In this thesis, we integrate the memory subsystem, including cache and MMU¡]Memory Management Unit¡^ with the embedded 32 bits microprocessor SYS32TM-II to support the virtual memory mechanism of the operating system and make memory management effectively among multi-processes in the system. To provide the virtual to physical address translation with MMU and to improve the system performance with cache. We reuse the memory subsystem of the LEON2 SoC platform and design the communication interface to coordinate the processor core SYS32TM-II with the LEON2 memory subsystem, and modify the LEON2 memory subsystem to compatible with SYS32TM-II. After the integration of memory subsystem, a reusing cache for program address trace compression in real time is proposed. The advantage is that reusing cache with minor hardware modification can not only save the hardware compressor overhead but also obtain a high compression ratio. Experimental results show that the proposed approach causes few hardware area overhead but achieves approximately 90% compression ratio at real-time. Therefore, this thesis is the memory subsystem with parameterized design and with the ability to support system debugging. The role of the memory subsystem is not only to improve the system performance and to provide the hardware support requiring by the operating system, with minor modification, the memory susbsystem can also capture the dynamic program execution trace in parallel with microprocessor. The address trace compression mechanism will not effect the program execution and capable to compress at real-time.

It has been confirmed that reconfigurable computing system has potential to accelerate in large amounts of data computing. However, current trend is towards combining a microprocessor with one or many reconfigurable computing units. Thus, it might cause multiple devices to compete for System Bus that caused bus collision. And then the system performance will be limited on the bandwidth. Based on these shortcomings, this paper proposes an architecture which combines DDRx memory with a reconfigurable FPGA to construct a module with both storage and computing functions called Brain module. Brain module¡¦s instruction set is created through the extension of DDRx memory instruction. We also design the brain module controller and Hardware Management Unit. According to the definition of Software-Hardware Co-communication, the dynamically constructed Hardware Management Unit will create a hardware function call mechanism. We also establish internal data switching mechanism to achieve transmission data between memory and reconfigurable computing internal the controller. Thus, it can reduce the workload of System Bus and integrate hardware and software work. In software structure, we inherit the traditional programming language and integrate program data area and reconfigurable computing data area. Brain module data is accessed through memory mapping I/O. User can implement the software-hardware co-work by integrated programming environment,

Energy harvesting is becoming increasingly important in low-power applications where energy from the environment is used to power the system alone, or to supplement a battery. For example, pulse oximeter sensors inside helmets of road racing cyclists are powered by the sun. These sensors have become smaller and more practical without the limitation of a finite energy supply. Harvested energy from an energy transducer (solar, piezoelectric, etc.) must be maximized to ensure these devices can survive periods where environmental energy is scarce. The conversion process from the transducer to usable power for the device is not perfectly efficient. Specifically, the output voltage of a solar cell is a function of the light intensity, and by extension the load it powers. A small perturbation of the light source quickly diminishes the available power. The wasted power reduces the energy available for the application, and can be improved using an approach called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This technique maximizes harvesting efficiency by dynamically impedance matching the transducer to its load. This report introduces the Maximum Efficient Solar Harvester (MESH), an MPPT algorithm tuned for a specific Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) application. MESH specifically controls the operation of the DC-DC converter in a solar power management unit (PMU). The control is done by monitoring the available light and feeding that information to choose the optimal operating point DC-DC converter. This operating point has a direct dependency on the overall efficiency of the system. For MESH to be practical, the cost and power overhead of adding this functionality must be assessed. Empirical results indicate that MESH improves the maximum efficiency of the popular Texas Instruments (TI) RF2500-SEH WSN platform by an average of 20%, which far exceeds the power overhead it incurs. The cost is also found to be minimal, as WSN platforms already include a large portion of the hardware required to implement MESH. The report was done in collaboration with Stephen Kobdish. It covers the software implementation and MESH architecture definition; Kobdish's companion report focuses on hardware components and the bench automation environment. / text

