O gênero Physalis pertence à família Solanaceae e apresenta cerca de 120 espécies, amplamente distribuídas nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Entre as espécies existentes, optou-se por trabalhar com Physalis peruviana e P. pubescens, a primeira, devido ao seu uso para fins produtivos, e a segunda, por ter potencial para produção, mas não ser explorado devido à planta ser considerada como daninha. Levando em consideração que não há estudos sobre adubação nitrogenada para as duas espécies e que este nutriente é um dos mais limitantes para o desenvolvimento e produção das plantas, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar os aspectos agronômicos de plantas de P. peruviana e P. pubescens e verificar a atividade da enzima nitrato redutase e os teores de clorofila nas duas espécies sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento de avaliação dos aspectos agronômicos foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação utilizando 2 espécies de fisális, 5 doses de N: 0, 200, 250, 300 e 350 kg ha-1 e em todos os tratamentos foram utilizados 600 e 300 kg ha-1 de P e K respectivamente. O experimento continha 7 repetições por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis analisadas foram altura de plantas, matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea, número de ramos, comprimento de raízes, produção média e peso de frutos. P. pubescens apresentou maior resposta ao nitrogênio para todas as variáveis com exceção do número de ramos e matéria seca de parte aérea, mostrando que esta espécie possui um grande potencial produtivo. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se a atividade da enzima nitrato redutase e os teores de clorofilas a, b e total através do método bioquímico e por medidor portátil, nas duas espécies submetidas a 3 doses de nitrogênio: 0, 150 e 300 kg ha-1. As mudas foram colocadas em copos plásticos com substrato comercial, onde foram adicionadas as respectivas doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio (600 e 500 kg ha-1 para todos os tratamentos), além das variáveis acima descritas também foi realizada a análise de proteínas. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 6 repetições e as análises foram feitas um mês após a adubação. O incremento de N ocasionou um aumento nos teores de clorofilas e proteínas totais e redução da atividade enzimática em ambas as espécies, sendo que na maior dose P. peruviana obteve os maiores valores em todos os casos. / The genus Physalis belongs to the Solanaceae family and has about 120 species , widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions . Among extant species , we chose to work with Physalis peruviana and P. pubescens , the first due to its use for productive purposes , and second , to have potential for production , but not be exploited due to be considered a weed plant . Assuming there are no studies on fertilization for the two species and that this nutrient is one of the most limiting to the development and production of plants , the objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic aspects of plants of P. peruviana and P. pubescens and check the activity of nitrate reductase and chlorophyll contents of the two species under different nitrogen levels . The experimental evaluation of the agronomic aspects was developed in a greenhouse using two species of physalis , five N rates : 0, 200, 250, 300 and 350 kg ha- 1 and in all treatments were 600 and 300 kg ha- 1 P and K,respectively. The experiment contained 7 replications per treatment in a randomized design. The variables studied were plant height, dry matter of roots and shoots , number of branches , root length , production and average fruit weight . P. pubescens showed greater response to nitrogen for all variables except number of branches and dry weight of shoots, showing that this species has a large productive potential . In the second experiment, we evaluated the activity of nitrate reductase and the content of chlorophyll a, b and total by biochemical method and portable meter in two species subjected to three nitrogen levels: 0, 150 and 300 kg ha- 1 . The seedlings were placed in plastic cups with commercial substrate, which were added the respective doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ( 600 and 500 kg ha- 1 for all treatments ) , in addition to the variables described above was also performed protein analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replications and analyzes were made one month after fertilization The increase of N caused an increase in the levels of chlorophyll and protein and reduced enzyme activity in both species, with the highest dose P. peruviana highest values obtained in all cases .

