogodi&scaron;nje primene hormona rasta, konstruisano vi&scaron;e matematičkih modela za predviđanje odgovora na terapiju hormona rasta koji su statistički veoma značajani sa visokim koeficijentom vi&scaron;estruke linearne korelacije. U ovom istraživanju nije dobijena statistički značajna korelacija izmedju nivoa promene IGF-1 i brzine rasta za ceo uzorak, kao ni za decu sa nedostatkom hormona rasta, decu rođenu malu za gestacionu dob i devojčice za Tarnerovim sindromom. Nije dobijena statistički značajna korelacija izmedju nivoa promene IGF-1 i ubrzanja ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja za ceo uzorak i za tri grupe pacijenata.</p> / <p>Growth hormone plays a key role in many physiological processes. The anabolic effects, the stimulation of growth of the long bones and the regulation of gene transcription in the target cells are mediated mainly via mitogenic polypeptide and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (insulin like growth factor 1-IGF-1). Growth hormone induces the production of IGF-1 in the liver, which interacts with receptors of the target organs inducing growth, that is, IGF-1 mediates all the stimulating effects of growth hormone on bone, cartilage, muscle growth and the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. In assessing the regularity, safety and efficacy of growth hormone therapy, measuring the concentration of IGF-1 in serum is used. The survey was conducted as a retrospective-prospective study and involved 80 patients treated with growth hormone, monitored and treated at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, at the Institute for Health Protection of Children and Youth of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. Investigated sample included 80 patients, of whom 35 children have growth hormone deficiency, 24 children were born small for gestational age and 21 girls with Turner syndrome. All the patients were monitored from the beginning of the administration of growth hormone and during the first two years of growth hormone therapy. In this study, auxological and laboratory parameters were monitored for the purpose of examining the response to treatment of growth hormone. The basal values of IGF-1 and changes in IGF-1 levels in serum, along with monitoring the rate of growth velocity and recent changes in standard deviation - SSD for body height and bone maturation, were monitored during growth hormone therapy and used for the evaluation of the response to growth hormone therapy. The objectives of the study were to determine the correlation of insulin-like growth factor type 1 values, the growth velocity and maturation of bone during growth hormone therapy. Also, the growth velocity in children with growth hormone deficiency was compared with the growth velocity in girls with Turner syndrome and in children born small for gestational age while treated with growth hormone. Two-year monitoring of growth hormone therapy in the study sample has show n good response to therapy. 71.5% of children with growth hormone deficiency, 79.2% of children born small for gestational age, and 42.9% of girls with Turner syndrome achieved normal body height (&plusmn; 2 SSDTV) after two years of growth hormone therapy. There was a significant share of children at prepubertal age at the beginning of growth hormone therapy: 77.2% of children with growth hormone deficiency, 79.1% of children born small for gestational age and 90.5% of girls with Turner syndrome, which significantly influenced the success of the therapy. During the growth hormone therapy there was an increase of growth velocity and SSD TV in all three groups of children. An increase in levels of IGF-1 serum and SSDIGF-1 and acceleration of bone maturation were determined in all three groups of patients during growth hormone therapy. For the first six months of therapy there was no statistically significant difference between groups in growth velocity (p&gt; 0.05), while the period of the first and second year of growth hormone therapy showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p &lt;0.05). The growth velocity in girls with Turner syndrome was significantly lower than the growth velocity in children with growth hormone deficiency (p &lt;0.05) and in children born small for gestational age (p &lt;0.05). Between children with growth hormone deficiency and children born small for gestational age there was no statistically significant difference in growth velocity (p&gt; 0.5). By monitoring auxological and laboratory parameters during the two years of application of growth hormone, several highly statistically significant mathematical models for predicting the response to treatment of growth hormone were constructed in this study with a high coefficient of multiple linear correlation. In this study, there was no statistically significant correlation between the level of change in IGF-1 and growth velocity for the entire sample, as well as for children with growth hormone deficiency, children born small for gestational age and girls for Turner syndrome. There was no statistically significant correlation between the level of change in IGF-1 and acceleration of bone maturation for the entire sample and for the three groups of patients.</p>