Thesis ((MPhil (Sustainable Development Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aims of this thesis were to investigate the benefits and limitations of local food economies in promoting sustainability through a review of the literature and an assessment of the current status of the food production, distribution and consumption in Stellenbosch in order to make recommendations for promoting greater sustainability through Stellenbosch‟s food system. A review of the literature found that the modern food system has promoted the externalisation of social and environmental costs to the detriment of food, livelihood and environmental security for communities across the world. Whilst localisation of the food system does not conclusively result in reduced contributions to greenhouse gas emissions, it tends to promote greater sustainability through the building of community networks and embeddedness that increase the potential for strengthening community resilience, accountability and the internalisation of social and environmental costs. Challenges in the near future of population growth, urbanisation, climate change, intensifying environmental degradation and peak oil are expected to drastically alter the ways in which we are able to produce and distribute food. Local food economies are presented as an alternative food system that builds social, economic and environmental capital at a community level whilst increasing community resilience to future shocks and threats. Research into the current status of production, distribution and consumption for Stellenbosch found that the region currently produces predominantly wine grapes and other deciduous fruit for export, whilst relying on imported food produce from other regions for consumption. High levels of food insecurity are recorded for areas within Stellenbosch and findings are presented on the food requirements for a nutritionally optimal diet for the region. Productive potential of the land and urban zones are translated into potential yield and compared with current and nutritionally optimal food demand. The findings suggest that Stellenbosch has the potential to produce enough food to meet all local requirements (both current and nutritionally optimal) but this would require drastic shifts in land use. A discussion is presented on optimal land use, comparing production of wine grapes for export with food production for local consumption. The conclusions drawn from the thesis suggest that in the context of current food, livelihood and environmental insecurity and future vulnerability as a result of increasing demand, climate change and peak oil, local food economies have a vital role to play in promoting sustainability. Stellenbosch is currently vulnerable with a high dependency on export markets for local produce and imported produce for local consumption. Building a stronger local food economy in Stellenbosch has the potential to create opportunities to address challenges of poverty and inequality, build resilience and promote environmental sustainability. The recommendations of the thesis are to boost local production of key food crops suitable to the region, actively invest in the strengthening of local distribution networks that connect local producers more directly to local consumers and to build a local food movement with consumers through education and awareness. Several opportunities for further scholarship are presented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om voedselekonomieë as 'n instrument van volhoubaarheid aan te moedig. Spesifiek gekose literatuur en 'n ondersoek na die huidige voedselproduksiesituasie, verspreiding en die verbruik van voedsel in Stellenbosch is gebruik om voorstelle te maak vir verhoogde volhoubaarheid in die toekoms deur die gebruik van die voedselsisteem in Stellenbosch. Uit die literatuurstudie is gevind dat moderne voedselsisteme neig na die eksternalisasie van sosiale- en omgewingskostes en dus die sekuriteit van voedsel, lewensonderhoud en 'n gesonde omgewing vir gemeenskappe reg oor die wereld bedreig. Die lokalisering van voedselsisteme beteken nie noodwendig dat die vrystelling van uitlaatgasse wat tot aardverwarming bydra verminder word nie, maar dit dra wel by tot volhoubaarheid deur gemeenskapsnetwerke en gemeenskapsbande te versterk. Sterker gemeenskappe dra verder by tot meer veerkragtige herstel en moedig aanspreeklikheid en die internalisasie van sosiale- en omgewingskostes aan. Uitdagings in die nabye toekoms, soos populasiegroei, verstedeliking, klimaatsverandering, die intensifisering van omgewingsdegradering en die olie-piek, gaan die manier hoe voedsel geproduseer en versprei word drasties verander. Plaaslike voedselekonomieë word dus as 'n alternatiewe voedselsisteem voorgestel, omdat dit sosiale-, ekonomiese- en omgewingskapitaal opbou op gemeenskapsvlak en dit 'n meer veerkragte herstelvermoë gee om effektief te reageer op toekomstige skokke en bedreigings. Navorsing oor die huidige produksie, verspreiding en gebruik van voedsel in Stellenbosch het bevind dat die streek hoofsaaklik wyndruiwe en ander sagte vrugte produseer vir die uitvoermark, terwyl dit op invoere staatmaak vir plaaslike gebruik. Hoë vlakke van voedselonsekerheid in areas in en om Stellenbosch is aangeteken en die bevindinge word aangebied in terme van die optimale voedsame dieet vir die omgewing. Die potensiaal vir die produktiwiteit van landelike en stedelik gebiede in Stellenbosch word vertaal as die potensiële oes en word vergelyk met huidige en die optimale voedsame voedsel aanvraag. Daar is in die navorsing bevind dat Stellenbosch die potensiaal het om genoeg voedsel te produseer om in alle plaaslike vereistes (beide huidiglik en optimaal voedsaam) te voldoen, met 'n drastiese verandering in grondgebruik. Voorstelle word v gemaak oor die optimale gebruik van grond deur die produksie van wyndruiwe vir uitvoer te vergelyk met voedselproduksie vir plaaslike gebruik. Die gevolgtrekkings dui daarop dat die huidige voedsel-, lewensonderhoud- en omgewingsonsekerheid, tesame met 'n toekomstige kwesbaarheid as gevolg van verhoogde aanvraag, klimaatsverandering en die olie-piek, beteken dat plaaslike ekonomieë 'n belangrike rol gaan speel in volhoubaarheid. Stellenbosch is tans kwesbaar omdat dit staatmaak op uitvoer van plaaslike produkte en op ingevoerde produkte vir plaaslike gebruik. Deur 'n sterker plaaslike voedselsisteem te bou, kan Stellenbosch geleenthede skep om armoede en ongelykheid aan te spreek, 'n veerkragtige herstelvermoë te bou en omgewingsvolhoubaarheid aan te moedig. Die voorstelle in hierdie tesis sluit in om plaaslike produksie van sleutel voedselgewasse wat volhoubaar is te verhoog, om aktief te bele in die versterking van plaaslike verspreidingsnetwerke wat plaaslike produseerders en gebruikers direk verbind en om 'n plaaslike voedselbeweging daar te stel deur gepaste opvoeding en bewusmaking. Verskeie geleenthede bestaan vir verdere navorsing.

Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African government employees are under extreme pressure to deliver quality and effective service to the public. They are also under extreme pressure to develop leadership and skills and to set high standards for quality service delivery. The Government therefore has a duty to ensure that employees are well equipped to render services needed by the public. The Department of Education is under scrutiny and pressure to address the skills shortage in the country and such skills must be of a globally acceptable standard. It is therefore most essential that new employees of the Department of Education at district level be well aware of the Department’s vision and mission and what the Department of Education stands for. The new employee needs to be well aware of the micro, macro and meso objectives of the Department. Employees at the district level of the Department of Education are there to provide guidance, governance and leadership to the leadership in the schools. This is a huge responsibility that needs employees who are aware of the Department of Education. By induction, the new employee can be made fully aware of what the organisation stands for. Through induction, the objectives, vision, mission, challenges, strengths and culture of the organisation can be transferred and emphasised. What the organisation believes and its objectives must be transferred by means of communication from the starting phase of the employee’s entry. This makes induction one of the important aspects of organisational development. It is important for each new employee in the South African public sector to be exposed to a sound induction programme. This research was undertaken with the aim of providing guidelines for the development of the induction programme of the Education Management Development Centre (EMDC) South. Data for emperical study was collected by means of focus groups discussions unstructured interviews and case study / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Werknemers van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering is onder geweldige druk om kwaliteit en effektiewe diens aan die publiek te lewer. Hulle is ook onder geweldige druk om leierskap en vaardighede te ontwikkel en om ‘n hoë standaard vir kwaliteit dienslewering daar te stel. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het dus ‘n plig teenoor sy werknemers om te verseker dat hulle goed toegerus is om die nodige dienste aan die publiek te lewer. Die Onderwysdepartement is ook onder die vergrootglas en onder druk om die vaardigheidstekort in die land aan te spreek en op ‘n manier wat voldoen aan globale aanvaarbare standaarde. Dit is daarom baie belangrik dat nuwe werknemers op die distriksvlak van die Onderwys Departement bewus moet wees van sy visie en missie, en wat die Onderwys Departement se stand van sake is met betrekking tot die bogenoemde kwessie. Die nuwe werknemers moet bewus wees van die mikro, makro en meso doelwitte van die Departement. Werknemers op distriksvlak van die Onderwys is daar om leiding, beheer en ondersteuning te bied aan die leierskap van die skole. Hierdie is ‘n baie groot verantwoordelikheid wat ‘n werknemer benodig bewus is van die operationele prosedures van die Onderwys Departement. Dit is deur induksie dat die nuwe werknemer ten volle bewus gemaak kan word van waarvoor die organisasie staan. Dit is deur induksie dat die doelwitte, visie, missie, uitdagings, sterk punte en kultuur van die organisasie oorgedra en beklemtoon kan word. Dit waarin die organisasie glo en sy doelwitte moet deur middel van kommunikasie vanaf die intree fase aan die werknemer in die organisasie oorgedra word. Induksie is daarom een van die belangrike aspekte van organisasie-ontwikkeling. Dit is belangrik dat elke nuwe werknemer in ons Suid-Afrikaanse publieke sektor aan ‘n goeie induksieprogram blootgestel word. Hierdie navorsing beoog om riglyne te gee vir die ontwikkeling van die induksieprogram vir die OBOS Suid. Die data vir die emperiese studie was ingesamel deur middel van fokusgroep besprekings, ongestruktureerde onderhoude en ‘n gevallestudie.