Este trabalho foca no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico que tem como objetivo controlar um motor de combustão interna do ciclo Otto. Essa unidade é composta por três blocos independentes, onde cada um deles é composto por um hardware e um software específico. O primeiro bloco é chamado de gerenciamento e ele é responsável por ler todos os sinais de sensores, processá-los e criar com isso alguns parâmetros de controle que são transmitidos para o bloco de sincronismo por meio de uma comunicação SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface). O bloco de sincronismo por sua vez recebe esses parâmetros com a intenção de controlar as válvulas injetoras e as bobinas de ignição no momento exato para manter o motor em um funcionamento perfeito. O terceiro bloco é chamado comunicação/diagnose, sendo responsável por ser a interface entre o motor e os usuários e desenvolvedores. Portanto, ele monitora algumas informações do motor e as mostram em um display, bem como possíveis falhas que possam ocorrer na utilização dele. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é mostrar como essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico foi desenvolvida, algumas estratégias usadas para controlar o motor e alguns resultados práticos aplicando essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico em um motor real montado em uma plataforma de metal chamado mock-up. / This paper focuses on the development of an electronic management unit which has the objective to control an Otto cycle internal combustion engine. This unit is composed by three separated blocks where each one of these blocks is composed by one specific hardware and software. The first block is named management and it is responsible to read all the engine sensors signals, to process these signals and to create with it some parameters of control that is transferred to the synchronism block through a SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface) communication. The synchronism block receives these parameters in order to control the nozzles and the ignition coils in the exact moment to keep the engine running perfectly. The third block is named communication/diagnoses and it is responsible to be the interface between the engine and the drivers and developers. So it monitores some engine information and it shows this information in a display, as well some possible faults that can occur with the use of it. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to show how this electronic control unit was developed, some strategies used to control the engine and some practical results, by applying this electronic control unit in a real engine assembled in an iron base platform, named mock-up.

In Verbindung mit eingebetteten Systemen spielte Sicherheit in der Vergangenheit eher eine untergeordnete Rolle. Im Vordergrund standen vorhersagbare Ausführungszeiten und der finanzielle Rahmen. Aufgrund der zunehmenden Vernetzung und der Konzentration mehrerer Anwendungen auf einen Prozessor gewinnt dieser Gesichtspunkt jedoch stärker an Bedeutung. Der Blackfin-Prozessor des Herstellers Analog Devices, welcher die Konzepte von Mikrocontroller und digitalem Signalprozessor in sich vereint, entspricht diesem Trend, indem er die Möglichkeit des Speicherschutzes integriert. Das Betriebssystem uClinux wurde speziell auf die Bedürfnisse von eingebetteten Systemen angepasst, da es im Gegensatz zu Linux keinen virtuellen Speicher unterstützt. Es wurde zwar bereits auf die Architektur des Blackfin Prozessors portiert, verfügte jedoch bisher nicht über nennenswerte Mechanismen zum Schutz des Speichers. Der Hauptteil dieser Diplomarbeit besteht deshalb darin, Linux’ Speicherverwaltung zu analysieren, einen ähnlichen Ansatz in uClinux zu implementieren und schließlich den Einfluss auf die Leistung des Systems zu ermitteln. Die entstandene Realisierung schützt sowohl den Speicher einzelner Prozesse als auch den des Betriebssystemkerns. Obwohl die Lösung im Moment noch prototypischen Charakter besitzt, ist sie bereits voll funktionsfähig. Des Weiteren diskutiert die Arbeit auch den Ansatz des alleinigen Kernel-Schutzes und unterbreitet einen Vorschlag zur Verringerung der Interrupt-Latenzzeit. / In the past, embedded system’s security has been often omitted in order to trade it for system cost and more predictable execution timings. Due to the pressure induced by increased networking and multitasking, this issue is getting more important. Therefore, Analog Devices’ Blackfin processor, which combines capabilities of signal processing and controlling, additionally provides means for memory protection. The operating system uClinux, which is especially suitable for embedded systems because support for Virtual Memory has been removed, has already been ported to the Blackfin architecture, but still lacks support for memory protection. Thus, the main effort of this thesis consists of analysing Linux’s memory management, reimplementing similar approaches into the uClinux kernel, and measuring the resulting overhead. The implemented protection scheme does secure both particular processes and kernel space. Even if it is still in a prototypical state, memory protection is fully functional. In addition, approaches for exclusive kernel protection and reducing interrupt latency are discussed.