PAE / No Brasil a produção de leite e carne tem como principal característica a produção quase que exclusiva a pasto, essa característica tem suas vantagens e desvantagens, dentre as vantagens a principal é o baixo custo de produção. Como desvantagem seria conseguir produzir alimento de qualidade e quantidade o ano todo. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada na produção e no valor nutricional das forragens,bem como a eficiência do uso do nitrogênio e a extração dos macronutrientes (N, P, K)do solo, nas culturas do sorgo forrageiro cv. Jumbo e da aveia preta cv. Iapar 61. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram utilizadas culturas anuais de ciclo estival e hibernal. Para o período de verão dos anos agrícolas de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, foi utilizada a cultura do sorgo forrageiro cv. Jumbo e para a cultura anual de inverno, ano de 2011, foi utilizada a aveia preta cv. Iapar 61. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completamente casualizados, com três repetições. Para o sorgo forrageiro nos dois ciclos de verão foi utilizada uma densidade de 15 kg ha-1 de sementes viáveis, sendo testadas as doses de 0; 37,5; 75; 150; 225; 300 e 375 kg de N ha-1, distribuídas em três aplicações iguais, 1/3 na semeadura, 1/3 após o primeiro corte e 1/3 após o terceiro corte. Para a aveia preta, foi utilizada uma densidade de 40 kg ha-1 de semente viáveis, testando as doses de 0; 40; 80; 120; 160; 200 e 240 kg de N ha-1, sendo essas doses também distribuídas em três aplicações, 1/3 no perfilhamento, 1/3 após o primeiro corte e 1/3 após o terceiro corte. A coleta do material forrageiro do sorgo produzido durante o verão foi realizado quando a cultura atingia uma altura média entre 0,70 a 0,80 m, deixando um resíduo médio de planta de 0,20 m de altura para rebrote e nova coleta. Para a aveia preta a coleta do material ocorreu quando a cultura atingia altura de 25 cm, com um corte manual a 10 cm do solo de uma área conhecida de 0,25 m2 por unidade experimental. Para determinação das características bromatológicas de ambas as culturas, o material foi seco em estufa a 60 oC até peso constante, moído em peneira de 1 mm e em seguida foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: massa seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutra (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), determinação dos macronutrientes N, P e K; recuperação, eficiência de recuperação e eficiência fisiologia do nitrogênio. Todos os dados avaliados foram submetidos à análise da variância pelo programa SAS 8.1 a 5% de probabilidade de erro. As doses de 288 e 264 kg de N ha-1, foram as que apresentaram a maior produção de forragem para o sorgo forrageiro nos anos agrícola de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, respectivamente. Já para a aveia, a dose de 187 kg de N ha-1 foi a que apresentou a maior produção de forragem. As doses de 349 e 328; 212 e 207 kg de N ha-1 foram as que apresentaram os maiores teores de PB e DIVMS para sorgo, nos anos agrícolas de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, respectivamente. Os teores de FDN e FDA não foram influenciados pelas doses de N no cultivo do sorgo. Para a aveia preta, a dose de 220 kg ha-1 de N foi a que apresentou o maior teor de PB, enquanto que a DIVMS, FDN e FDA as doses de N não tiveram efeito significativo. As maiores extrações de N, P e K foram atingidas quando sob as doses de 298; 375 e 271 kg de N9 ha-1, respectivamente para a cultura do sorgo no ano de 2010/2011, já para o ano de 2011/2012 essas doses foram 234; 375 e 324 kg de N ha-1, respectivamente. Para a aveia preta as doses de 218, 240 e 198 kg ha-1 de N sãos as que proporcionam as maiores extrações de N, P e K, respectivamente. Quanto aos valores de recuperação, eficiência e recuperação e eficiência fisiologia do nitrogênio, as menores doses de N são as mais eficientes para ambas as culturas. / In Brazil the production of milk and meat has as main feature the production almost exclusively on pasture, this trait has its advantages and disadvantages; among the main advantages is the low cost of production. The disadvantage would be able to produce food with quality and quantity throughout the year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the production and nutritional value of forage as well as he efficiency of nitrogen use and extraction of macronutrients (N, P, K) of the soil through crop of sorghum cv. Jumbo and oat cv. Iapar 61. The study was conducted in the experimental area of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. For the development of the work, annual crop cycle summer and Winter. For the summer period of the crop years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, was used forage sorghum cv. Jumbo and culture winter annual, year 2011, was used oat cv. Iapar 61. