Cotesia congregata est une guêpe parasitoïde qui se développe à l’intérieur de la larve du Lépidoptère, Manduca sexta. Ce parasitoïde a développé une stratégie de virulence qui utilise un symbionte viral de la famille des Polydnavirus nommé Cotesia congregata bracovirus. Mon travail de thèse a permis de caractériser le dialogue moléculaire au cours de l’interaction par des approches de transcriptomique à haut débit et de physiologie. Ces travaux ont permis d’établir la première carte fonctionnelle du génome viral et de visualiser l’ensemble des gènes de M. sexta régulés au cours du parasitisme. La régulation des gènes de l’immunité a révélé que le parasitisme n’empêche pas l’induction de peptides antimicrobiens, mais entraine la sous-expression de gènes impliqués dans la réponse cellulaire. De plus j’ai pu mettre en évidence une réduction du nombre de cellules adhérentes au cours de l’interaction et décrire l’induction d’un phénotype de type apoptose d’une catégorie de cellules immunitaires. Ces résultats permettent d’identifier des gènes acteurs de l’interaction et apportent de nouvelles connaissances relatives aux interactions hôtes-parasitoïdes. / Cotesia congregata is a parasitoid wasp that develops inside the lepidopteran larvae, Manduca sexta. This parasitoid wasp has evolved virulence strategies using an obligate viral symbiont from the Polydnavirus family named Cotesia congregata bracovirus. My thesis work has allowed us to characterize the molecular dialogue during the interaction by physiological and high-throughput transcriptomic approaches. This work allowed to obtain the first functional map of the viral genome and to identify all M. sexta genes regulated during parasitism. Regulation of immune genes revealed that parasitism does not prevent induction of antimicrobial peptides, but leads to the down-regulation of genes involved in the cellular response. Moreover, I was able to demonstrate a reduction in the number of adherent cells during the interaction and to describe this induction as an apoptosis-like phenotype targeting a specific population of immune cells. These findings open the way to the identification of candidate genes involved in this particular interaction and provide new insights into host-parasitoid interactions in general.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 C52 / Master of Science

This study investigated a system comprised of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae), their symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus) and an insect host, M. sexta. The focus of this investigation was to examine the effects insect host condition on the nematode-bacterium mutualistic partnership as a whole. The EPN used in the study had varying host-searching strategies: an ambusher, Steinernema carpocapsae, and a cruiser, Heterorhabditis sonorensis. Insect host age and diet were evaluated as factors that affect insect host condition. Wandering 5th instar M. sexta were much less susceptible to EPN infection compared to non-wandering 5th instar larvae, regardless of EPN species. Insect host diet had a significant impact on H. sonorensis susceptibility to EPN infection, and a non-significant trend was observed for S. carpocapsae. EPN and bacterial symbiont fitness were unaffected by insect host condition. This is the first record of the effect of insect host condition on both EPN and their symbiotic bacteria.

Among the predicted impacts associated with global climate change, warming is of special interest because the rates of physiological processes are temperature-dependent. Insects and other ectotherms are likely to be affected due to their limited ability to control body temperature. In this study, I measured the tolerance to extreme high temperatures, i.e., critical thermal maximum (CTmax), of component species in a tri-trophic system, including an herbivore (Manduca sexta), a primary larval parasitoid (Cotesia congregata) and a hyperparasitoid (genus Silochalcis). For wild insects, the parasitoid had the lowest CTmax, the hyperparasitoid had the highest, and the herbivore was intermediate. For laboratory insects, the parasitoid had a lower CTmax than the herbivore. Results suggest that laboratory colonies can be used to predict relative thermal performance of interacting species in the field. Variations in tolerance to high temperature among component species could disrupt the outcome of interactions in multi-trophic systems.