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development, Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainable agricultural management practices have a profound impact on soil carbon sequestration. The amount of carbon that can be stored in a given soil is influenced by climate, soil type, and the quality and quantity of organic inputs. Together, the interactive effect of these factors determines the Soil Organic Content (SOC). Sustainable agricultural management practices influencing Soil Organic Matter (SOM) include application of organic amendments, conservation tillage, and use of cover crops, crop rotations, crop residue management, and nutrient management. Increasing SOC enhances soil quality, reduces soil erosion, and increases agricultural productivity with considerable on-farm and off-farm benefits. To assess how management practices affect SOC, two case studies were conducted in Yavatmal district of Maharashtra in India and Lynedoch near Stellenbosch. The first case study examined the differences in SOC content on four farms each managed with 13 different sustainable agricultural techniques and one farm managed under conventional management practices. The second case study investigated the SOC differences between an organic and a conventional vegetable farm. The results of both studies show that farms that are managed under sustainable agricultural practices generally contain higher SOC content than farms that are managed under conventional agricultural practices. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om te bepaal hoe bestuurspraktyke Grondlikke Organise Koolstoff raak, is twee gevallestudies in die distrikte Yavatmal in Maharashtra, Indië, en Lynedoch buite Stellenbosch uitgevoer. Die eerste gevallestudie het die verskille in Grondlikke Organise Koolstoff -inhoud bekyk op vier plase waar 13 verskillende Volhoubare landboubestuurspraktyke het ‟n diepgaande impak op grondkoolstof-beslaglegging. Die hoeveelheid koolstof wat binne gegewe grond gestoor kan word, word deur klimaat, grondsoort en die gehalte en hoeveelheid organiese toevoer beïnvloed. Saam bepaal die interaktiewe effek van vermelde faktore die Grondlikke Organise Koolstoff -inhoud. Volhoubare landboubestuurspraktyke wat Grondlikke Organise Materiaal beïnvloed, sluit in die toediening van organiese verbeterings, bewaringsgrondbewerking, die gebruik van dekkingsoeste, oesrotasies, die hantering van oesresidu en voedingstofbestuur. Vermeerdering van Grondlikke Organise Koolstoff verhoog grondgehalte, verminder gronderosie en vermeerder landbouproduktiwiteit met aansienlike voordele op en verwyderd van die plaas. volhoubare landboutegnieke in die bestuurproses toegepas word, en een plaas wat volgens konvensionele bestuurspraktyke bedryf word. Met die tweede gevallestudie is ondersoek gedoen na die Grondlikke Organise Koolstoff -verskille tussen ‟n organiese en ‟n konvensionele groenteplaas. Die uitslae van albei studies dui daarop dat plase wat volgens volhoubare landboupraktyke bestuur word oor die algemeen hoër Grondlikke Organise Koolstoff-inhoud aantoon in vergelyking met plase wat volgens konvensionele landboupraktyke bedryf word.

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Given the complexities facing humanity in the light of impending social and environmental collapse, it is the design of sustainable communities at all levels of our society that must be achieved to limit this potential outcome. Attaining such a goal, it is known, requires that humanity ‘consciously evolve’. Furthermore I suggest that Integral Theory, because it is grounded in the evolution of consciousness, provides an important map to help navigate this tremendous journey. In this thesis I use Integral Theory as a lens through which to understand and reflect on my experiences over the past eighteen years of the design and development of the Tlholego Village, one of the early experimental Permaculture and Ecovillage communities developed in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gegewe die kompleksiteite wat die samelewing in die gesig staar as gevolg van die dreigende sosiale en omgewings verval, is die ontwikkeling van volhoubare gemeenskappe op alle vlakke van ons samelewing noodsaaklik om so ‘n uitkoms te verhoed. Om hierdie doel te bereik word dit voorgestel dat die samelewing bewustelik moet ontwikkel (‘consciously evolve’). Verder stel ek voor dat Integraal Teorie (‘Integral Theory’), gegrond in die evolusie van bewustheid, ‘n belangrike roetekaart verskaf om die geweldige reis te navigeer. In hierdie tesis gebruik ek Integraal Teorie as ‘n lens waardeur my ervarings tydens die ontwerp en ontwikkeling van die Tlholego Village (een van die vroee eksperimentele Permakultuur en Eko-dorp gemeenskappe wat ontwikkel is in Suid Afrika oor die afgelope agtien jaar) verstaan en nabetrag kan word.

Thesis (MPhil (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis considers the veracity, within the land use planning and development context in the Western Cape, of the claim that South Africa has a constitution that gave us accountable government. The study necessitates consideration of the meaning of terms such as accountability and sustainable planning and development. There is a dearth of South African literature on government accountability. The main focus of the literature from abroad is on elections as a mechanism for achieving government accountability, to the exclusion of other issues and with a distinct disregard for legal questions. Much of the available overseas literature draws on the descriptive models of how democratic accountability should work. The writers seemingly have little interest in moving beyond the descriptive. The available body of literature is static in nature as little theoretical development in the field of government accountability has taken place for decades. This thesis argues that, as a result, the literature from abroad on accountability is of limited value in South African context. Accountability has an important role to play in curbing the abuse of public power and for maintaining conditions of peace and stability. Central concerns with the study are to assess the current measure of government accountability within the stated context and to establish whether the existing system for achieving effective government accountability is adequate. The research commences with thorough literature and law reviews, supplemented by the development of a questionnaire on accountability in the land use planning and development field. The assessment of the current measure of government accountability in the context of land use planning and development is supplemented by the views of people active in that field. Those views are pieced together from the results obtained from questionnaires and personal observations. The findings are that government is presently not regarded as accountable in the field of study. This thesis demonstrates how difficult it is to achieve effective government accountability - in particular, towards the local population - and how ineffective the current accountability mechanisms are for this purpose. It argues that the challenges facing South Africans in this regard are complex and that everyone is required to accept responsibility as the actual agents of accountability, to make accountability work as a personal concern and a matter of individual responsibility. This thesis reflects on the need for new accountability mechanisms and calls for a radical reform of the current approach to government accountability. It inter alia recommends that the reform should involve the establishment of a new structure empowered to enquire into the merits of decisions taken by public authorities. On the basis