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each treatment. For forage sorghum in the two summer cycles we used a density of 15 kg ha-1 of viable seeds, being tested doses of 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg N ha-1, distributed in three applications equal 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 after the first cut and 1/3 after the third cut. For black oat, we used a density of 40 kg ha-1 of viable seeds, testing doses of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg N ha-1, were also distributed in three applications , 1/3 at tillering, 1/3 after the first cut and 1/3 after the third cut. Material collection orage sorghum produced during the two summer was performed with manual harvesting of crops, when the culture reached an average height between 0.70 and 0.80m, leaving a residue of plant average of 0.20 m height for regrowth and new collection. For the oat sample collection occurred when the culture reached a size for grazing 25 cm tall, with a manual cut to 10 cm of soil from a known area of 0.25 m2 each. To determine the chemical characteristics of both cultures, the material was dried at 60 oC for 72 hours or until constant weigh, ground through 1 mm sieve, and then evaluated the following parameters:dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), determination of macronutrients N, P and K, recovery, recovery efficiency and physiological efficiency of nitrogen. All evaluated data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 8.1 to 5% of error probability. Doses of 288 and 264 kg N ha-1, showed the most forage production for sorghum forage in agricultural years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 respectively, for black oat the dose of 187 kg N ha-1 was that with the highest forage yield. Doses of 349 and 328, 212 and 207 kg N ha-1 were those that showed the highest levels of CP and IVDMD for sorghum, the crop years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 respectively. NDF and ADF were not affected by N in sorghum crop. For oats, the dose of 220 kg ha-1 N was the one with the highest content of CP, for IVDMD, NDF and ADF doses of N had no significant effect. The major extractions of N, P and K were achieved when applied doses of 298, 375 and 271 kg N ha-1, respectively for sorghum in 2010/2011 already for the year 2011/2012 these doses were 234, 375 and 324 kg N ha-1, respectively. For oats the doses of 218, 240 and 198 kg N ha-1 was that provided the largest extraction of N, P and K, respectively.The values of recovery, recovery efficiency and physiological efficiency of nitrogen, the lowest N are the most efficient for the cultivation of sorghum and oats.

O trigo é um cereal de inverno importante nas propriedades agrícolas no esquema de rotação de culturas e, principalmente para gerar renda. O nitrogênio é o nutriente exigido em maior quantidade pela cultura e o é grande responsável pelo rendimento de grãos e pela composição da qualidade industrial de panificação. O manejo desse nutriente é de suma importância para que se forneça N em todos os estádios da planta, sendo necessário aplicá-lo de forma parcelada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada sobre o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de panificação de dois cultivares de trigo. Conduziram-se experimentos em Pato Branco e Curitibanos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema bifatorial com três repetições. Foram testados dois cultivares de trigo e 11 formas de parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada + testemunha sem N. Foram utilizados os cultivares BRS Gralha Azul e Quartzo. Com exceção da testemunha, os tratamentos receberam 20 kg N ha-1 na semeadura, parcelando-se 100 kg N ha-1 da seguinte forma: 100-00-00, 00-100-00, 00-60-40, 00- 70-30, 00-80-20, 60-00-40, 70-00-30, 80-00-20, 50-50-00, 70-30-00, 30-70-00, no estádio de duplo anel, espigueta terminal e emborrachamento, respectivamente. Foram avaliados os caracteres morfológicos, componentes de rendimento, rendimento de grãos, índice de clorofila Falker, teor de nitrogênio no tecido vegetal e qualidade industrial de panificação. Nos dois locais de avaliação ocorreu estresse hídrico no desenvolvimento da cultura. O rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de panificação são pouco influenciados pelo parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada, especialmente em áreas que apresentam níveis elevados de matéria orgânica no solo. O cultivar BRS Gralha Azul produziu farinha de alta qualidade de panificação. A utilização de N na cultura do trigo aumenta o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de panificação, porém sem resposta suficiente para indicar a melhor forma de parcelamento. / Wheat is a winter cereal important for farm in the crop rotation scheme and, primarily to generate income. Nitrogen is the nutrient most required for the culture and is largely responsible for the yield and the composition of industrial breadmaking quality. The management of this nutrient is of paramount importance to provide N in all stages of the plant, being necessary to apply it in installments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of split nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and quality of two cultivars of bread wheat. Experiments were conducted in Pato Branco and Curitibanos in randomized block designer in a factorial scheme with three replications. Two bread wheat and 11 forms installment of nitrogen fertilization + control without N. Were used the cultivars BRS Gralha Azul and Quartzo. Was parceled 100 kg N ha-1 following: 100-00-00, 00-100-00, 00-60-40, 00-70-30, 00-80- 20, 60-00-40, 70-00-30, 80-00-20, 50-50-00, 70-30-00, 30-70-00, in double ring, terminal spyke and booting stages, respectively. Were evaluated the morphological characters, yield components, grain yield, Falker chlorophyll index, nitrogen content in plant tissue quality and industrial bakery. In both evaluation sites occurred drought stress on crop development. Grain yield and wheat baking quality were little influenced by split nitrogen fertilization, especially in lanes that showed high levels of organic matter in soil. The BRS Gralha Azul produced a high quality wheat bakery. The use of N in wheat baking quality and yield increases, but not enough to indicate the best way to answer parceling.