Submitted by ANDREA TEIXEIRA DE LIMA FRANCESCHINI null (andreafranceschini@globo.com) on 2016-04-29T15:19:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDREA_FINAL_UHU.pdf: 3602762 bytes, checksum: c42ba78af6b7cd87356ba1f56a3f2c3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-02T18:27:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 franceschini_atl_me_soro.pdf: 3602762 bytes, checksum: c42ba78af6b7cd87356ba1f56a3f2c3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T18:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 franceschini_atl_me_soro.pdf: 3602762 bytes, checksum: c42ba78af6b7cd87356ba1f56a3f2c3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Este estudo analisou a variabilidade das precipitações ocorridas na área da Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Sorocaba e Médio Tietê da Região Hidrográfica do rio Tietê (UGRHI 10) e suas anomalias. Foram escolhidos 50 postos pluviométricos que representaram a área de estudo e adotou-se como intervalo de tempo o período de 1974 a 2008. Foi estudada a precipitação através dos seguintes parâmetros estatísticos: média, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação, máximos, mínimos e amplitude. Também foi realizado a análise de séries temporais, sendo calculados os índices de concentração diário IC e mensal ICP, além da relação entre a porcentagem de dias consecutivos chuvosos e os percentuais acumulados de precipitação que contribuíram com as percentagens acumuladas de dias durante a ocorrência: PP5, PP10, PP15, PP20, PP50. A heterogeneidade da precipitação mensal foi analisada utilizando o índice de concentração da chuva (ICP), que é a quantidade de chuvas do mês, calculada para cada um dos pluviômetros e para cada ano, durante o período de estudo. A quantificação do déficit ou do excesso de precipitação em diferentes escalas de tempo foi realizada através do cálculo do Índice Padronizado de Precipitação (IPP) verificando a disponibilidade hídrica da área de estudo. Foi aplicada a Geoestatística para verificação da correlação espacial existente entre os postos pluviométricos escolhidos. No resultado destacam-se duas áreas: a primeira abrangendo as regiões sudeste e noroeste e a segunda as regiões centro-leste e centro-oeste. Na primeira que apresenta altitudes e declividades elevadas ocorreram os maiores valores do índice de concentração, enquanto a segunda que apresenta relevo suave e colinas amplas ocorreram os menores valores. Em relação as chuvas mensais, toda a Unidade apresentou concentração moderada. O ano de 1983 foi úmido apresentando excesso de precipitação, conforme observado nos valores de IPP positivos; já 1985 foi um ano seco, com déficit de precipitação onde foram encontrados os maiores valores negativos de IPP. / This study analyzed the variability of precipitation occurred in the area of Sorocaba Water Resources Management Unit and the Middle Tietê River Basin River Tietê (UGRHI 10) and its anomalies 50 rain gauges were chosen representing the study area and adopted as range the time period from 1974 to 2008. He was studying the fallout and its statistical parameters: mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, maximum, minimum and amplitude. It was performed the analysis of time series, with calculation of indices of daily IC and monthly ICP concentration and the relation between the percentage of rainy days in a row and the cumulative percentage of precipitation that contributed to the cumulative percentages of days the occurrence: PP5 , PP10, PP15, PP20, PP50. The heterogeneous monthly rainfall was analyzed using the concentration ratio rain ICPs is the amount of rainfall in the month calculated for each of the gauges and for each year during the study period. The quantification of the deficit or excess rainfall in different time scales was performed by calculating the Standardized Precipitation Index (IPP) checking the water availability in the study area. It was applied to Goestatistics to verify the existing spatial correlation between the selected rainfall stations. In the result we highlight two areas: the first covering the southeast and northwest and the second the central-eastern region and the midwest. In the first presenting elevations and slopes occurred the highest values of the concentration index and the second presenting mild relief and large hills showed the lowest values. Regarding the monthly rainfall, the entire unit had moderate concentration. The year 1983 was humid presenting excess rainfall, as noted in its positive IPP values since 1985 was a dry year with rainfall deficit where the biggest negative IPP were found.

Este trabalho foca no desenvolvimento de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico que tem como objetivo controlar um motor de combustão interna do ciclo Otto. Essa unidade é composta por três blocos independentes, onde cada um deles é composto por um hardware e um software específico. O primeiro bloco é chamado de gerenciamento e ele é responsável por ler todos os sinais de sensores, processá-los e criar com isso alguns parâmetros de controle que são transmitidos para o bloco de sincronismo por meio de uma comunicação SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface). O bloco de sincronismo por sua vez recebe esses parâmetros com a intenção de controlar as válvulas injetoras e as bobinas de ignição no momento exato para manter o motor em um funcionamento perfeito. O terceiro bloco é chamado comunicação/diagnose, sendo responsável por ser a interface entre o motor e os usuários e desenvolvedores. Portanto, ele monitora algumas informações do motor e as mostram em um display, bem como possíveis falhas que possam ocorrer na utilização dele. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é mostrar como essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico foi desenvolvida, algumas estratégias usadas para controlar o motor e alguns resultados práticos aplicando essa unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico em um motor real montado em uma plataforma de metal chamado mock-up. / This paper focuses on the development of an electronic management unit which has the objective to control an Otto cycle internal combustion engine. This unit is composed by three separated blocks where each one of these blocks is composed by one specific hardware and software. The first block is named management and it is responsible to read all the engine sensors signals, to process these signals and to create with it some parameters of control that is transferred to the synchronism block through a SPI (Synchronous Peripheral Interface) communication. The synchronism block receives these parameters in order to control the nozzles and the ignition coils in the exact moment to keep the engine running perfectly. The third block is named communication/diagnoses and it is responsible to be the interface between the engine and the drivers and developers. So it monitores some engine information and it shows this information in a display, as well some possible faults that can occur with the use of it. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to show how this electronic control unit was developed, some strategies used to control the engine and some practical results, by applying this electronic control unit in a real engine assembled in an iron base platform, named mock-up.

