<p>Boundary integral equation techniques are useful in thenumerical simulation of scattering problems for wave equations.Their advantage over methods based on partial di.erentialequations comes from the lack of phase errors in the wavepropagation and from the fact that only the boundary of thescattering object needs to be discretized. Boundary integraltechniques are often applied in frequency domain but recentlyseveral time domain integral equation methods are beingdeveloped.</p><p>We study time domain integral equation methods for thescalar wave equation with a Galerkin discretization of twodi.erent integral formulations for a Dirichlet scatterer. The.rst method uses the Kirchho. formula for the solution of thescalar wave equation. The method is prone to get unstable modesand the method is stabilized using an averaging .lter on thesolution. The second method uses the integral formulations forthe Helmholtz equation in frequency domain, and this method isstable. The Galerkin formulation for a Neumann scattererarising from Helmholtz equation is implemented, but isunstable.</p><p>In the discretizations, integrals are evaluated overtriangles, sectors, segments and circles. Integrals areevaluated analytically and in some cases numerically. Singularintegrands are made .nite, using the Du.y transform.</p><p>The Galerkin discretizations uses constant basis functionsin time and nodal linear elements in space. Numericalcomputations verify that the Dirichlet methods are stable, .rstorder accurate in time and second order accurate in space.Tests are performed with a point source illuminating a plateand a plane wave illuminating a sphere.</p><p>We investigate the On Surface Radiation Condition, which canbe used as a medium to high frequency approximation of theKirchho. formula, for both Dirichlet and Neumann scatterers.Numerical computations are done for a Dirichlet scatterer.</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine student section leaders and their leadership practices in collegiate marching band organizations. Through the use of the Student Leadership Practices Inventory (SLPI), the study surveyed members and staff of five collegiate marching bands: band directors, assistant band directors, graduate teaching assistants, student leaders, and student followers (N=447). In addition to the SLPI, a Marching Band Leadership Practices Questionnaire was completed by the marching band directors to gain insight about each marching band organization used in this study and to determine whether the marching bands practiced distributed leadership. The SLPI assessment tool measured five leadership practices to identify exceptional student leaders through a 360-degree feedback survey process: Challenge the Process, Inspire a Shared Vision, Enable Others to Act, Model the Way, and Encourage the Heart. Increased understanding of student leaders and the five leadership practices in marching band could inform the organization's process of selecting leaders. Student follower evaluations indicated a significant difference among the five practices, showing that Enable Others to Act was the least effective practice and Model the Way was the most effective practice for student leaders. Independent Samples t-tests of Student Leader vs. Student Follower SLPI scores showed that student leaders often perceived themselves displaying higher levels of leadership practice than did their student followers. Results indicated a significant difference for student follower characteristics and perceptions of student leaders: gender, music major status, and years of participation in a collegiate marching band. Results from the Marching Band Leadership Practices Questionnaire indicated that the student leaders in all five universities interact together with other leaders in a marching band, which is an important feature of distributed leadership.

This thesis presents a detailed study of the numerical errors and the associated accuracy-efficiency tradeoffs encountered in the solution of frequency- and time-domain integral equations. For frequency-domain integral equations, the potential integrals contain singular Green’s function kernels and the resulting singular and near-singular integrals must be carefully evaluated, using singularity extraction or cancellation techniques, to ensure the accuracy of the method-of-moments impedance matrix elements. This thesis presents a practical approach based on the progressive Gauss-Patterson quadrature rules for implementing the radial-angular-transform singularity-cancellation method such that all singular and near-singular integrals are evaluated to an arbitrary pre-specified accuracy. Numerical results for various scattering problems in the high- and low-frequency regimes are presented to quantify the efficiency of the method and contrast it to the singularity extraction method. For time-domain integral equations, the singular Green’s function kernels are functions of space and time and sub-domain temporal basis functions rather than entire-domain sinusoidal/Fourier basis functions are used to represent the time variation of currents/fields. This thesis also investigates the accuracy-efficiency tradeoff encountered when choosing sub-domain temporal basis functions by contrasting two prototypical ones: The causal piecewise polynomial interpolatory functions, sometimes called shifted Lagrange interpolants, and the band-limited interpolatory functions based on approximate prolate spheroidal wave functions. It is observed that the former is more efficient for low to moderate accuracy levels and the latter achieves higher, but extrapolation-limited, accuracy levels. / text