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is the causative agent of melioidosis, an opportunistic but serious human disease endemic to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. The ‘Bp-group’ includes Bp and the closely-related organisms B. thailandensis (Bt) and B. oklahomensis (Bo), all of which are usually soil-dwelling saprophytes, and B. mallei (Bm) which is an equine-host-adapted pathogen. Bt is virulent in a number of invertebrate models but is generally non-pathogenic for mammals and is often used as a surrogate for the study of virulence mechanisms shared with Bp. Experiments to assess the potential of the Tobacco Hawkmoth Manduca sexta as a model host for Bp or Bt infection revealed surprising results. Bp, Bt and Bo were all lethal to M. sexta larvae. This is the first report of Bo virulence in an infection model. Additionally, the relative virulence of the three species was the reverse of that reported in humans and in larvae of the Greater Waxworm Galleria mellonella. Despite that, well-known hallmarks of Bp-group pathogenesis in mammalian hosts – intracellular survival and multiplication, actin remodelling and acute sepsis – were observed in M. sexta infection during a fluorescent confocal microscopy time-course study. M. sexta feeding experiments with Bt and Bo indicated that cultures of these bacteria are also pathogenic via the oral route, which is likely to be relevant for natural insect-bacteria interactions. Cell-free supernatant of Bo was as harmful to larvae as complete culture, supporting previous suggestions that Bp-group bacteria produce toxins or paralytic agents that are active against invertebrates. Finally, Rapid Virulence Annotation (RVA) was performed as a genome-wide screen for virulence determinants of Bp strain K96423, using three invertebrate bioassays with a recombinant expression library. In response to problems with the reproducibility of biologically active clones, a new statistical approach was devised which enabled quantitative identification of the most convincing RVA hits.

In insects, hemocytes are considered as the only source of plasma prophenoloxidase (PPO). PPO also exists in the hemocytes of the hematopoietic organ that is connected to the wing disc of Bombyx mori. It is unknown whether there are other cells or tissues that can produce PPO and release it into the hemolymph besides circulating hemocytes. In this study, we use the silkworm as a model to explore this possibility. Through tissue staining and biochemical assays, we found that wing discs contain PPO that can be released into the culture medium in vitro. An in situ assay showed that some cells in the cavity of wing discs have PPO1 and PPO2 mRNA. We conclude that the hematopoietic organ may wrongly release hemocytes into wing discs since they are connected through many tubes as repost in previous paper. In wing discs, the infiltrating hemocytes produce and release PPO probably through cell lysis and the PPO is later transported into hemolymph. Therefore, this might be another source of plasma PPO in the silkworm: some infiltrated hemocytes sourced from the hematopoietic organ release PPO via wing discs.

<p>The initiation of metamorphosis causes the cessation of the larval growth period which determines the final body size of adult insects. Because larval growth is roughly exponential, differences in timing the initiation of metamorphosis can cause large differences body size. Although many of the processes involved in metamorphosis have been well characterized, little is known about how the timing of the initiation of metamorphosis is determined. </p> <p>Using different strains from <italic>Tribolium castaneum<italic>, <italic>Tribolium freemani<italic>, and <italic>Manduca sexta<italic> and varied nutritional conditions, I was able to document the existence of a threshold size, which determines when the larva becomes competent to metamorphose. Threshold size, however, does not dictate the exact timing of initiation. The exact timing for the initiation of metamorphosis is determined by a pulse of the molting hormone, ecdysone, but only after threshold size has been reached. Ecdysone pulses before the larva attains threshold size only cause the larva to molt to another larval instar. These results indicate the timing of metamorphosis initiation is controlled by two factors: (1) attainment of threshold size, at which the larva becomes competent to initiate metamorphosis and (2) the timing of an ecdysone pulse after attaining threshold size. </p> <p>I hypothesize the attainment of threshold size, and therefore competence to metamorphose, is mediated by the effect of changing juvenile hormone concentrations caused by the increase in size of the larva. While the larval body grows nearly exponentially, the corpora allata, which secretes juvenile hormone, grows very little if at all. The difference in relative growth causes juvenile hormone concentrations to gradually become diluted. When juvenile hormone concentrations fall below a threshold, changes in protein-protein binding occur that can cause changes in signaling networks and ultimately gene expression. These changes make the larva competent for metamorphosis. </p> <p>I have demonstrated that only threshold size is consistently correlated with body size; other growth parameters such as growth rate, duration of instars, or number of instars do not consistently correlate with variation in body size. Using the black mutant strain of <italic>M. sexta<italic> I have shown that lower juvenile hormone titers correlate with lower threshold sizes. My hypothesis is consistent with the large body of literature indicating the involvement of juvenile hormone. I also hypothesize that the diversity of metamorphosis types in holometabolous insects can be explained by heterochronic shifts in the timing of threshold size and other developmental events related to metamorphosis. The heterochronic shifts affect not only the morphology of organs, but can also affect the overall phenotypic response of the larva to changes in the environment. The different phenotypic responses among species may make the more or less suited for certain types of niches.</p> / Dissertation