In the southern United States, institutional forest owners engaged in forest certification programs often retain unharvested or less-intensively harvested vegetation when clearcut harvesting intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) forests (“IMPFs”), a practice called ‘green tree retention’. I investigated resultant patterns of land cover and retained structural elements in recently-harvested IMPF management units (“MUs”) and related them to avian biodiversity to provide information to support harvest decisions. First, to provide forest managers baseline data on retention, I screen-digitized land cover on 1187 MUs (totaling 51646 ha) and characterized green tree retention levels and internal land cover attributes (Chapter 2). I found MU land cover was dominated by regenerating clearcuts (mean: 80.5%), streamside management zones (“SMZs”; vegetated buffers surrounding intermittent and perennial streams; 14.0%) and stringers (buffers surrounding ephemeral streams; 3.3%). Next, I surveyed 60 MUs for vegetation stem density and cover (Chapter 3). Concurrently, I surveyed avian community density and richness (Chapter 4). Vegetation and avian metrics were compared and contrasted across the dominant cover types (with emphasis on stringer/SMZ similarity) to understand impacts of retained structural elements on biodiversity outcomes. I found that snag and log density, midstory pine density, understory deciduous cover, and ground cover were not different in stringers and SMZs; however, overstory (pine and deciduous) and midstory (deciduous) tree density was lower in stringers than in SMZs, and understory pine density was greater in SMZs. Species overlap between cover types was high (74% to 84%), but SMZs and stringers provided 27% of MU species richness. Stringers appeared to benefit both shrubland- and forest-associated birds. Finally, I sampled land cover across 4450 sq-km surrounding the 60 MUs, and performed ordination analyses to identify associations between local-scale (MU interiors) and landscape-scale (3-km buffers around MUs) land cover and avian guild diversity (Chapter 5). I found the region to be >90% forested. Cover type data explained 41% of the partial variation in avian density and total species richness. Local-scale MU characteristics appeared more important than landscape-scale characteristics in explaining avian biodiversity responses. My results suggest that retained structural features support and enhance MU biodiversity in harvested IMPFs.