of this discussion, the thesis concludes by advocating specific steps required to improve government accountability at the local-level within land use planning and development context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis oorweeg die geldigheid, binne die konteks van grondgebruik beplanning en ontwikkeling in die Wes-Kaap, van die aanspraak dat Suid-Afrika 'n grondwet het wat vir ons 'n verantwoordbare regering gegee het. Dit noodsaak oorweging van die betekenis van uitdrukkings soos verantwoordbaarheid en volhoubare beplanning en ontwikkeling. Bykans doodse stilte heers oor regeringsverantwoordbaarheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse literatuur. In buitelandse literatuur val die klem hoofsaaklik op verkiesings as meganisme om regeringsverantwoordbaarheid te bewerkstellig, met uitsluiting van ander kwessies en 'n besliste verontagsaming van regsvrae. Baie van die beskikbare oorsese literatuur steun op die beskrywende benadering van hoe demokratiese verantwoordbaarheid behoort te werk. Die skrywers het oënskynlik min belang daarin om meer as beskrywend te wees. Die beskikbare literatuur is staties van aard aangesien vir dekades min teoretiese ontwikkeling op die gebied van regeringsverantwoordbaarheid plaasgevind het. Hierdie tesis argumenteer dat, ten gevolge, die buitelandse literatuur oor verantwoordbaarheid van beperkte waarde is in Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Verantwoordbaarheid het 'n belangrike rol om te vervul in die beperking van misbruik van openbare mag en vir die instandhouding van toestande vir vrede en stabiliteit. Sentraal tot hierdie studie staan pogings om te bepaal wat die huidige stand van regeringsverantwoordbaarheid is binne die vermelde konteks en om vas te stel of die bestaande stelsel vir bereiking van verantwoordbare regering voldoende is. Die navorsing begin met deeglike literatuur en regsresensies, aangevul deur die ontwikkeling van ‘n vraeboog oor verantwoordbaarheid in die veld van grondgebruik beplanning en ontwikkeling. Die huidige stand van regeringsverantwoordbaarheid binne die konteks van grondgebruik beplanning en ontwikkeling is aangevul deur die sienings van persone wat aktief is in daardie veld. Daardie sienings is saamgestel vanuit resultate wat bekom is uit vraeboë en eie waarnemings. Die bevindinge is dat die regering in die algemeen tans nie as verantwoordbaar beskou word nie. Hierdie tesis toon aan hoe moeilik dit is om effektiewe verantwoordbaarheid van die regering te bereik - in die besonder teenoor die plaaslike bevolking - en hoe ontoereikend die huidige meganismes vir hierdie doel is. Dit argumenteer dat die uitdagings wat Suid-Afrika in hierdie verband in die gesig staar, kompleks is en dat van elkeen verwag word om verantwoordelikheid te aanvaar as die werklike agente van verantwoordbaarheid om verantwoordbaarheid as 'n persoonlike aangeleentheid en 'n saak van individuele verantwoordelikheid te laat werk. Hierdie tesis besin oor die behoefte aan nuwe verantwoordbaarheidsmeganismes en bepleit 'n radikale hervorming van die huidige benadering tot verantwoordbaarheid van die regering. Dit word onder andere aanbeveel dat as deel van hervorming 'n nuwe struktuur voorsien moet word wat gemagtig sal wees om ondersoek in te stel na die meriete van die besluite wat deur die publieke owerhede geneem is. Op grond van hierdie bespreking eindig die tesis deur voorspraak te maak vir bepaalde stappe wat nodig is om die regering se verantwoordbaarheid op die plaaslike vlak te verbeter binne die konteks van grondgebruik beplanning en ontwikkeling.

Thesis ((MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Adequate shelter for the majority of the Mozambican population is still not a reality. Conventional building materials are not affordable for the poor and the governmental policies do not put much focus on the issue of housing. Also, the consideration of environmental issues in the construction industry is becoming relevant concerning the process of sustainability promotion. In most instances, communities in Mozambique have been using local alternative materials to build their houses and unfired adobe brick is one of these materials. Compared to conventional materials, unfired adobe brick is relatively cheaper and has low negative environmental impacts. This study analysed the use of this material in Mozambique from a sustainability viewpoint to find out whether there were opportunities to construct sustainable housing for local communities. To gather information regarding socio-economic, environmental and technical dimensions of the use of unfired adobe brick, the main research strategy privileged the use of a qualitative approach where the data collection methods involved interviews, focus group discussions, observation and direct involvement of the researcher in practical work. Findings indicate that low costs related to the use of unfired adobe brick address the problem of affordability for the majority of local people. Local availability of suitable soils, minimal processing, use of renewable sources of energy for processing the material and recyclability/reusability all indicate that this material has very little environmental impact. Identified stresses (moisture) affecting unfired adobe structures can be avoided through low-impact methods of earth stabilization and specific design measures. It is concluded that unfired adobe brick has the potential to contribute to the provision of sustainable housing in Mozambique. In order for this to happen, there needs to be: More research on construction methods applicable to the Mozambican context; The introduction of construction codes related to adobe construction; Training of local communities in adobe construction; The creation of housing policies; and Investigation into the opportunities offered by unfired adobe brick concerning sustainability. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ordentlike behuising vir die meerderhede van die mense van Mosambiek is nog steeds nie ʼn werklikheid nie. Die meeste mense van Mosambiek kan nie gewone bou materiale bekostig en die staat beleide fokus baie min op die verskafing van behuising of pogings om bou materiale meer toegangklik te maak. Toegang tot bou materiale is een probleem maar bekommernis oor omgewings probleme is ook iets wat meer en meer in ag geneem moet word, spesifiek in terme van die bou industrie. Volhoubarheid is ook iets wat ʼn grote rol speel in ontwikkelings beluister en kan ook ander opsies vir arme gemeenskappe ontlok. Plaaslike gemeenskappe van Mosambiek het vir ʼn lang tyd, alternatiewe produkte gebruik om hul huise te bou, een van die is modder adobe bakstene. In vergelyking met konvensionele materiale is die modder bakstene goedkoper en het a baie kleiner omgewings impak. Die projek bestudeer die gebruik van die modder adobe baksteen in Mosambiek van ʼn volhoubaarheid oogpunt en ondersoek of dit geleenthede skep in terme van volhoubare behuising vir plaaslike gemeenskappe. Die navorsing het verskillende metode behels, die van persoonlike onderhoude, groep onderhoude, observasie en praktiese gebou van ʼn huis met die modder adobe bakstene. Die navorsing het bewys dat die gebruik van die adobe bakstene wel die probleem van toegang en hoe bou koste vir die arm plaaslike gemeenskap oplos. Plaaslike omstandighede werk ook om die vrag van volhoubaarheid op te los omdat die materiale en kennis plaaslik beskikbaar is. Die navorsing bewys ook dat opleiding en ʼn samestelling van die plaaslike kennis kan ook lui tot ʼn toename van die gebruik van die modder adobe baksteen tektologie wat volhoubaarheid oor die algemeen sal verbeter en dat dié ʼn beter toekoms vir die plaaslike gemeenskappe van Mosambiek kan skep.