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Archazolid is a novel and highly efficient inhibitor of the V-ATPase, a ubiquitous membrane energizing protein complex consisting of a cytosolic ATP-hydrolyzing V1 domain and a VO domain which mediates proton translocation via a membrane embedded ring of c subunits. The intention of the present thesis was to characterize the archazolid binding site within the V-ATPase on the molecular level. Initial labeling experiments with 14C-derivatives of archazolid and the Manduca sexta V-ATPase clearly identified the c subunit as binding partner for the inhibitor. Concurrently performed site-directed mutagenesis studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealed that the amino acids tyrosine 142 and leucine 144, located within the fourth transmembrane helix of subunit c, contribute to archazolid binding. Strikingly, mutation of these amino acids to either asparagine or isoleucine resulted in a V-ATPase approximately 10-fold more sensitive to the inhibitor, indicating increased inhibitor-target interaction in both cases. In addition, inhibition assays with different derivatives of archazolid suggested close proximity of the C-15 of archazolid and tyrosine 142 of subunit c. Competition assays with NCD-4, a covalently binding inhibitor which specifically targets a highly conserved glutamate within subunit c that is essential for proton translocation, revealed that the archazolid binding site also comprises this amino acid. Since the three amino acids tyrosine 142, leucine 144 and glutamate 137 (positions according to the S. cerevisiae c subunit) form a triangle within the central part of subunit c, the archazolid binding site most likely resides within a single c subunit and the inhibitor probably directly prevents proton translocation by the c ring. A spin labeled derivative of archazolid was used to enlighten the stoichiometry of c subunits within the VO ring. The measurements, performed via double electron electron resonance spectroscopy on spin labeled archazolid bound to the M. sexta V-ATPase, revealed a clear distance distribution that suggested, based on the supposed binding site of archazolid, a number between 9 and 11 subunits in the ring. This number is in line with a previously suggested decameric arrangement of the M. sexta ring and excludes a hexameric structure which is frequently assumed to be valid for V-ATPases.

V-ATPasen sind eukaryotische Protonenpumpen, die viele sekundär aktive Transporte energetisieren und eine Reihe von intrazellulären Kompartimenten ansäuern. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wurde die Interaktion der V-ATPase aus Manduca sexta mit dem Aktin-Zytoskelett untersucht. Nachdem die Co-Lokalisation der V-ATPase mit F-Aktin in den apikalen Membranen der Gobletzellen immunzytochemisch festgestellt worden war, wurde auch die direkte Wechselwirkung zwischen der V-ATPase und den Aktinfilamenten durch Co-Pelletierungsstudien nachgewiesen. Mit Hilfe von Overlayblots wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl die Untereinheit B als auch Untereinheit C die Bindung an Aktin vermitteln. Co-Pelletierung der Aktinfilamente mit rekombinanter Untereinheit C wiesen eine direkte Interaktion zwischen beiden Proteinen nach. Mit rekombinanter Untereinheit C rekonstituierter V1-Komplex hatte eine deutlich höhere Affinität zu Aktinfilamenten als C-freier V1-Komplex. In Overlayblots wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Untereinheit C beide Formen (F- und G-) des Aktins bindet. Die Interaktion mit G-Aktin wurde mit NBD-markiertem Aktin quantifiziert, wobei sich Dissoziationskonstanten von 50-60 nM ergaben; eine Bevorzugung von ATP-Aktin gegenüber ADP-Aktin oder umgekehrt konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Die Untereinheit C beeinflusste die Dynamik des Aktin-Zytoskeletts dadurch, dass sie Aktinfilamente unabhängig vom pH stabilisierte und einen positiven Einfluss auf die Vernetzung von Aktinfilamenten hatte. Die auch im Fluoreszenzmikroskop nachgewiesene Fähigkeit zur Bündelung kann sowohl durch die zwei Aktinbindungsstellen in der Untereinheit C als auch durch ihre Di- und Oligomerisierung unter oxidierenden Bedingungen ermöglicht werden. Mit Hilfe von radioaktivem ATP wurde gezeigt, dass die Untereinheit C durch die Proteinkinase A phosphoryliert werden kann. Diesem Phänomen könnte eine große Bedeutung für die Regulation der Eigenschaften der Untereinheit C zukommen.