Submitted by LUCÍOLA GUIMARÃES RIBEIRO (luciola.eng@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T01:49:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RIBEIRO L G_DISSERTAÇÃO 06-2018.pdf: 5496207 bytes, checksum: 370aa607e2f52d74abd2d6d10a9870b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-07-11T11:52:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_lg_me_ilha.pdf: 5496207 bytes, checksum: 370aa607e2f52d74abd2d6d10a9870b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T11:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_lg_me_ilha.pdf: 5496207 bytes, checksum: 370aa607e2f52d74abd2d6d10a9870b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O monitoramento qualitativo e quantitativo das águas superficiais pode indicar as atividades humanas, que apresentam potenciais riscos a este recurso, servindo assim como uma ferramenta fundamental para a gestão dos corpos d’água. A realização de estudos relacionados aos recursos hídricos fornece informações capazes de estabelecer os critérios para sua gestão e tomadas de decisão considerando o enquadramento dos corpos d'água e as particularidades de cada bacia hidrográfica. Nesse contexto, este estudo abordou os fatores que interferem negativamente na qualidade da água e os danos causados aos recursos hídricos e a biota aquática como consequência desses fatores. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade e a ecotoxicidade da água da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São José dos Dourados-SP.Foram utilizados seis pontos de monitoramento devidamente georreferenciados da Rede Básica Integrada da CETESB/ANA que existe na UGRHI 18. Os parâmetros de qualidade de água avaliados na bacia hidrográfica foram: sólidos totais, temperatura, turbidez, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), fósforo total,nitrogênio total, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, Escherichia coli e ensaio ecotoxicológico com Ceriodaphnia dubia. Os parâmetros físicos, químicos, microbiológico e ecotoxicológico foram avaliados separadamente e posteriormente o índice de qualidade da água (IQA) foi determinado a fim de se verificar qual a melhor forma de avaliação da qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Os dados referentes aos parâmetros de qualidade da água foram obtidos por meio do Relatório de Qualidade das Águas Superficiais no Estado de São Paulo de 2015, elaborado pela CETESB. O índice de qualidade da água da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São José dos Dourados variou de ótima a boa, indicando que o uso e ocupação do solo no entorno da Bacia não tem prejudicado a qualidade de água de forma geral. Entretanto, a análise individualizada dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos permitiu verificar que o fósforo total, oxigênio dissolvido e E. coli excederam os limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005, evidenciando que as ações antrópicas estão influenciando a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Essas alterações podem estar relacionadas com o regime pluviométrico, lançamento de esgotos domésticos e a dissolução de compostos no solo como os fertilizantes, agrotóxicos e excremento de animais. A água da Bacia não apresenta toxicidade aguda para C. dúbia, ou seja, não estão ocorrendo efeitos de transformações das substâncias químicas sobre esses organismos que vivem nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos servem como complemento para as análises físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, pois proporcionam abordagens integradas dos efeitos de poluentes, levando em consideração a resposta da comunidade biológica, servindo como um instrumento de controle de poluição. Esse estudo demonstra que, ao utilizar o IQA, perdem-se informações relevantes para a avaliação da qualidade dos corpos d'água, já que, com a aplicação do índice, não se consegue fazer uma interação dos parâmetros analisados. / Qualitative and quantitative monitoring of superficial waters can indicate human activities which present risks to this resource, serving as a main instrument to the management of water bodies. Studies related to hydric resources provide information that can establish criteria for their management and decision-making, considering the framing of the water bodies and the particularities of each watershed. In this context, this study approached the factors that interfere in a negative way in water quality and the damages caused to hydric resources, and the aquatic biota as an effect of those factors. This resource aimed at evaluating the quality and the ecotoxicity of water from the Watershed of the River São José dos Dourados-SP. We used six points of monitoring properly georeferenced from the Integrated Basic Web of CETESB/ANA that exists in UGRHI 18. The parameters of water quality that were evaluated in the watershed are: total solids, temperature, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, Escherichia coli and ecotoxicological experiment with Ceriodaphnia dubia. Physical, chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological parameters were evaluated separately and later the index of water quality (IWQ) was determined to verify the best way to evaluate the quality of hydric resources. The data about water quality parameters were obtained from the Report of Quality of Superficial Waters in the State of São Paulo of the year 2015, elaborated by CETESB. The index of water quality in the Watershed of the River São José dos Dourados had a variation from great to good, what indicates that the land use and zoning land around the Watershed has not damaged the water quality in a general way. However, doing an individualized analysis of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, allowed to verify that total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and E. coli exceeded the limits established by the CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. It shows that anthropic actions are influencing the quality of hydric resources. Those alterations may be related to the pluviometric regimen, domestic sewage discharge and the dissolution of composites in the ground, such as fertilizers, pesticides and animal excrements. The water in the Watershed does not present acute toxicity to C. dúbia, i.e., there are no effects of transformation of chemical substances on the organisms living in the aquatic ecosystems. The ecotoxicological experiments serve as a complement to physical, chemical and microbiological analysis, because it provides integrated approaches of the effects of pollutants, considering the response of the biological community, serving as an instrument of pollution control. This research demonstrates that using the IWQ we lose relevant information for water bodies quality evaluation, as applying the index we cannot make an interaction of the analyzed parameters. / CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

<p>This study seeks to understand and examine the role of public policy units with a specific focus on the South African National Parliament Policy Management Unit (PMU). The problem being investigated is that of a lack of constructive support and debate in understanding the role and functions of policy management units. Thus, the scope of the study is limited to policy management units with the South African Parliament PMU as a special reference. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of policy management units, with particular reference to the PMU in the South African Parliament. The secondary objectives will then be to provide a theoretical perspective of the role and functions of policy management units / and to develop a case of the PMU in Parliament for further analysis and examination. Examples of existing policy units and the support they have with parliaments will be produced, assessed, and explored.</p>