O uso de diferentes técnicas conservacionistas propicia condições de manutenção do potencial produtivo dos solos, merecendo atenção de pesquisas na área. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a produção de abobrinha de tronco (Cucurbita pepo) comparando os sistemas de cultivo convencional e plantio direto. Foi desenvolvido um experimento no Campus Experimental da UTFPR - Dois Vizinhos sob um Nitossolo Vermelho. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas. Foram avaliados dois sistemas de cultivo do solo, plantio direto e convencional. No período hibernal foram utilizadas as culturas de cobertura de aveia solteira em Plantio Convencional – (PC) e Plantio Direto (PD) e um consórcio de aveia, ervilhaca e nabo implantado também em PD. Foram realizadas duas épocas de adubação localizada em covas: uma antes da semeadura da cultura de cobertura hibernal (Antecipada) e outra logo após o manejo com rolo-faca antecedendo a semeadura da abobrinha (Normal). A adubação orgânica foi resultante de compostagem de cama de aviário. A cultura da abobrinha foi implantada no mês de setembro. A colheita dos frutos foi efetuada quando os mesmos atingiram padrão comercial entre 15 e 20 cm. Após o término do ciclo da abobrinha toda a área foi capinada e recebeu um policultivo de milho + leguminosa, sendo o milho implantado nas mesmas covas que comportava abobrinha e a leguminosa na entrelinha de cultivo. As variáveis dos frutos analisadas foram: massa(kg), circunferência (cm), comprimento (cm), número de frutos e ciclo. As avaliações do solo se referem ao estoque de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) do solo e ao fracionamento da matéria orgânica. As culturas de cobertura foram avaliadas quanto a produção de matéria seca e teor de N nos resíduos vegetais. Os sistemas de manejo do solo e épocas de adubação interferiram no comprimento e no número de frutos produzidos. O sistema convencional de cultivo foi o mais produtivo ao final do experimento. Os teores de N e C total do solo bem como o COP não foram influenciados pelos sistemas de manejo e épocas de adubação. A adubação antecipada afetou os teores de N do solo após três ciclos de cultivo, sendo menores que o sistema de adubação normal. / The use of different conservation techniques provides conditions to maintain the productive potential of soils, deserving attention of the researches in the area. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the production of zucchini trunk (Cucurbita pepo) comparing the conventional cropping systems and direct planting. This experiment was conducted in the Experimental Campus UTFPR - Two neighbors under a Red Nitosoil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots. We evaluated two systems of cultivation, direct and conventional drilling. In the winter period were used cover crops of single oat in Conventional Planting - (CP) and Direct Planting (DP) and a consortium of oat, vetch and radish also implemented in DP. We performed two periods of fertilization located in pits: one before crop sowing of winter covers (Advance) and another shortly after management with roller-knife prior to sowing squash (Normal). The organic fertilization was resulted from composting poultry litter. The culture of zucchini was implanted in September. The harvest fruit was made when the same achieved commercial standard between 15 and 20 cm. After termination of the cycle of zucchini whole area was weeded and received a polyculture corn + leguminous, corn being deployed in the same pits that contained zucchini and legume cultivation between rows. The variables analyzed were the fruits: mass (kg), circumference (cm) length (cm), number of fruits and cycle. The assessment of soil refers to the stock of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of the soil and the organic matter fractionation. The cover crops were evaluated for the production of dry matter and the content of N in vegetable waste. The systems of management of soil and fertilization times interfered in the length and number of fruits produced. The tillage system was more productive at the end of the experiment. The concentrations of N and C of the soil and the COP were not influenced by tillage systems and times of fertilization. The early fertilization affected the levels of N in the soil after three cycles of cultivation, being smaller than the system of regular fertilization.