Thesis (MPhil (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research was conducted to explore the experiences of people living with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (PLWAs), especially women, as well as the factors influencing their non-participation in development projects aimed at improving their socio-economic status. The study was conducted amongst PLWAs who are members of the Tembisa Main Clinic and Winnie Mandela Clinic support groups in Tembisa, South Africa. The researcher was motivated to conduct the research because in her work as a social worker she is confronted daily with PWLAs who are from disadvantaged backgrounds and are struggling to make ends meet. Initiatives have been undertaken to try and encourage self–reliance and improve the health status of these women by developing food gardens to provide them with fresh vegetables and possible income sources from these gardens. The reluctance of members of two support groups of PLWAs to stay involved in these projects encouraged the researcher to explore these issues. The researcher consulted various sources to obtain literature on the factors influencing non-participation in development projects. In addition she undertook a qualitative study, wherein twenty participants participated. The data from this study was then interpreted and compared to the literature. The findings of this study highlighted several factors such as discrimination, local beliefs, stigma and lack of support, which influence the non- participation of PWLAs in sustainable development projects. The findings of this research also indicate that developments projects often fail to thrive because of topdown decisions about the projects, the fact that there is no start-up funding available for the projects and participants who become demotivated to participate. The research therefore concludes with recommendations in order to address these problems. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is onderneem om die ondervinding van mense, veral vroue, wat met Verworwe Immuniteitsgebrek Sindroom (VIGS) lewe, te ondersoek, asook die faktore wat hulle daarvan weerhou om deel te neem aan ontwikkelingsprojekte wat daarop gemik is om hul sosio-ekonomiese status te verbeter. Die studie is onderneem onder pasiënte wat lede was van ondersteuningsgroepe by Tembisa Hoofkliniek en Winnie Mandela Kliniek in Tembisa, Suid-Afrika. Die navorser is gemotiveerd om die studie te onderneem omdat sy daagliks in haar werk as sosiale werker gekonfronteer is deur mense wat met VIGS lewe, wat uit minder bevoorregte agtergronde kom en wat sukkel om te oorleef. Inisiatiewe is onderneem om hierdie vroue se selfstandigheid te bevorder en om hul gesondheidstatus te verbeter deur groente tuine te ontwikkel om hulle van vars groente te verskaf, asook moontlike inkomstebronne uit hierdie tuine. Die onwilligheid van die lede van twee ondersteuningsgroepe om in hierdie projekte betrokke te bly, het die navorser aangemoedig om hierdie aangeleentheid verder te ondersoek. Die navorser het verskeie bronne geraadpleeg om literatuur te verkry oor die faktore wat die nie-deelname in ontwikkelingsprojekte beïnvloed. Sy het ook kwalitatiewe studie onderneem waaraan twintig respondente deelgeneem het. Die data van hierdie navorsing is daarna geïnterpreteer en met die literatuur vergelyk. Die bevindinge van hierdie navorsing het verskeie faktore uitgelig wat die niedeelname beïnvloed van mense wat met VIGS lewe, soos diskriminasie, plaaslike gelowe, stigma en gebrek aan ondersteuning. Die navorsing het ook bevind dat ontwikkelingsprojekte dikwels nie floreer nie as gevolg van die ‘topdown’ besluitneming oor die projekte en omdat daar nie genoegsame vooraf befondsing beskikbaar is vir die projekte nie en die deelnemers dus demotiveer om verder deel te neem. Die navorsing sluit dus af met voorstelle om hierdie probleme aan te spreek.

Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Employees, whether in the public or private sector, are the most valuable asset of an organisation. The human resource component of the organisation contributes toward the creation of a positive advantage for that organisation. Any organisation with high performance goals will treat people as their most valuable asset and the top priority within the organisation. Too many organisations still do not invest in the human side of the equation, but emphasise the technical efficiency which reaps financial investment. Organisations that want to remain competitive and at the leading edge must invest more in the human side of the equation. Today more and more organisations are aware of their social responsibility towards their employees. Employees experience a multitude of personal and work-related problems such as marital, family and financial difficulties, substance abuse, the impact of HIV/AIDS, job stress, job burnout and other. These problems influence work performance detrimentally, which in turn causes financial losses to the organisation. Further pressure is placed on the work community with government legislation on employment equity and affirmative action, which also leads to diversity problems within the workplace. In this milieu, work organisations are challenged to take up their social responsibility towards their employees and take better care of them. One way in which organisations can take care of their employees is through an Employee Assistance Programme (EAP). An EAP is a service provided by organisations to their employees to deal with health, personal, marital and substance abuse problems and other. It is a short-term, confidential counselling service for employees who are experiencing personal problems that affect their work performance and which can therefore improve the employees‟ general wellness. Cape Winelands District Municipality (CWDM) does not have a formal structure such as an EAP to render support to a troubled employee. This research focused on the question: “Is there a need for an EAP at CWDM?” The data gathered in this study reveal that there is a great need for an EAP. On the basis of the outcome of the study, ten practical guidelines for implementation of an EAP are provided to the organisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Werkernemers, hetsy in die privaat of publieke sektor, is die waardevolste bate van die organisasie. Die menslike hulpbron komponent dra by tot die skepping van ʼn positiewe voorsprong vir daardie organisasie. Enige organisasie met hoë prestasiedoelwitte sal hul werknemers as hul waardevolste bate en die hoogste prioriteit behandel. Te veel organisasies belê steeds nie in die menslike sy van die organisasie nie, maar eerder in die tegniese sy wat meer finansiële beleggings oplewer. „n Organisasie wat kompeterend en toonaangewend wil bly, moet meer belê in die menslike sy. Deesdae besef al hoe meer organisasies dat hulle ʼn sosiale verantwoordelikheid teenoor hul werknemers het. Werkrnemers ervaar ʼn magdom persoonlike en werkverwante probleme soos byvoorbeeld huweliks-, gesins- en finansiële probleme, middelmisbruik sowel as die impak van HIV/VIGS, werkstres, uitbranding en ander. Hierdie probleme beiinvloed werksproduktiwiteit aansienlik, wat direk lei tot finansiële verliese vir die organisasie. Voorts word verdere druk op die werksgemeenskap geplaas deur regeringsbeleid te wete werksgelykheid en regstellende aksie wat ook aanleiding gee tot diversiteitsprobleme binne die werksplek. Teen hierdie agtergrond word werksorganisasies uitgedaag om sosiale verantwoordelikheid vir sy werknemers te aanvaar en om beter sorg te dra vir sy werknemers. Een manier waarop organisasies na hul werknemers kan omsien, is deur „n werknemerhulpprogram. ʼn Werknemerhulpprogram is ʼn diens wat verskaf word deur werkgewers aan werknemers wat probleme ondervind met byvoorbeeld gesondheid, huwelik, gesin, middelmisbruik en ander.. Dit is ʼn korttermyn, konfidensiële beradingsdiens vir werknemers wie se werkvermoë negatief beïnvloed word. ʼn Werknemerhulpprogram het ten doel om ʼn werknemer se totale welstand te verbeter. Kaapse Wynland Distriksmunisipaliteit (KWDM) het tans, nie ʼn formele struktuur soos „n werrknemerhulpprogram wat bystand aan die geaffekteerde werker kan bied nie. Hierdie navorsingstudie fokus op die vraag:”Is daar ʼn behoefte aan ʼn werknemerhulpprogram by KWDM”? Die data wat tydens die studie ingesamel is, toon dat daar wel ʼn behoefte aan ʼn Werknemerhulpprogram is. Gegrond op die uitkoms van die studie, word tien praktiese riglyne vir die implementering van 'n Werknemerhulpprogram aan die organisasie voorgestel.

Thesis (MPA (Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 1999. / 130 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages i-x and numbered pages 1-75 includes bibliography and digitized at 300 dpi (OCR), used Bizhub 250. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The basic premise of this study is that a curriculum for Theology and Community Development would provide theological institutions with a social purpose in their theological education program. This is necessary for the Church's involvement in social transformation, particularly in the South African context with its alarmingly ever-increasing proportions of unemployment, poverty, violence and crime. The research attempts to provide, as an outcome, theological institutions with a social development purpose by means of curriculum design. The reason for this is based on the conviction that the Church as a community-based organisation, particularly amongst the marginalised poor, can be an effective vehicle for community development. This is due to the Church's Biblical commission and commitment to the poor, its capacity, in terms of resourcefulness, viz. its members and capital, its understanding and experience of social realities and the holistic nature of its activities. The design of the curriculum is aimed at unlocking the Church's resources and building its capacity to become an agent or catalyst for substantial people and societal development. It is presupposed in the study that the Church, although it has a long history of mission and diaconic work, is more and more lacking in capacity to meet the challenges and need of the post-modern society and subsequently cannot