Volatile metabolites from headspace gas of mango cultivars Tommy Atkins and Keitt, wounded and inoculated with two pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae or non-inoculated controls were profiled using a GC/MS to develop a technology to discriminate diseases. Several disease discriminatory compounds were identified and classified into three groups: (i) compounds unique to only one treatment; (ii) compounds common to two or more treatments but not to all; and (iii) compounds common to all treatments but with varying in their abundance. 1-pentanol and boronic acid ethyl were detected in only Lasiodiplodia-inoculated mangoes while thujol was observed only in Colletotrichum-inoculated mangoes. Models based on significant mass ions classified up to 100% of the diseases/inoculations. The disease discriminatory compounds and discriminant analysis models developed here could be used in the early detection of postharvest diseases of mango fruit, after validation under commercial conditions.

The current research was designed to determine the effects of different compositions of a pectin-based emulsion coating on the quality indices and shelf life extension of mango and cucumber. The fruits were treated with pectin-based coating (coated) or kept as such (control), and stored under different temperatures and relative humidities. Samples of fruits were then tested periodically to note the changes in quality as determined by visual observation, weight loss, respiration rate, color, firmness, pH, titrable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), chlorophyll content, and decay. Coated fruits displayed retarded color development, higher TA, higher chlorophyll content, greater firmness, lower pH, and lower TSS. Loss in weight and CO 2 evolution were also reduced significantly. The results of this research suggested that pectin-based coating increased the shelf life of mango and cucumber more than 100% without perceptible losses in quality.

Two months of fieldwork was conducted during the summer of 2014 in Nicaragua, through qualitative interviews the aims was to investigate the Value Chain of dried mango and its potential as an alternative income source for livelihood improvements for households in Manzano Uno, Nicaragua. The idea to investigate dried mango in particular originates from a conversation in the spring of 2012 with Ben Orton, co- founder of local NGO Waves of Hope, who considered the idea after witnessing the huge amounts of ripe mango falling to the ground and rutting away during the peak season in Manzano Uno. The research problem in a bigger context is related to the debate on how developing countries, and rural parts in particular, are often excluded from the benefits that come with a globalized market economy, since they often lack the tools to participate or do so on unfavorable terms. The idea of a Value Chain Analysis is to detect where along the production line value is added to a product from raw to finished good. Income Diversification comes in to the investigation and contributes to the conclusion that it would be favorable for livelihood improvements to households in Manzano Uno to diversify income sources, to create more secure and higher quality income. The value chain analysis is mainly based on information provided by Sol Simple, an organic-fruit drying plant in San Ramon, Nicaragua and is one out of two fruit processing enterprises in the country. They have been growing every year and have positive expectations of the future. Dried fruit and mango in particular seems to have good prospects for future demand as export products and one important addition is the sustainable, organic and Fairtrade markets which all enable higher product prices and thereby enable bigger shares to go back to the local producers. The federal incentives in Nicaragua include focus on the foreign investment to the country and quantity secondary education, which is concluded to not always be quality education. The high share of investments and entrepreneurships from foreigners are explained by the high security profile in the country, fertile lands and the lowest minimum wage in the region.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2003. / Includes bibliography.

Bibliography: leaves 69-78. Leaf gas exchange (LGE) of mango cultivars Kensington, Irwin and Tommy Atkins was investigated in a series of field experiments under varying environmental and physiological conditions in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Kununurra, Western Australia. The environmental influences on mango during fruit development are extreme producing high vapour pressure deficient (VPD) and photosynthetic photon flux density. This combined with internal pressures associated with crop load and water stress have a profound effect on LGE. Diurnal changes in atmospheric and leaf temperature are accompanied by changes in VPD in the field. Differences in cultivars in LGE response to changing environmental conditions were significant, with Kensington appearing the most sensitive to extreme atmospheric conditions. There appeared to be no cultivar differences in LGE with changing soil moisture status.