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / Agriculture and livestock production were the mainstay of the economies of many sub-Saharan African countries, including of Cameroon, in the 1970s. Things began to change with the discovery of petroleum products and natural minerals, and the push to industrialise. This led to a shift from agricultural production to other more 'beneficial' sectors. In the 1990s there was an 'imposed' liberalisation of the agricultural sector. This liberalisation was marked by a disengagement of most governments in developing countries from assisting agriculture. In Cameroon, disengagement was achieved by the promulgation of law No. 92/006 of 14th August 1992 and its decree of application No. 92/455/PM of 23rd November. This law encouraged the creation of common initiative groups which could independently pool their resources to increase agricultural production. Although there has been a shift to non-agricultural sectors in many sub-Saharan countries, on the whole, however, many rural areas in these nations have remained essentially agro-pastoral. nfortunately some rural areas, like Small Babanki in Cameroon, whose livelihoods are land-based are faced with soil erosion, population pressure and farmer/grazer conflicts which undermine the little economic gains made in these places. Rural-dwellers have resorted to several innovations to circumvent these constraints to agricultural production. / South Africa

Orientador: Itamar Andrioli / Banca: Renato de Mello Prado / Banca: José Carlos Barbosa / Banca: Alba Leonor da Silva Martins / Banca: Adilson Pelá / Resumo: Para uma agricultura lucrativa, racional e sustentável o reconhecimento da fragilidade do solo modificado pelo homem deve servir de parâmetros para a utilização e busca de novas alternativas tecnológicas. Sendo assim, vem sendo utilizado um sistema de semeadura direta, que tem como seus princípios o não revolvimento do solo, permitindo o acúmulo de material vegetal na superfície do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos químicos e físicos do solo e a produtividade da cultura do milho com doses de nitrogênio, em sistemas de manejo de plantas de cobertura cultivadas em pré-safra. Foram utilizadas durante três anos, as seguintes plantas: mucuna cinza (Stilozobium cinereum), lab lab (Dolichos lablab L.), milheto (Pennisetum americanun (L). Leeke), feijão guandu anão (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiforms L) e pousio (vegetação espontânea), e as doses de nitrogênio: 0, 60, 120,180 kg/ha, na forma de ureia em cobertura, em sistema de semeadura direta. Todas as plantas de cobertura aumentaram a quantidade de matéria orgânica na camada superficial do solo e as leguminosas plantadas em pré-safra à cultura do milho tornam dispensável a aplicação de N em cobertura / Abstract: For a profitable, rational and sustainable agriculture, acknowlegment of soil frailties must serve as parameter for the use and seek of new technological alternatives. Therefore, no-tillage farming system has been used since the 70s in the Southeast and South of the country, which has as main principle the non-disturbance of the soil, allowing the accumulation of crop residues on the soil surface. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of the soil and corn yield of an oxisol moderate A horizon clayey texture, and yield in different management systems of cover crops grown in pre-season (September to November). The following plants were used in the study, in three years: gray velvet bean (Stilozobium cinereum), lab lab (Dolichos lablab L.), millet (Pennisetum americanun (L.) Leeke), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp), jack-bean (Canavalia ensiforms L) and fallow (spontaneous vegetation), and doses of nitrogen: N0 = 0; N1 = 60; N2 = 120; N3 = 180 kg N / ha in the form of urea in coverage and in no-tillage system. All cover crops increased the amount of organic matter in the upper layer of the soil and the tested leguminous crops make dispensable any nitrogen fertilization after planting / Doutor

