國 立 政 治 大 學 研 究 所 碩 士 論 文 提 要 研究所別: 語言學研究所 論文名稱: 中文對話中的異議現象 指導教授: 李櫻 博士 研究生: 林智怡 論文提要內容: 共壹冊，分伍章 在日常對話中，我們觀察到衝突對話是避免出現的，而大致上人們較傾向給予同意，而不傾向行使異議對話。既然在中國社會裡，面子和禮貌是相當受重視的，因此在中文對話中避免行使異議對話尤其重要。雖然在很多情境下，禮貌意味著盡量給予同意而避免異議，但顯然人們並不總是在同意他人。如果一個人不同意他的談話對象所表達的意見，他可以用一些禮貌的方式來避免威脅到對方的顏面。本篇研究的重點就是在調查當說話者要行使異議時，他們對不同的語用策略(pragmatic strategies)及語言特徵(linguistic features)的運用，並將探討說話者對談話原則中的合作原則(CP)及禮貌原則(PP)的遵守或違反。在調查的過程中，性別差異也將列入考慮。 在這篇研究當中，我們收集了九筆日常面對面對話互動的語料：三筆男對男的對話，三筆女對女的對話，三筆男與女的對話。每筆語料都是錄音自兩位熟朋友間大約四十五分鐘的對話。在語料分析的過程中，我們同時採用質性與量化的探討來調查並解釋中文對話中的異議現象。 研究結果顯示在異議時所呈現的語用策略及語言特徵似乎互相矛盾。人們傾向使用較具侵略性及競爭性的糾正策略(correction)來行使他們的異議，反而傾向用較宛轉的語言特徵來表示異議。然而，這並不是一個真正的矛盾，相反的，它可能顯示出年輕的族群不只在乎禮貌的和諧關係，同時也用較直接的語用策略來表示他們之間的一致性(solidarity)。除了用較宛轉的語言特徵來緩和行使異議時所用的較直接的語用策略外，人們在行使異議時也違反一些合作原則來實行禮貌原則或其他對話原則。不論人們如何行使異議，表面上禮貌或不禮貌，違反合作原則來遵守其他的談話原則的最終目的都是得體合宜及禮貌。 至於異議表現的性別差異，雖然一般的印象中是男性的互動比女性較具競爭性、侵略性及好辯，然而我們這裡的研究並不完全和這樣的模式吻合。女性現在較主動表達她們的意見，然而她們自由表達她們的想法只侷限在同樣是女性面前。換句話說，雖然現在的女性比傳統女性受較好的教育，男性也已意識到表現騎士風範及尊重女性的重要性，然而男女之間的權力(power)差異，似乎仍在現代社會中有著影響力。 / Abstract In daily conversation, it can be observed that conflict talk is avoided and agreement is generally preferred over disagreement. Avoidance of disagreement plays an especially important role in Mandarin Chinese conversation, since face and politeness are valued high in Chinese society. Although in many contexts being polite means maximizing areas of agreement and minimizing disagreement, clearly people do not always agree; and if one does not agree with the views expressed by a conversational partner, there are polite options available for him to avoid any possible threat on the interlocutor’s face. The focus of this study is to investigate the speakers’ use of different pragmatic strategies and linguistic features when disagreement arises, and will also discuss the speakers’ observation or violation of the conversational principles of CP and PP. In the process of our investigation, gender difference will be taken into consideration. In this study, we collect 9 dyadic face to face daily conversations: three male-to-male conversations, three female-to-female conversations, and three mixed-gender conversations. Each conversation is given by two close friends and tape-recorded around forty-five minutes. In the process of data analysis, qualitative as well as quantitative analysis will both be adopted to investigate and explain the phenomenon of disagreement in Mandarin Chinese conversation. The results of this study indicate that the performance of the pragmatic strategies and the linguistic features in disagreement seems to be a contradiction. People tend to choose the aggressive and competitive strategy of correction to perform their disagreement, while they tend to choose mitigating features when performing their disagreement. However, this may not be a real contradiction. Instead, it may show that the young group’s concern is not only the harmonious relationships observed in politeness, but also the solidarity signaled by using direct pragmatic strategies. Besides using the mitigating linguistic features to tone down the direct pragmatic strategies in the performance of disagreement, people also violate some CP maxims to uphold the PP and other conversation principles when performing their disagreement. No matter how the disagreement is performed, superficially polite or impolite, the major concern and ultimate achievement of the CP violation for the sake of observation of other linguistic maxims is appropriateness and politeness. As for the gender differences in the performance of disagreement, though the overall impression is that male interaction is typically more competitive, aggressive and argumentative than female, our study here does not completely match with the general pattern. Females are now more active in expressing their opinions; however, they freely express their thought only in front of their own sex. In other words, the power difference between males and females still has its influence in this modern society though now females are better-educated than the traditional women and males have already known the importance of showing chivalry and respect to females.