El consumo de frutas tropicales, ha crecido en los últimos años en muchos países, ya que como nunca antes los consumidores están interesados en la compra y consumo de lo natural. En los mercados agroindustriales se difunde el consumo de estos frutos por su alto valor nutricional, uno de ellos es el mango (Mangifera indica L) que es considerado uno de los más demandados por su agradable sabor y textura. Esta investigación hace referencia a un diseño de una planta empaquetadora de mango (Mangifera indica l,) fresco en el distrito de Chochope con fines de exportación a EE.UU. se inicia con la descripción de las características generales del fruto. Para el primer resultado que es el estudio de mercado: se investigó la demanda y oferta del producto, de esa manera se calculó la demanda insatisfecha del mercado y así obtener la demanda del proyecto. Además, de la evaluación de la oferta que tiene el fruto. Con respecto al segundo resultado que es el diseño de la planta: Se establecieron los lineamientos necesarios para lograr el nivel de producción requerido, y la evaluación y selección de la ingeniería necesaria para el proceso de empaquetado de la fruta. Para finalizar el tercer resultado que es la evaluación económica- financiera, se obtuvo los resultados financieros proyectados (estados de ganancia y perdida, flujos de caja y balances generales) con la ayuda de indicadores, tales como lo son el valor el valor anual neto (VAN) y la tasa de interés de retorno (TIR) de 64%, con los cuales se pudo determinar si el proyecto es económicamente aceptable. En el caso de este proyecto el VAN asciende a un monto positivo el cual es de US$ 1 624 405,48. / Tesis

Please read the abstract in the dissertation. / Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

This dissertation is the outcome of a study to map the economic structure and organisation of two selected mango export chains from South Africa by applying selected supply chain analysis tools. The study is part of an inventory on the export of fresh fruit and vegetables commissioned by the European Commission under the Veg-i-Trade Project Work Package 1. The two selected chains were the Bavaria fresh mango and the Blue Skies freshly cut mango export supply chains. The study sought to understand how food safety and quality standards are shaping the structure and relationships in the two export chains given the prevalence of food scares and scandals. An inventory of the activities and the various actors along the mango export supply chains was made in order to identify the structure and functioning of the chains and the issues and constraints faced with the various quality and safety standards. The objective of the study was to identify the actors and the role they play, determine the governance structure and relationships and identify the quality management programmes and standards employed in the two selected export chains. In addition, the study sought to identify and analyse the different information exchange categories and use of information between the different links along the chains. A qualitative research approach that incorporates case study methodology was used as the inquiry strategy. Through this methodology, the investigation untangled the complexity of the mango export supply chains which is faced with the challenge of maintaining a chain that guarantees adherence to customer specifications and client needs. The study’s findings established that food safety and quality management standards are shaping the structure and organisation of the chains and their stringency has increased with a widened and deepened scope. In addition, the ability to adopt a standard is directly affected by the scale of business operation and standards are technical barriers to entry for small scale mango producers and exporters mainly because of the high certification and operational costs. In reaction to the standards, it was noted that Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are buyer-driven with a high degree of vertical coordination enforced by contracts. The two chains are modular with the use of and strategic positioning of category managers; a high degree of asset specificity and forward integration to reach their markets resulting in a shortened supply chain. Supply chain coordination is carried out on contracted logistics and cold chain services with regulatory functions provided by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and the Perishable Product Export Control Board (PPECB) in South Africa and agricultural and health inspectors in the United Kingdom (UK). There is also product and process differentiation. It was also noted that compulsory certification of quality and food safety standards is the prerequisite to access export markets. The standards used in the Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and Global Good Agricultural Practice (Global GAP). These are used in conjunction with the British Retail Consortium (BRC), Fairtrade, Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI), International Food Standard (IFS) and Linking Environment And Farming (LEAF). Quality audits and inspections are carried out at each supply chain level to ensure safety and adherence to quality requirements. The supply chain actors carry out continuous quality assessment and one way to achieve this was through the application of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle. Quality and safety standards have also resulted in improved traceability in the Bavaria and Blue Skies Mango export chains. Traceability systems in the Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are more automated though they are not harmonised, thus Paltrack, XsenseTM, Caretrace and TempTrip. Automated information systems used to share and exchange information are internet and email as well as barcodes which are used with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Manual information systems in use are mainly telephones, facsimile and mobile phones. It was also established that major issues and challenges in the Bavaria and Blue Skies mango export chains are a result of factors that affect mango perishability, mainly post harvest handling procedures thus packaging, transportation, storage, ripening and distribution. If not managed well, poor safety and quality management result in economic losses due to product rejections, product recall and cessation of buyer-supplier relationships. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

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