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1974. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: R. Douglas Greer. Dissertation Committee: Charles W. Walton. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-173).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-98). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

The objective of the present study was to establish effective combinations of marching speed and backpack load in order to meet specific military requirements. Thirty infantrymen from the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) comprised the sample and experimental procedures were conducted in a laboratory setting using a Cybex Trotter treadmill. Sixteen conditions were set up which included combinations of four speeds (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 km.h⁻¹) and four backpack loads (20, 35, 50, and 65kg). Each subject was required to complete 8 of the sixteen conditions, each consisting of a six-minute treadmill march. Physiological data (heart rate, ventilation and metabolic responses), kinematic gait responses (step-rate and stride length) and perceptions of exertion (“Central” and “Local” RPE) were collected during the third and sixth minutes of the treadmill march and areas of body discomfort were identified post-march. Responses revealed five distinct categories of exertional strain. Three marches constituted “nominal” (below 40% VO₂max) and three “excessive” strain (above 75% VO₂ max). These represent combinations of extreme military demands and are highly unlikely to be utilised by the military. Three “tolerable” levels of required effort were recommended and these 10 combinations were further divided into three sub-categories. The “moderate” stress marches were identified as “ideal” for prolonged marches and had statistically similar responses of working heart rates (range of 118 bt.min⁻¹ to 127 bt.min⁻¹), energy expenditure (26 kJ.min⁻¹ and 27 kJ.min⁻¹) and ratings of perceived exertion (“Central” ratings of 10 and 11). Thus, marching at 5.5 km.h⁻¹with 20kg, 4.5 km.h⁻¹ with 35kg or 3.5 km.h⁻¹ with 50kg all require a similar energy cost. Four “heavy” category marches were identified for possible use when the duration of the march is reduced. During these marches responses were statistically similar with heart rates ranging from 127 bt.min⁻¹ to 137 bt.min⁻¹, energy expenditure from 32 kJ.min⁻¹ to 37 kJ.min⁻¹ and “Central” ratings of perceived exertion were 12 and 13. When short, high intensity marches are necessary, then combinations from the “very heavy” category may be utilised but with caution. During these marches, soldiers were taxed between 65% and 75% of VO2 max. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the interplay between speed and load needs to be adjusted when determining “ideal” combinations for specific military demands. Essentially, if speed is of the essence then load must be reduced, and if heavy loads need to be transported then speed must be reduced.

Students learn more from their band experience than musical concepts. Many students learn leadership skills as a part of their time in band, but these skills are rarely an official part of the curriculum. Additonally, band directors must use leadership to successfully build and guide their program, but are rarely provided formal training in leadership theory and skills. I used transformational leadership (Bass & Riggio, 2006; Burns, 1978) as a framework to examine practices band directors use to learn leadership themselves and help students develop their own leadership. I utilized Deci and Ryan’s (2000) Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and autonomy supports (1995) to help identify director practices that were transformative in nature. Through the use of interviews with three band directors and ten students I examined how band directors learn leadership, how they use it, and how students in band understand the use of leadership by directors and themselves. I found that band directors typically learn these transformative skills through a variety of formal and informal situations through life starting as early as high school. Directors develop leadership skills through the presence of mentors and the use of critical self-reflection over the course of their careers. Directors create a culture of band that is extended to the student body and reinforced through student leadership and peer mentoring. Finally, managerial tasks can be used to help students develop leadership identities (Komives et al., 2005), develop leadership skills, and allow them to act as transformative figures themselves.