effect social transformation - yet it undoubtedly has the potential. The reason for this incapacity can be ascribed to the nature of theological training, which has as a ministerial-formation model a managerial approach to organisation and maintenance of congregational ministry from inside the institutional structure. As the Church finds itself confronted with enormous community needs, the leaders feel inadequate to deal with the "demo-crisis" of society for there is little in their seminary background that could have prepared them to equip the members for ministries incorporating community development. It is argued in this study, based on an analysis of the Church as a community called by God, the essence of community development and the people-centred participatory development process, that the Church as a community-based organisation is essentially best served in effecting social change by orientating itself according to the people-centred participatory development approach. This approach is embedded in the theoretical assumptions of the Humanitarian school of thought combined with the Social Development school. In theological education a new theological paradigm in which theory re-orientates itself to a "new paradigm of humanity" is inevitable. According to this paradigm, the Church should align itself with the humanitarian focus of development because development is ultimately about a new vision for society, about a new humanity, empowerment of the people to experience full life as given by God in full respect of creation. Only in developing a theological understanding of development and in assisting to equip people for development, will it be able to answer to its calling - will it continue the process which was started by God in creating the Church as the "first fruits" of the new humanity. A curriculum for Theology and Community Development, based on the challenges of development, the sources of theology in the teaching tradition of the Church, the realities of the South African context and the principles of the People-centred Participatory Development Approach is designed to empower the Church to be an effective agent and/or catalyst for social transformation, particularly in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die basiese uitgangspunt van hierdie studie is dat 'n kurrikulum vir Teologie en Gemeenskapsontwikkeling teologiese instellings sal voorsien met 'n sosiale doelwit in hul teologiese opvoedingsprogram: Dit is noodsaaklik vir die Kerk se betrokkenheid by sosiale transformasie, veral wat die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks aanbetref met sy ontstellende, steeds toenemende, mate van werkloosheid en die daarmee gepaardgaande spiraal van armoede, geweld en misdaad. Die navorsing voorsien as uitkoms, aan teologiese instansies 'n sosiale ontwikkeling doel deur middel van kurrikulumontwerp. Dit is gebaseer op die oortuiging dat die Kerk as 'n gemeenskaps-gebaseerde organisasie, in besonder onder die gemarginaliseerde armes, 'n effektiewe instrument kan wees vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling, gebasseer op die Kerk se Bybelse opdrag en toewyding aan die opheffing van die arme, sy verstaan en ondervinding van sosiale werklikhede en die holistiese natuur van sy aktiwiteite. Die kurrikulum is gemik op die ontsluiting van die Kerk se bronne en die bou van sy kapasitiet sodat die Kerk 'n effektiewe agent of katalisator van substantiewe mense- en sosiale ontwikkeling kan wees. Dit word in hierdie studie op grond van onderhoude en verslae voorveronderstel dat die Kerk, alhoewel hy 'n lang geskiedenis van Sending en Diakonie het, nie paraat is en nie die kapasiteit het om die uitdagings en nood van die post-moderne samelewing volgens die vereistes van sosiale transformasie die hoof te bied nie en gevolglik nie sosiale transformasie kan bewerkstellig nie. Dit terwyl die Kerk ongetwyfeld die potensiaal het. Die rede vir hierdie onvermoë kan herlei word na die Kerk se teologiese opleiding, wat as opleidings model 'n bestuursbenadering tot organisasie en instandhouding van gemeente bediening van binne die institusionele strukture het. Terwyl die Kerk gekonfontreer word met enorme gemeenskapsbehoeftes, voel die leiers onbevoeg om die demo-krisis te hanteer omdat daar baie min in hul teologiese opleiding was wat hulle kon voorberei om die lidmate vir bediening toe te rus wat gemeenskapsontwikkeling insluit. Dit word in hierdie studie geargumenteer, gebaseer op 'n analise van die Kerk as 'n alternatiewe gemeenskap geroep deur God en die wesenlikheid van gemeenskapsontwikkeling binne die verskillende benaderings in die ontwikkelingsproses, dat dit die Kerk as 'n gemeenskaps-gebaseerde organisasie wesenlik die beste sal baat indien dit sosiale verandering wil bewerkstellig om sigself volgens die mens-gesentreerde deelnemende,ontwikkelingsbenadering te orienteer. Hierdie benadering is ingebed in die teoretiese beginsels van die Humanitere Skool gekombineer met die Sosiale Ontwikkelingskool. 'n Nuwe teologies paradigma vir teologiese opvoeding waarin die teorie sigself herorienteer word tot 'n "nuwe paradigma van humaniteit" is onvermydelik. Dit word volgens hierdie paradigma op grond van eksegetiese studie voorveronderstel dat die Kerk erns maak met ontwikkeling omdat ontwikkeling uiteindelik gaan om 'n nuwe visie ten opsigte van die samelewing, 'n nuwe humaniteit - omdat dit gaan oor die bemagtiging van mense om die volle lewe met volle verantwoordelikheid teenoor die skepping te beleef wat deur God gegee is. Slegs deur 'n teologiese begrip van ontwikkeling te ontwikkel en deur saam te werk met ander instansies om mense toe te rus vir ontwikkeling, sal die Kerk in staat wees om waarlik te beantwoord aan sy roeping - sal dit die proses voortdryf wat deur God begin is toe Hy die Kerk as die "eerste vrugte" van die nuwe humaniteit in die lewe geroep het. Vir hierdie doel word die kurrikulum vir Teologie en Gemeenskapsontwikkeling ontwerp, gebaseer op die uitdagings van ontwikkeling, die bronne van teologie in die onderwys-tradisie van die Kerk, die realiteite van die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks en die beginsels van die Mens-gesentreerde Deelnemende Ontwikkelings benadering - om die Kerk te bemagtig om 'n effektiewe agent en/of katalisator vir sosiale transformasie, besonders in Suid-Afrika te wees.