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Agriculture and livestock production were the mainstay of the economies of many sub-Saharan African countries, including of Cameroon, in the 1970s. Things began to change with the discovery of petroleum products and natural minerals, and the push to industrialise. This led to a shift from agricultural production to other more 'beneficial' sectors. In the 1990s there was an 'imposed' liberalisation of the agricultural sector. This liberalisation was marked by a disengagement of most governments in developing countries from assisting agriculture. In Cameroon, disengagement was achieved by the promulgation of law No. 92/006 of 14th August 1992 and its decree of application No. 92/455/PM of 23rd November. This law encouraged the creation of common initiative groups which could independently pool their resources to increase agricultural production. Although there has been a shift to non-agricultural sectors in many sub- Saharan countries, on the whole, however, many rural areas in these nations have remained essentially agro-pastoral. Unfortunately some rural areas, like Small Babanki in Cameroon, whose livelihoods are land-based are faced with soil erosion, population pressure and farmer/grazer conflicts which undermine the little economic gains made in these places. Rural-dwellers have resorted to several innovations to circumvent these constraints to agricultural production. Objectives of the research This research focused on an indigenous agricultural innovation called Cameroon. The innovation involves a partnership between farmers and grazers whereby farmers build paddocks around their farms, and cattle herders drive their herds into farms where they deposit their manure. The idea of the practice is that it enriches the soil of the farms, provides the herds access to good fodder, and reduces conflicts between crop farmers and grazers. The objective of the study was to investigate the role this agricultural innovation is playing in reducing poverty and farmer/grazer conflicts. The research focused on a community called Small Babanki located in the North-West Region of Cameroon. Research questions To gain accurate insight into the role played by NPM, answers were sought to the following questions: (i) What are the causes of farmer/grazer conflicts in Small Babanki and how are these conflicts manifested? (ii) What efforts have been made hitherto by stakeholders to resolve farmer/grazer conflicts and what were the outcomes of such interventions? (iii) What motivated the development of the NPM farming system and how does the system function? (iv) How has the introduction of NPM affected the occurrence of conflicts and the resolution of conflicts when they occur? (v) Has NPM contributed to increasing the output, income and the market value of the products of farmers and grazers? (vi) How have the asset bases of grazers and farmers changed and what additional livelihood options are available to them as a result of adopting NPM? (vii) What are the major constraints that hinder practitioners of the innovation from getting maximum returns from it? Data collection method The data collection method for this research involved a review of reports written on the innovation by NGOs promoting it. Within Small Babanki, a focus group discussion was held with farmers and an elaborate questionnaire was administered amongst 10 randomly selected farmer households and 10 randomly selected grazer households. Structured interviews were also held with key informants, such as local officials and traditional and religious leaders. Findings and conclusions The research supports the perception that, in Small Babakni, NPM benefits both crop farmer and grazer households by means of improving productivity, reducing poverty, and reducing conflict. Respondents indicated that generally speaking the asset base and livelihood options of practitioners of NPM are constantly improving. They also stressed that improvements in education, health, nutrition, land tenure and safety of shelter are indicative of the amelioration of their state of wellbeing, and this in large measure can be attributed to the adoption of NPM Measurement of poverty using the both the US$I/day and the national poverty line of 503.19 Cf'Azday revealed that cropping households are living on the fringes of poverty while grazing households tend to live just above the poverty line. However, going by information provided by respondents on their outputs, the proportion of what was consumed by the household, the proportion of what was sold and the proportion of what was retained enabled us to make an estimation of the cash and noncash incomes of both grazing and cropping households. It was discovered that at any point they seemed to have a significant noncash wealth reserve which could easily be converted into cash in order to meet daily expenses. Both the declarations of respondents and some official documentation suggest that NPM was contributing positively towards a reduction of conflicts between farmers and grazers in Small Babanki.