Boundary integral equation techniques are useful in thenumerical simulation of scattering problems for wave equations.Their advantage over methods based on partial di.erentialequations comes from the lack of phase errors in the wavepropagation and from the fact that only the boundary of thescattering object needs to be discretized. Boundary integraltechniques are often applied in frequency domain but recentlyseveral time domain integral equation methods are beingdeveloped. We study time domain integral equation methods for thescalar wave equation with a Galerkin discretization of twodi.erent integral formulations for a Dirichlet scatterer. The.rst method uses the Kirchho. formula for the solution of thescalar wave equation. The method is prone to get unstable modesand the method is stabilized using an averaging .lter on thesolution. The second method uses the integral formulations forthe Helmholtz equation in frequency domain, and this method isstable. The Galerkin formulation for a Neumann scattererarising from Helmholtz equation is implemented, but isunstable. In the discretizations, integrals are evaluated overtriangles, sectors, segments and circles. Integrals areevaluated analytically and in some cases numerically. Singularintegrands are made .nite, using the Du.y transform. The Galerkin discretizations uses constant basis functionsin time and nodal linear elements in space. Numericalcomputations verify that the Dirichlet methods are stable, .rstorder accurate in time and second order accurate in space.Tests are performed with a point source illuminating a plateand a plane wave illuminating a sphere. We investigate the On Surface Radiation Condition, which canbe used as a medium to high frequency approximation of theKirchho. formula, for both Dirichlet and Neumann scatterers.Numerical computations are done for a Dirichlet scatterer. / NR 20140805

Decades of market research have investigated how music can influence consumer purchase, food consumption, and alcoholic drinking. Before market researchers declared music an influencer of atmospheric perception, sociologists discovered the sway of music on crowd collective action in sporting events, political rallies, and societal unrest. There remains a lack of research on how live music may influence football fan behavior during a game. Therefore, this study observed the number of behavioral responses from university students elicited by a university marching band’s music prompts (N = 11) at an American university football game. By recording observations of behavior in the student section during home football games, this investigation found that from the total number of music prompts observed (n =202), 50% (n =100) of the music prompts elicited a behavioral response from the student section.

Taking a multi-disciplinary, integrated approach, the present study sought to examine selected physiological and psycho-physical parameters related to load carriage involving a 12 km march under military conditions. Military constraints hampered, but did not entirely inhibit the secondary aim of the study which concerned the effectiveness of relativising loads in order to normalise responses for all soldiers, irrespective of morphological diversity. Forty three subjects were measured in six groups using a test-retest experimental protocol. They were involved in a rest-broken 12 km march at 4 km.h⁻¹ under 40.5 kg absolute total load and under a relative load of 37% of body mass. Heart rates, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) as well as area and intensity of discomfort were monitored for all subjects. Ten subjects were measured more extensively with regard to physiology using the Metamax, a portable ergospirometry system that provides all the data needed for a complete functional analysis of lung, heart, circulation and metabolic activity. Physiological responses (fc; fb; V̇T; V̇E; V̇O₂; EE; V̇CO₂; R; T°) indicated subjects were not severely physically taxed and that the loads imposed constituted a sub-maximal demand. Moreover, there appeared to be a limited cumulative effect over the 3.5 h. Data from the first and third hours were similar, while the significantly higher responses in the second hour reflected the challenge of the undulating terrain encountered during this section of the march. All responses during the Relative load conditions mirrored those of the Absolute load condition but, because the demands were less, the trends occurred at a reduced level. Furthermore, the reduction in inter-individual variability indicates that relativised load carriage tends to stress the soldiers in a more uniform manner. All "local" RPE responses were higher than "central" ratings, suggesting soldiers were in good cardiovascular condition and experienced marginally more strain in the lower limbs. There was increased perceived strain corresponding to the increase in gradient, with little cumulative effect over the three hours. The shoulders and feet were the two regions in which most discomfort was experienced; the shoulders being the worst area in the first hour and the feet being rated the worst after the third hour of marching. This study clearly demonstrates the probability of a significant improvement in mean combat-readiness following loaded marching by showing that, if loads are set at levels commensurate with individual capabilities to carry them without undue strain, unnecessary physical demands experienced by smaller, more gracile soldiers are reduced.