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis addresses the topic of carbon finance in the context of reforestation and avoided deforestation. The research is based on the Nhambita Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and Agro-forestry carbon offset project in North West Mozambique. The thesis raises important questions in terms of the relevance of carbon offset projects to human and biophysical realities in Africa. The research was conducted through the lens of ethnographic development and explores how carbon offset projects are received by recipient communities. What issues do such projects attempt to address? Are the targeted issues the „real‟ issues, as they are perceived by local populations in developing countries? Who do such projects benefit and who do they benefit the most? The thesis comprises two academic papers. The first paper is a synthesis article presenting a review of key issues with regards to the roll-out of improved cooking stoves (ICS) in the context of carbon offset projects, combined with a pre-feasibility study on the introduction of ICS in the Nhambita village. It shows how biomass will continue to play a dominant role in addressing Southern African energy needs and how a large scale dissemination of ICS could play a seminal role in alleviating pressure on threatened ecosystems. The paper, however, recognizes that ICS programmes are not a panacea and discusses the pitfalls of paradigms underlying stove-provision programmes to date. Based on a review of the pertinent literature and on the field work conducted in Mozambique, conclusions are drawn that environmental and health considerations do not constitute a sufficient „pull‟ factor from the end user‟s perspective. It appears that best channels to engage with the targeted users are economic and social rationales. This debate is of particular relevance to climate change policy but it also offers insights in terms of the acceptance of such programmes by the target communities. The second paper is related to the first in that it discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the developmental ambitions of carbon offset projects. By virtue of the market systems that regulate them, such carbon offset projects imply an innovative developmental praxis, whereby project recipients become the owners and the sellers of a tangible good in the form of carbon credits. This innovative dimension is, however, thwarted by the fact that such projects stir welfare expectations from project participants. Such livelihood improvement expectations become the fertile ground for difficulties reminiscent of the weakness of traditional aid. The intricacies underpinning this new mechanism that combines land use changes with environmental conservation and livelihood benefits are debated in the context of private entrepreneurship and global markets. The analysis is anchored in a socioanthropological interpretation of climate change science and lays the emphasis on the risks and constraints of such projects, from the perspective of the target communities. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of these findings. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis behandel die onderwerp van koolstoffinansies binne die konteks van herbebossing en vermyde ontbossing. Die navorsing is gebaseer op die Nhambita Veminderde Emissies van Ontbossing en Degradasie (REDD) en die agrobosbou koolstofkompensasieprojek in Noord-Wes Mosambiek Die tesis opper belangrike vrae ingevolge die relevansie van koolstofverminderingsprojekte vir die menslike en biofisiese realiteite van Afrika. Watter kwessies probeer sulke projekte aanspreek? Is die geteikende kwessies die „ware‟ kwessies, soos hulle gesien word deur plaaslike bevolkings in ontwikkelende lande? Wie trek voordeel uit sulke projekte en wie trek die meeste voordeel daaruit? Die tesis behels twee akademiese verhandelings. Die eerste verhandeling is „n sinteseartikel wat „n oorsig bied van sleutelkwessies ten opsigte van die uitrol van verbeterde kookstowe (VKS) binne die konteks van koolstofverminderingsprojekte, gekombineer met „n vooruitvoerbaarheidstudie oor die bekendstelling van VKS in die Nhambita-dorpie. Dit dui aan hoe biomassa sal voortgaan om „n dominante rol te vervul in die aanspreek van energiebehoeftes in Afrika en hoe die onderliggende paradigmas van vorige stoofvoorsieningsprogramme heroorweeg moet word om tot die debat by te dra. Hierdie benadering erken die belangrikheid van hierdie hernubare energiebron, terwyl dit die ekologiese implikasies van die swaar steun op biomassa besef, veral in Suider Afrika. Gebaseer op 'n oorsig van gepaste literatuur sowel as die veldwerk gedoen in Mosambiek, word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat omgewings- en gesondheidsoorwegings nie genoeg stukrag verleen vanuit die eindgebruiker se perspektief nie. Die beste kanale om by die teikengebruikers betrokke te raak, is ekonomiese en sosiale rasionale. Hierdie debat is van besondere betekenis vir die klimaatsveranderingsbeleid maar word ook fyn bestudeer ten opsigte van die aanvaarding van sodanige programme deur die teikengemeenskappe. Die tweede verhandeling is verwant aan die eerste in die opsig dat dit die geleenthede en uitdagings bespreek wat verband hou met die ontwikkelingsbehoeftes van koolstofverminderingsprojekte. Uit hoofde van die markstelsel wat hulle reguleer, impliseer sulke koolstofverminderingsprojekte „n innoverende ontwikkelingspraktyk, waarvolgens projekontvangers die verkopers word van „n tasbare voordeel in die vorm van koolstofkrediete. Hierdie innoverende dimensie word gedwarsboom deur „n tradisionele benadering tot ontwikkeling wat ontstaan uit die welvaartverwagtings van projekdeelnemers. Sodanige bestaansverbeteringverwagtings word die teelaarde van probleme kenmerkend van die swakheid van tradisionele bystand. Die ingewikkeldhede van hierdie nuwe meganisme, wat landgebruikveranderings kombineer met omgewingsbewaring, asook die bestaansvoordele word gedebatteer binne die konteks van privaat entrepreneurskap en wêreldmarkte. Die ontleding is geanker in „n sosio-antropologiese interpretasie van klimaatsveranderingwetenskap en benadruk die risiko‟s en beperkings van sulke projekte, vanuit die perspektief van die teikengemeenskappe.