No description available.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-16T13:51:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Morais de Souza.pdf: 1707041 bytes, checksum: aa1ce764250111f69962f0b91c1a0a0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T13:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Morais de Souza.pdf: 1707041 bytes, checksum: aa1ce764250111f69962f0b91c1a0a0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Corn is one of the main products produced and marketed worldwide. However, to obtain high productivity necessary to apply synthetic chemical fertilizers, which usually can be harmful to the environment. Because of this, the objective to evaluate the effect of application of organic matter via compost and green manure on corn productivity. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, installment scheme subdivided (3 x 3 +1), three vegetables on the plots (Sunn hemp, pigeon pea beans and dwarf beans macassar), three volumes of organic compound in sub-subparcelas (0, 20 and 40 t ha-1) and an additional witness (Chemistry). The variables analyzed were: height of the plants; height of insertion of the first COB; culm diameter; leaf area; chlorophyll content; foliar N content; crude protein content; dry mass; average number of spikes per plant; diameter and length of spikes; number of row of grain; number of grains per row; mass of 1,000 grains; grain productivity; total organic carbon and soil organic matter. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and averages compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. To the study of organic compound concentrations was employed to linear regression analysis. The statistical analyses were performed by Software SAEG 9.1 version. There was no significant difference to chlorophyll a and b, N and crude protein content, just to the right a/b. Maize plants subjected to the green bean fertilizer macassar showed difference with respect to total chlorophyll, being higher than the other legumes. For leaf area production variables, diameter of the cob, COB length, number of Spike and productivity showed a statistically significant difference. Total organic carbon and soil organic matter after the cultivation of corn, showed no statistical difference. The amount of 40 t ha-1 of the organic compound fertilizer green beans macassar caused greater yields of corn. / O milho é um dos principais produtos produzidos e comercializados em todo o mundo. Entretanto, para obtenção de alta produtividade se faz necessário a aplicação de adubos químicos sintéticos, que via de regra podem ser prejudiciais ao ambiente agrícola. Devido isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de matéria orgânica via adubação verde e composto orgânico na produtividade do milho. O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida (3 x 3 +1), sendo três leguminosas nas parcelas (crotalária, feijão guandu anão e feijão macassar), três quantidades de composto orgânico nas sub-subparcelas (0, 20 e 40 t ha-1) e uma testemunha adicional (químico). As variáveis analisadas foram: altura das plantas; altura de inserção da primeira espiga; diâmetro do colmo; área foliar; teor de clorofila; teor de N foliar; teor de proteína bruta; massa seca; número médio de espigas por planta; diâmetro e comprimento de espigas; número de fileira de grãos; número de grãos por fileira; massa de 1.000 grãos; produtividade de grãos; carbono orgânico total e matéria orgânica do solo. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Para o estudo das concentrações do composto orgânico foi empregado a análise de regressão linear. As análises estatísticas foram efetuadas pelo Software SAEG versão 9.1. Não houve diferença significativa para clorofila a e b, teor de N e proteína bruta, apenas para a variável razão a/b. As plantas de milho submetidas ao adubo verde feijão macassar mostrou diferença com relação a clorofila total, sendo superior as demais leguminosas. Para as variáveis de produção área foliar, diâmetro da espiga, comprimento da espiga, número de espiga e produtividade apresentaram diferença estatística significativa. Carbono orgânico total e matéria orgânica do solo após o cultivo do milho, não apresentou diferença estatística. A quantidade de 40 t ha-1 de composto orgânico aliado ao adubo verde feijão macassar ocasionou maiores produtividades de milho.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MayaraPatriciaMedeirosDoNascimento.pdf: 431785 bytes, checksum: d010eafb17d1c165298fc54f7aef3ad1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-31 / The culture of the caupi-bean is a source of human feeding, it is used as a green manuring and forage plant and represents an important alternative for the socioeconomic growth of the North s and Northeast s Regions of Brazil , considering that it adapts itself to the conditions of drought of the Northeast and the high humidity of the North of the country. The use of residual treated waters, besides being a solution economically viable, it is also environmentally maintainable, because it is an effective form of control of the hydric pollution and an alternative to reduce the waste of fresh water in the irrigation process, taking into consideration that, in the world, 70% of the water from the rivers, lakes and aqüíferos is destined to this practice. The objective of the work was to evaluate the use of residual treated waters in the production of caupi-bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and the comparative study with the organic fertilizers. The experiment was accomplished in the facilities of the Agricultural School Assis Chateaubriand/UEPB, municipal district of Lagoa Seca - PB, middle region of the Paraiban Rural and microregion of Campina Grande-PB. The experimental delineament was made, by chance, in blocks, with three ones, each one with 7 treatments and 5 experimental unities and each unity containing three plants. Each experimental unity was formed by a plastic sack, filled out with 10kg of soil. The used treatments were: Treatment (T1): Absolute Testimony (natural soil);(T2): treated drainage originated from a reactor UASB(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket);(T3): Treated drainage originated from Pond of Polishment;(T4): treated drainage originated from the reactor Chicanas;(T5): Manuring with vegetable remains; (T6): Manuring with composition of the manure; (T7): Manuring with composition of the sewer mud. The results were submitted to the Analysis of variance to diagnose meaningful effects and to the contrast of averages to the assessment of meaningful differences among the treatments. The organic treatments besides being the most productive also had superior indexes in relation to the number of grains and number of green beans. The organic treatments also were indicated as superiors in the production of dry matter, peels, leaves and stem. The values of nitrogen analyzed in the different parts of the caupi- bean, were, in general, also larger in the treatments T5,T6 and T7. The largest tenors of phosphorus in the grains corresponded to those treatments of sanitary nature. There was an increment of the electric conductivity of the extract of saturation of the soil for the treatments of sanitary nature and no increase in the potassium concentrations was proven, calcium and magnesium in the soil, as for the treatments of sanitary nature as for the organic ones after the crop of the plantation. The tenors of phosphorus in the soil were high but with an outstanding supremacy in the treatments which received vegetable rests, compound of bovine manure and sewer s mud. In general, the treatments elevated the saline concentration of the treatments, but not in levels which may commit the caupi-bean s performance. / A cultura do feijão-caupi é fonte de alimentação humana, é utilizado como adubação verde e planta forrageira e representa uma importante alternativa para o crescimento sócio-econômico das Regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, visto que se adapta às condições de seca do Nordeste e a alta umidade relativa do ar do Norte do país. O uso de águas residuárias tratadas, além de ser uma solução economicamente viável, é também ambientalmente sustentável, pois se trata de uma forma efetiva de controle da poluição hídrica e uma alternativa para diminuir o desperdício de água doce no processo de irrigação, visto que, no mundo 70% da água dos rios, lagos e aqüíferos destina-se a esta prática. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso de águas residuárias tratadas na produção de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) e o estudo comparativo com os fertilizantes orgânicos. O experimento foi realizado nas instalações da Escola Agrícola Assis Chateaubriand/UEPB, município de Lagoa Seca-PB, mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano e microrregião de Campina Grande-PB. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três blocos, cada qual com 7 tratamentos e cinco unidades experimentais, cada uma com três plantas. Cada unidade experimental era formada por um saco plástico, preenchido com 10 kg de solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: Tratamento (T1): Testemunha Absoluta (solo natural); (T2): Esgoto tratado advindo de reator UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket); (T3): Esgoto tratado advindo de Lagoa de Polimento; (T4): Esgoto tratado advindo de reator de Chicanas; (T5): Adubação com restos vegetais; (T6): Adubação com composto do esterco; (T7): Adubação com composto do lodo de esgoto. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância para diagnóstico de efeitos significativos e ao contraste de médias para avaliação de diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Os tratamentos orgânicos além de terem sido os mais produtivos também tiveram índices superiores em relação ao número de grãos e número de vagens. Os tratamentos orgânicos também se mostraram superiores na produção de matéria seca, das cascas, folhas e caule. Os valores de nitrogênio analisado nas diferentes partes do feijão-caupi, em geral foram também maiores nos tratamentos T5, T6 e T7. Os maiores teores de fósforo nos grãos, correspondeu àqueles tratamentos de natureza sanitária. Houve um acréscimo da condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo para os tratamentos de natureza sanitária. E não foi comprovado aumento nas concentrações de potássio, cálcio e magnésio no solo, tanto para os tratamentos de natureza sanitária quanto para os orgânicos após a colheita da plantação. Os teores de fósforo no solo foram elevados, mas com marcante supremacia nos tratamentos que receberam restos vegetais, composto de esterco bovino e lodo de esgoto. Os tratamentos, em geral, elevaram a concentração salina dos tratamentos, mas não em níveis que comprometem o desempenho do feijão-caupi.